January 30, 2014

• Complete the Map of Ancient Egypt using pages 62, 64, R36 (in the Atlas at the back of the book)– SKIP # 8, 12, 16, 18, and 20

Nile Civilizations

1. Geography

A. The Nile RiverI. It flows south to north

II. Floods annually (yearly)1. Provides deposits that make the soil fertile

2. Richest, most fertile soil is found in the Delta

B. The DeltaI. Definition- an area at the mouth of a river, often

triangular in shape, made up of silt deposits

2. Early Egypt

A. Two KingdomsI. People spoke different dialects and had different

customs

II. Lower Egypt (Northern Kingdom)1. Occupied the delta region

2. Symbol was the snake because they worshiped the cobra goddess

III. Upper Egypt (Southern Kingdom)1. Occupied the area south of the Delta to the 1st Cataract

2. Symbol was the vulture because they worshiped a vulture goddess

B. MenesI. Legend states he united the 2 kingdoms around

3100 B.C.

II. He adopted the symbols of both kingdoms1. Wore a crown that combined both symbols

III. Founded the 1st dynasty in Egypt

3. 3 Kingdoms (Time Periods)

A. Old Kingdom ( 2650- 2150 B.C.)I. Started with the 3rd Dynasty

II. Began a stable period in Egypt

III. Built the pyramids

IV. Head of government was the pharaoh1. Had absolute power

2. Owned all the land

3. Acted as judges

4. Leader of army

5. Believed to be a god

v. Religion and government closely intertwined1. Egypt’s government was a theocracy

a. A state ruled by religious figures

vi. Had a well established bureaucracy1. A highly structured organization managed by officials

2. Had no power of their own, but acted on the wishes of the pharaoh

3. Most powerful official was the viziera. Responsible for advising the pharaoh, carrying out his orders

and trying court cases

4. Other officials served as governors, supervisors, inspectors of irrigation and crops, census takers and tax collectors

B. Middle KingdomI. 2055 B.C a new dynasty arose and started

the period of the Middle Kingdom

II. Re-established stability in Egypt

III. Capital was Thebes

IV. Enjoyed economic prosperity

V. Secured trade routes

VI. Built fortresses along the Nile

VII.Fell to Hyksos invaders around 1650 BC

C. New KingdomI. Defeated the Hyksos around 1550 B.C.

II. Built powerful military to protect against invasionI. First permanent army

III. Extended empire beyond the Nile into the region of Nubia and other lands

iv. Famous Leaders1. Hatshepsut

a. One of a few women to rule Egypt

b. Proclaimed herself pharaoh

c. Referred to herself as the son of the sun god.

d. Encouraged trade

e. Had statues made that portrayed her as a man

f. Nephew had almost all that she had built destroyed

Granite Sphinx bearing the likeness of Hatshepsut.Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.

Hatshepsut on the right

Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC.

2. Amenhotep IVa. Changed his name to Akhenaten

i. Means beloved of Aten

b. Introduced monotheism to Egypti. Banned the worship of many gods/goddesses….could only

worship Aten

c. Built a new capital called Akhetaten

3. Tutankhamona. Also known as King Tut

b. Son of Akhetaten

c. Restored the worship of Egypt’s traditional gods

d. Moved capital back to Thebes

e. Also only tomb in the Valley of the Kings not to be raided

4. Ramses IIa. Also known as Ramses the Great

b. Ruled for 60 years

c. Built more temples and monuments than any other pharaohi. Temples at Abu Simbel and Karnak are two of the more

famous

d. Reign marked the last period of Egyptian greatness

4. Egyptian Culture

A. Religioni. Polytheistic

1. Worshiped many gods and goddesses

ii. Believed gods controlled all natural events

iii. Main gods and goddesses1. Re or Amen-Re

a. The sun god

b. Almost always a key figure in Egyptian religion

c. Believed to be king of the gods and father of the pharaohs

2. Anubisa. Protector of the dead

b. Believed he weighed the souls of the dead and decided their fate

3. Osiris, Isis, and Horusa. Osiris is believed to have introduced civilization into

Egypt

b. Story goes that he was killed by his brother Seth, who cut his body into pieces and scattered them across Egypt.

c. Isis, Osiris’ wife, found all the pieces and reassembled them and this brought Osiris back to life.

