N.J. Biology End of Course

State Test Review

Biology Started With:

• Macromolecules- the molecules of life!• Lipids- fats, phospholipids of cell membranes-

CHO.• Proteins- found in tissues, cell membranes,

determined by DNA and assembled by RNA, CHON.

• Carbohydrates –used for energy. CHO• Nucleic Acids- genetic material-DNA, RNA,

CHOPS.

Where did these elements come from?

Natural Cycles- Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Phosphorous Cycle

All living things need water!

• Evaporation, precipitation, transpiration.

So how do these elements get into living things?

• Food Chains and food webs!• Starts with producers-autotrophs-

photosynthesis.• Consumers- heterotrophs, cellular respiration.

Life processes-• cellular respiration is essentially the reverse

reaction of photosynthesis. • The formula for photosynthesis is

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + light energy ----------> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

and the formula for cellular respiration is

C6 H12 O6 + 6 02 ----------> 6 H2O+ 6 CO2+ energy

Continued-• You can see that the products of

photosynthesis fuel cellular respiration and the products of cellular respiration fuel photosynthesis.

• Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to build glucose and release oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. Cellular respiration combines oxygen with glucose in the mitochondria to produce ATP; water (along with a little heat) and carbon dioxide are produced as well.

What Else?

• Cells!• Prokaryotes- no nuclues. Eukaryotes- nucleus

Transport

• Passive- no energy, osmosis and diffusion.• Active – energy, pinocytosis, phagocytosis,

Na/K pump.

Genetics!

• DNA, RNA, chromosomes,genes, forms of inheritance

Cell Division!

• Mitosis and meiosis.

Evolution!

• Change over time.• Charles Darwin- Survival of the Fittest!

Ecology!

• Food Chains and Food Webs• Symbiotic Relationships• Biomes