Maxime Lefrançois & Fabien GandonEdelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr

MSW 2011

ULiS: An Expert System on Linguisticsto Support Multilingual Management

of Interlingual Semantic Web Knowledge bases

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 2

multilingual access to the web of dataThe ULiS project

?

>31 billion RDF triples295 data setsInterlinked by >503 million RDF links

3000 < natural languages < 7000

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

OUTLINE

The Meaning-Text Theory

The ULiS project: multilingual access to web of data

The ILexicOn : defining interlingual lexical units

MSW 2011 - 3

Proposal 2: A formal way to represent lexicographic definitions

Proposal 1: An architecture that unlocks motivating scenarios

1. The Meaning-Text Theory

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

The Meaning-Text Theory

MSW 2011 - 5

A theoretical linguistic framework to construct models of natural language

Mel’čuk et. al., late 70’s > today

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 6

The Meaning-Text Theory

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SemRs

Systems of explicit rulesthat express correspondences

between meaning and text

7 levels of linguistic representationFor a set of synonymous utterances

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 7

The Meaning-Text Theory

Description of theExplanatory

CombinatorialDictionary

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SemRs

Explanatory Combinatorial

Dictionary

Explantory: Formal semantic explanations

Combinatorial:Lexical combinations

The masterpiece: The Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary

Meta- Ontology Data

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 8

Structure of the ECD entry

Semantic zone: (formal?) (text or SemR?) lexical definition of lexical unitsSemantic actants: arguments of the semantic predicatedenotational vs. connotational semantic elements (ex: EN hot air, FR wind, RU water).

Phonological/Graphematic zone: orthograph + prosody

The cooccurrence zone

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 9

Structure of the ECD entry - The cooccurrence zone

Morphological sub-zone: inflections, derivations.

Pragmatic sub-zonereal-life situations where expressions are appropriate.

Stylistic sub-zoneUsage labels

Lexical sub-zonesemantic derivations and collocations

Syntactic sub-zone: Government pattern

Correspondance semantic – syntax (based on Dependency grammars)ways to express a semantic predicate in the language

How the lexical unit participates in specific constructions as a dependent

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 10

Structure of the ECD entry - Examples of lexical functions

lexical functions :

paradigmaticSyn(telephoneV) = phoneV

AntiConv21(preced) = followGener(republic) = stateFigur(rain) = curtain (a curtain of rain)S0 (analyse) = analysisA0(city) = urbanV0(analysis) = analyseAdv0(slow) = slowly S1(teach) = teacher ; S2(teach) = subject ; S3(teach) = pupil;… 19 in total

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 11

Structure of the ECD entry - Examples of lexical functions

lexical functions :

syntagmaticMagn(laughV) = one’s head offBon(service) = first-classLocin(height) = at [a height of…]Oper1(supportN) = [to] lend [~ to N]

Oper2(supportN) = [to] receive [~ to N]Func1(blownN) = comes [from ~]… 34 in total

+ non-standard lexical functionsWithNoSugar(coffee) = black

2. The ULiS project:Multilingual access to the web of data

?MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

Universal Networking Language

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 13

A pivot-based NLP technique

+MTT?+RDF?

ConvertDeconvert

Interlanguage

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 14

ConvertDeconvert

Interlanguage

a Universal Linguistic System

The ULiS project

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

The ULiS project

MSW 2011 - 15

Meaning-Text Theory

Semantic Web formalisms

Pivot-based NLP technique

ULiS

to redesign

compliant with

100% using

a Universal Linguistic System

2.The ULiS projectScenario

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.

John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.

John killed Mary

John01 tuer@past Mary01.John01 tuer@past Mary01

John a tué Mary

InputTEXT

IR RDF

Output1TEXT

SREN RDF SRFR

RDF

MSW 2011 - 17

The RDF-World

RDF situational representations

RDF interlingual representations

The ULiS project - scenario- Machine Translation

--

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 18

The RDF-World

RDF situational representations

RDF interlingual representations

John killed Mary. John a tué Mary.

John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.

John killed Mary

John01 tuer@past Mary01.John01 tuer@past Mary01

John a tué Mary

The ULiS project - scenario- Machine Translation

--

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

IDBpedia

SELECT ?personWHERE { ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. }

ikb:John01

Who killed Mary?

Who kill@past@? Mary01Who kill@past@? Mary01

Who killed Mary ?

John killed Mary.

John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.

John killed MarySREN

RDF

SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDFIKBRDF

SREN RDF

InputTEXT

IR RDF IR RDF

Output2TEXT

MSW 2011 - 19

The RDF-World

RDFOutput

SPARQL Request

RDF situational representations

RDF interlingual representations

The ULiS project - scenario

- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation

-

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 20

SELECT ?personWHERE { ?person ikb:kill ikb:Mary01. }

ikb:John01IDBpedia

The RDF-World

RDFOutput

SPARQL Request

RDF situational representations

RDF interlingual representations

Who killed Mary?

Who kill@past@? Mary01Who kill@past@? Mary01

Who killed Mary ?

John killed Mary.

