INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

HARAPPAN CULTURE:BRONZE AGE

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION WAS DISCOVERED IN 1921

IN PROVINCE OF WEST PUNJAB IN PAKISTAN. IT IS SPREAD IN THE AREA FOR

ABOUT 1,299,600sqkm(1500 Harappan sites are

knownso far)

Most important cities found:• HARAPPA in PUNJAB• MOHENJO-DARO in SINDH• CHANHU DARO in SINDH (130km in

south from Mohenjo-Daro) • LOTHAL in GUJARAT• DOLAVIRA in KUTCH area.

FEATURES OF THIS CIVILIZATION

• Accounts of Alexander Cunningham.• Whole city was set up with great

architechure skills and fine skills.• Mohenjo-daro was rebuilt almost nine

times.

TOWN PLANNING AND STRUCTURES‘MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION: baked

bricks, mud bricks, stones’.• Water table, grid plan, defensive walls,

stairs, streets, markets ,crafts workshops, small private house ,citadel.

• Planning was achived through development of compass, plum bob&scale.

• Great bath, granary, drainage system, bathroom ,courtyard, streets drains,man holes

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

AGRICULTURE• Wheat • Barely• Rai • Peas• Sesamum (Lothal)• Cotton(earliest producer)

DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS(fauna)

• Tiger, Rhinoceros, Elephant,Buffalo, Humped bull, Goats, Sheeps ,Pigs and even Cats and Dogs were there.

TECHNOLOGY AND CARAFTS• AXES,SAWS,KNIVES,SPHERES were

found and this age is known as Bronze age.

• WEAVERS,MASONS,GOLDSMITHS,POTTERY,

BEAD MAKERS these occupations were seen, evidence are found in areas of Baluchistan.

TRADE• Trade relations with areas of

Rajastan, Afganistan, East Iran. • SHELLS,STONES and METALS were

trade products of those days.• Barter system was followed.• Navigation system was also there

which shows ships and boats were available.

TRADING

Political-Social Aspects.• Ornaments, cosmetics, woven

clothes, artists were popular in those times.

• The way things are organised and setup of everything and availibilty of everything shows that there was some centre powers to maintain.

RELIGION• They had astral religion which means

they worshipped stars, believed in naksatra system and believed in BRAHMA, RUDRA, BALRAM, KRISHNA etc..

SCRIPTS• 3,000 SCRIPTS ARE FOUND OVER

ALL(seals, tablets, grafitto on pottery)

• Direction of writing was from right to left.

• Dravidian language could be the languge of the script said by marshall.

POTTERY• Amri-culture(dull yellow)with black

paint.• Bright or dark red and well baked.• Orche – coloured pottery (orche

wash).• Painted grey ware (iron age culture).• Seals around 2000 were found with

carvings of animals and gods.• Pots were found which were

beautifully painted and pictography was done.

END OF CIVILISATION WITH ESTIMATED REASONS.

• Floods• Desserted• Aryan invaders on citadels• Over utilization of land

FACTS • 1.Discovery of Indus Valley Civilization• 2 .Origins of Indus Valley Civilization• 3 .Geography of Indus Valley Civilization• 4. Nature of Urbanization• 5 .Trade and Commerce and Links with

Outside World• 6. Theories Concerning the Decline of

the Indus Valley Civilization.

RESEARCHES• THE HINDU NEWSPAPER RECTLY

PUBLISHED THIS NEWS OF NEW EXCAVATION IN KARNATAKA WHICH IS PREDICTED TO BE A PART OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION.

• Prof.A.R KHAN did a research which showed the unique existence of fisher-gatherer settlement at SONARI.

SOURCES OF THIS PPT• ARTICLE OF MUHAMMAD BIN

NAVEED.• NCERT INDIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOK• INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION BY

ASHIM KUMAR ROY AND N.N.GIDWANI.

• PICTURES(GOOGLE)

THANK YOUNEHA VISHWAKARMATYBAHISTORY 94.KJ.SOMAIYA ARTS AND COMMERCE.