AP Biology 2006-2007 Lipids Oils Fats. AP Biology Lipids: Fats & Oils.
Macromolecules. Lipid Lovers Lipids - Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Very high in energy because of...
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Transcript of Macromolecules. Lipid Lovers Lipids - Fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Very high in energy because of...
Macromolecules
Lipid Lovers
Lipids - Fats, oils, waxes, and steroidsVery high in energy because of the C-H
bonds (9 calories per gram)Fats and oils differ because of the
presence or lack of double bonds
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Saturated - All single bonds in the carbon backbone - stack closely together – thus they build up in our vascular system (harmful)
Unsaturated - Double bond creates a “kink” in the chain - can’t stack closely (don’t get stuck, but don’t remove other fats either)
Polyunsaturated - Multiple double bonds - can unsaturate a saturated fat by accepting Hydrogens (healthy since they remove built-up saturated fats)
Partially hydrogenated oils
Margarine is an oil that has been “hydrogenated”
Extra Hydrogen atoms are added to make the oil thicker
Improves texture, but makes oils much more harmful to our health because it straigtens out the molecules
Trans Fats
Trans fats are technically unsaturated, but act like a saturated fat (stack closely together) – (cis-fats are bent because the hydrogens on the same side of the fat repel each other due to their shared negative charges – most unsaturated fats are cis-fats)
Extremely harmful to heart health
Carbohydrates
CnH2nOn - forumula Single ring sugars -
glucose and fructose
Double ring - Sucrose
Complex Carbs
Found in some vegetables and grains
Harder for body to break down, longer lasting energy, less energy stored as fat for later use
Fiber
Most dietary fiber consists of carbohydrates that cannot be broken down by humans
Used to clean our digestive system
Reduces colorectal cancer risk
Proteins
Very complex molecules
Have many uses, including: Energy Information Enzymes Structure Cellular Defense Etc….
Protein Synthesis
Proteins are made of a chain of amino acids (the monomer or “building block”)
Aminio acid chain is then folded, twisted, and otherwise contorted into a very specific 3-D shape
“Essential” Amino Acids
Of 20 Amino Acids, 8 must be eaten (cannot be made by body)
These are most commonly found in meats and fish
Vegetarians/Vegans must choose foods carefully
Protein Denaturation
Heat, pH change, or other environmental change can unwind, unzip, or unfold protein
Once shape is lost, function is lost (Frying an egg is a great visual example of denaturation
– the heat causes the proteins to unravel, which is why the liquid becomes a solid)