John01 kill@past Mary01.John01 kill@past Mary01.

John killed Mary

The ULiS project - scenario

- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation

-

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 21

- Management of Interlingual Knowledge Bases- Machine Translation

- Management of the Universal Linguistic Knowledge base

SPARQLRDF + X RDF X RDF

The RDF-World

RDFOutput

SPARQL Request

RDF situational representations

RDF interlingual representations

InputTEXT

IR RDF

SRFR RDF

Output2TEXT

SRFR RDF

IR RDF

Output1TEXT

SRFR RDF

IKBRDFULKRDF

The ULiS project - scenario

2.The ULiS projectArchitecture

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 23

The ULiS project - architecture

Explanatory Combinatorial

Dictionary

Description of theExplanatory

CombinatorialDictionary

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SemRs

Meta- Ontology Data

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. MSW 2011 - 24

The ULiS project - architecture

Explanatory Combinatorial

Dictionary

Description of theExplanatory

CombinatorialDictionary

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SemRs

X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase

Meta- Ontology Data

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase

MSW 2011 - 25

INTERLINGUAL

NOT INTERLINGUAL = SITUATIONAL

The ULiS project - architecture

+RDF!

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase

IRs RDF

MSW 2011 - 26

SRs RDF

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SLexiMOn

« SituationalLexical

Meta-Ontology »

SLexicOn

Other features of the ECD

ILexiMOn

« Interlingual Lexical

Meta-Ontology »

ILexicOn

pure interlingual features of the ECD

The ULiS project - architecture

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

X RDF

(ex:Maxime,ikb:isFrom,geo:France)

InterlingualKnowledgeBase

(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:range,ikb:Country)(ikb:isFrom,rdfs:domain,ikb:Person)

IRs RDF

ex:John01

MSW 2011 - 27

SRs RDF

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SLexiMOn

sleximon:SLexicalUnit

SLexicOn

enlexicon:Personeslexicon:Personafrlexicon:Personne

ILexiMOn

ileximon:ILexicalUnit

ILexicOn

ilexicon:Person

The ULiS project - architecture

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase

IRs RDF

MSW 2011 - 28

SRs RDF

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SLexiMOn

« SituationalLexical

Meta-Ontology »

SLexicOn

Other features of the ECD

ILexiMOn

« Interlingual Lexical

Meta-Ontology »

ILexicOn

pure interlingual features of the ECD

The ULiS project - architecture

+ Links+ Transformation rules

IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

X RDFInterlingualKnowledgeBase

IRs RDF

MSW 2011 - 29

SRs RDF

SSynRs

DMorphRs

SMorphRs

DPhonRs

SPhonRs

DSynRs

SLexiMOn

« SituationalLexical

Meta-Ontology »

SLexicOn

Other features of the ECD

The ULiS project – Done / To do ?

+ Links+ Transformation rules

IKB = KB + anchors + transformation rules

ILexiMOn

« Interlingual Lexical

Meta-Ontology »

ILexicOn

pure interlingual features of the ECD

Formal lexicographic definitions of interlingual lexical units…

in RDF!

(I)RDF

(I)SPIN

(I)RDF-S

(I)OWL

(I)ILexiMOn (I)SKOS, (I)FOAF, …

(I)SLexiMOn

(I)SLexicOn

(I)ISlexicOn

The ULiS project – Bricks

MSW 2011 - 30Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

3. The ILexicOn:defining interlingual lexical units

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

With the Semantic Web formalisms, We designed a simple ILexiMOn…

Interlingual Lexical Units Classes may be formally defined in the ILexicOn…

…by supporting the projection of their semantic decomposition

on themselves

Lefrançois & Gandon, ILexicOn.

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

The three layersowl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean

owl:intersectionOf

owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf

owl:propertyChainAxiomis-aOW

Lis-a

range

:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation

:ILexicalPrimitive

:onISemanticRelation

:isObligatorycore

-IL

exiM

On

lay

er

:allValuesFromdomain

range

is-a

subClassOf

subClassOf subClassOf

range

domain

domain

ILex

icO

n l

ayer

:hasEntity

:Person

:Entity

:Alive

trueonISemanticRelationallValuesFrom

intersectionOf

allValuesFrom

isObligatory

is-a

onISemanticRelation:State

is-a

Dat

a-la

yer

:Mary01 :Alive01hasEntity

MSW 2011 - 33

B

CA

A is the intersection of B and C

A B

A is a subClass of B

A B

A is linked to B through property p

p

property

A B

A is an instance of B

class/instance

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 35

Die Die:Die01

Person:Mary01

IRs RDFILexicOn

1.Person

ILUc ILUi

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 36

Semantic

Acta

nts

Rely on

non-INTERLINGUAL features

Conceptual participants

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 37

Die< EventEnd<

1.Time

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 38

Die< EventEnd<

ConP inheritance

1.Time

1.Time

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 39

Die< EventEnd<

ConP inheritance

1.Time

ilexicon:Event a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ([ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,

ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasTime,ileximon:allValuesFrom

ilexicon:Time,ileximon:isObligatory

"true"^^xsd:boolean.]...).

ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End

...).

ilexicon:End a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:Event

...).

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 40

Die End<

State1.Alive<1.

1.Person Entity

1.Time

1.Person< 1.

ConP partial inheritance

ilexicon:Die a ileximon:ILexicalUnit,owl:intersectionOf ( ilexicon:End

[ a ileximon:ILexicalPrimitive,

ileximon:onISemanticRelation ilexicon:hasState,ileximon:allValuesFrom

ilexicon:Alive,ileximon:isObligatory

"true"^^xsd:boolean. ] ...).

=?

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 41

Die

1.Alive

1.Person

1.Time

1.Person

? ConP composition

Named ConP slots(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations

hasDead

hasTime

hasEntity

hasState

Die End<

=?

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 42

Die

1.Alive

1.Person

1.Time

1.Person

hasDead

hasTime

hasEntity

hasState

hasState / hasEntity

hasDead

(hasState/hasEntity)<hasDead

is equivalent to:

ConP composition

Ilexicon:hasDead owl:propertyChainAxiom ( ilexicon:hasState, ilexicon:hasEntity),rdfs:domain ilexicon:Die,rdfs:range ilexicon:Person.

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 43

Kill<Cause<Event

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 44

hasEvent

1.Die<Event1.Person

hasAgent

Kill<Cause<Event

1.TimehasTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 45

hasEvent

1.Die<Event1.Person

hasAgent

Kill

1.Person

hasDead

hasTime

1.Time

1.TimehasTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 46

1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent

1.Die

ConP composition

1.Time

1.Person

hasDead

hasKilled

Kill

hasTime

1.Time

( hasEvent / hasDead ) < hasKilled

hasTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 47

1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent

1.Die

1.Person

hasDead

hasKilled

Kill

hasTime

1.Time

? ConP merging

1.TimehasTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 48

1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent

1.Die

1.Person

hasDead

hasKilled

Kill

hasTime

1.Time hasKillTime

ConP merging

hasTime1.Time

( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 49

1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent

1.Die

hasTime1.Time

1.Person

hasDead

hasKilled

KillhasTime

hasKillTime

ConP merging( hasEvent / hasTime ) < hasKillTime < hasTime

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 50

1.PersonhasAgenthasEvent

1.Die

hasTime1.Time

1.Person

hasDead

hasKilled

KillhasTime

hasKillTime

Optional / obligatory ConP

hasBeneficiary

?.Person

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 51

Infanticide<Kill

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 52

Relation between two ConPs(hasRelation/hasEntity) < hasKilledChild < hasKilled(hasRelation/hasObject) < hasKillerParent < hasAgent

1.PersonhasAgent

1.Person1.Parent<Relation<State

hasRelation

hasEntity

hasObject

Infanticide<KillhasKillerParent

hasKilled

hasKilledChild

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS. - 53

Inference in the data : (IRs RDF)

Person:John01hasAgent

Person:Mary01

hasKilled

Parent:p01

hasRelation

hasEntity

hasObject

Infanticide:i01hasKillerParent

hasKilledChild

hasEvent

Die:d01

hasDead

hasTimeTime:t01

hasTime

hasKillTime

ConP inheritance

ConP partial inheritance

ConP composition

ConP merging

Optional / obligatory ConP

Relation between two ConPs

Named ConP slots

Formal definitions of ILUCs

Conceptual participants

(an infinite number of) lexicalized conceptual relations

MSW 2011Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

Lefrançois & Gandon, ULiS.

Three layersowl:Class owl:ObjectProperty xsd:boolean

owl:intersectionOf

owl:unionOf owl:hasSelf

owl:propertyChainAxiomis-aOW

Lis-a

range

:ILexicalUnit :ISemanticRelation

:ILexicalPrimitive

:onISemanticRelation

:isObligatorycore

-IL

exiM

On

lay

er

:allValuesFromdomain

range

is-a

subClassOf

subClassOf subClassOf

range

domain

domain

ILex

icO

n l

ayer

:hasEntity

:Person

:Entity

:Alive

trueonISemanticRelationallValuesFrom

intersectionOf

allValuesFrom

isObligatory

is-a

onISemanticRelation:State

is-a

Dat

a-la

yer

:Mary01 :Alive01hasEntity

MSW 2011 - 55

B

CA

A is the intersection of B and C

A B

A is a subClass of B

A B

A is linked to B through property p

p

property

A B

A is an instance of B

class/instance

ULiS: A Universal Linguistic System - to redesign Pivot-based NLP techniques - 100% using the Semantic Web Formalisms - compliant with the Meaning-Text Theory

ILexicOn: The Interlingual Lexical Ontology - formal lexicographic definitions

- Lexical functions- Populate: SUMO, FrameNet…- SLexicOn- Rules, SPIN & VISL-CG3

Thank YouMaxime Lefrançois & Fabien Gandon

Edelweiss – INRIA Sophia-Antipolis – France{Maxime.Lefrancois|Fabien.Gandon}@inria.fr

This presentation onhttp://maxime-lefrancois.info