d. They had a child named, Horus who would seek revenge on his uncle

a. Osiris Became the new judge

of the dead

b. Isis Became known as the

goddess of nature and renewal

c. Horus Became the first king of

Egypt

iv. Built temples to honor the gods1. Featured Obelisks

a. Tall, thin pillars with pyramid-shaped tops

b. Made from a single piece of stone and had intricate designs

v. Priest performed rituals to the gods1. Seen as their responsibility to care for the gods

vi. People worshiped the gods during annual festivals 2. Not allowed to enter temples; only the priests and

pharaohs could.

b. Mummificationi. Believed that a force called the Ka left the body

when it died1. Ka journeyed into the afterlife

ii. Developed a process to preserve the body called mummification

iii. Early mummification was only for the pharaoh and members of the royal family

iv. Mummification Process1. First step was removal of internal organs.

a. Organs were placed in jars and buried with the body.

b. The heart was left in the body.

2. Second step was to pack the body with various materials to keep its shape

a. Special salt was used to dry out the body

b. Then it would be wrapped in linens

3. Bodies would then be buried with all possessions thought necessary in the afterlife.

vi. Tombs were painted with colorful scenes from the person’s life or stories about the gods

Search and Rescue

• Start at your assigned letter. Write it down.• Flip open the page, and write the question. • Think of the answer. Then, find it at another

letter around the room. • Write down the answer. • Write down the next letter, and repeat.• When you have gone to all 9 letters, you will

find a secret message!

When you’re finished…

• Open your textbook to page 58.• Answer questions 1-2, 4, 6-7. Write the entire

sentence.• Turn this in for a grade!

January 31, 2014

How did geography impact early civilizations? Come up with at least 2 examples.

5. Daily Life

A. Social Structurei. At the very top the pharaoh and the royal family

1. Followed by priest, government officials, scribes, military leaders, landowners and doctors

ii. Next were artisans, craftspeople and merchants

iii. Third, was made up of 90% of the population which are farmers

iv. At the very bottom were slaves1. Never made up most of the population

2. Most were convicted criminals and prisoners of war

b. Marriage/ Familyi. Pharaohs would often marry sisters and had more

than one wife

ii. Most men had only one wife

iii. Patriarch society1. Father was the head of the house

iv. Women1. Primary responsibility was to take care of the

home and children

2. Had more rights than most women in ancient society

a. Could divorce

b. Own and inherit property

c. Serve as priestesses

d. Create wills

e. Work as hairdressers, wigmakers and singers

v. Children did not receive an education in most cases

c. Art, Writing and Sciencei. Art

1. Paintings

a. Both detailed and colorful

b. Told stories of daily life, stories of the gods or major events

2. Human figures

a. Portrayed differently

b. Gods and pharaohs are depicted larger than other people

c. These characteristics give Egyptian art a unique style

3. Statuesa. Large and imposing

b. Most famous statue is the Great Sphinx

4. Hieroglyphicsa. Main writing system

b. Picture system used to represent objects, sounds and ideas

ii. Other writing systems1. Hieratic

a. Used mostly for religious text

2. Demotica. Used mainly for legal and literary writing

b. Rarely carved in stone but was used on papyrus and other mediums

iii. The Rosetta Stone1. Found by a French soldier

2. Stone had three types of writing on it a. Greek, Demotic and Hieroglyphic

3. Greek allowed for the hieroglyphs to be translated as well as the demotic

4. Unlocked the mystery of Egyptian writing

iv. Mathematics1. Understood basic arithmetic and basic principles

of geometry

2. Had a grasp on engineering

v. Medicine1. Greatest advances was in medicine

2. Masters of the human anatomya. Set bones

b. Treated wounds

c. Performed simple surgical procedures

3. Used medicine from plants and animals to cure simple illness

4. Prescribed regimens of basic hygiene to keep people from getting sick

Ancient Egyptian Civilization Foldable

• Fold a piece of paper in half hot-dog style.• To the right of the crease, write each of the following.

– Geography– Leaders– Major Gods and Goddesses– Social Structure– Writing System– Building Achievements– Sciences– Mummification– Roles of Women

• Complete the inside of the foldable using your notes and the text.

Quiz 1

• After the quiz, complete the foldable on Ancient Egyptian Civilization. You can use your notes and the text to help you.

Create a Cartouche

• A cartouche is the name of a pharaoh written in hieroglyphics.

• Write your own name, in hieroglyphics, on a cartouche. Color it, and hang it up!

• Be sure to put your name on the bottom right corner