indus vedic civilization

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Geometry of : Indus Vedic civilization Egypt civilization Mesopotamian civilisation

Transcript of indus vedic civilization

Geometry of :• Indus Vedic civilization• Egypt civilization• Mesopotamian civilisation

Indus Vedic civilization• Settlement pattern

• Mohenjo-daro, the modern name for the site.

• Mohenjo-daro has a planned layout based on a street grid of rectilinear buildings.

• The sheer size of the city, and its provision of public buildings and facilities, suggests a high level of social organization.

• At its peak of development, Mohenjo-daro could have housed around 35,000 residents.

• The city is divided into two parts, the so-called Citadel and the Lower City. The Citadel – a mud-brick mound around 12 metres (39 ft) high – is known to have supported public baths, a large residential structure designed to house 5,000 citizens, and two large assembly halls.

• DWELLINGS OF PEOPLE

• House excavation• Some houses, presumably those of

wealthier inhabitants, include rooms that appear to have been set aside for bathing, and one building had an underground furnace (known as a hypocaust), possibly for heated bathing.

• Most houses had inner courtyards, with doors that opened onto side-lanes. Some buildings had two stories.

Most were built of fired and mortared brick; some incorporated sun-dried mud-brick and wooden superstructures.

• Sacred place• The Great Bath is one of the best known

structures among the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh, Pakistan.

• The Great Bath of Mohenjedaro is called as "earliest public water tank of the ancient world“

• The Great Bath measures 11.88 metres x 7.01 metres, and has a maximum depth of 2.43 metres. Two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south, served as the entry to the structure.

• A 1 meter wide and 40 centimeters mound at present at end of these stairs.

• A hole was also found at one end of the Bath which might have been used to drain the water into it.

• The Great Bath is built of fine baked bricks lined with bitumen (natural tar - presumably to keep water from seeping through), which indicates that it was used for holding water.

• Market place

• The city had a central marketplace, with a large central well. Individual households or groups of households obtained their water from smaller wells. • Waste water was

channeled to covered drains that lined the major streets.

• Tomb • The Chaukhandi situated 29 km (18 mi) east of Karachi on N-5 National Highway near Landhi Town in Pakistan. The Chaukhandi tombs are remarkable for the elaborate and exquisite stone carving.

• The style of architecture is typical only to the region of Sindh, and unique in that it is found nowhere else in the Islamic world.

• This type of graveyard, in Sindh and Baluchistan, is unique with their orientation from south to north. These graves are constructed in buff sandstone. These graves were constructed either as single graves or as groups of up to eight graves raised on a common platform.

• Their primary sarcophagus has six vertical slabs, with two long slabs standing on each side of the grave covering the length of the body and the remaining two vertical slabs covering the head and foot side.

• These tombs are embellished, besides with geometrical designs and motifs, with figural representations such as mounted horsemen, hunting scenes, arms, jewellery etc..

Egyptian civilization

Dwellings of people

• The ancient Egyptians built homes of sun-dried bricks, made of mud and straw. • To make the bricks, the ancient Egyptians invented brick molds. A mix of mud and straw

was placed into the molds. Then, the molds were left out in the sun to dry. The desert heat dried the bricks for them. They could make a huge number of bricks easily.

• Their homes were huge. Homes had flat roofs. People often sat outside on their roofs in the evening to watch the sunset and catch the evening breeze.

• Nobles Homes: Nobles lived in huge villas along the Nile. Some were front with white limestone, which made the walls sparkle. A few homes were even built with stone. But stone was difficult to cut and use. Most homes were made of sun dried brick.

• Each villa had 25-30 rooms. Most rooms had a purpose. They had family rooms, guest rooms, storage rooms, kids rooms, and even bathrooms!

• Homes had front and back doors. Each door was built about 4 feet off the ground to reduce the amount of sand and dust. Each door was reached by a ramp. Rather than stairs, ramps led from one level to another inside the house.

Palace of Amenhotep III

• The palace contained many audience halls, central halls, courtyards, villas, smaller palace complexes for the royal family, and apartments for officials. A harbor and canal connected the palace with the Nile, allowing easy travel across the river to the city of Thebes, which was situated on the eastern bank. There is little evidence of this lake today and little but the foundations of the palace itself remain.

• There are various structures in the desert, consisting of several residential palaces, a temple of Amun, a festival hall, elite villas, houses for the relatives of the royal Family, apartments for attendants, and a desert altar termed the Kom al-Samak, all of which were constructed by mud bricks.

Temples

• Djeser-Djeseru is the main building of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple complex at Deir el-Bahri, the building is an example of perfect symmetry that predates the Parthenon by a thousand yearsHatshepsut's chancellor, royal architect, and possible lover Senemut oversaw construction and most likely designed the temple.

Although the adjacent, earlier mortuary temple of Mentuhotep was used as a model, the two structures are nevertheless significantly different in many ways. Hatshepsut's temple employs a lengthy, colonnaded terrace that deviates from the centralised structure of Mentuhotep’s model – an anomaly that may be caused by the decentralized location of her burial chamber.There are three layered terraces reaching 97 feet tall. Each 'story' is articulated by a double colonnade of square piers, with the exception of the northwest corner of the central terrace, which employs Proto Doric columns to house the chapel. These terraces are connected by long ramps which were once surrounded by gardens with foreign plants including frankincense and myrrh trees.The layering of Hatshepsut’s temple corresponds with the classical Theban form, employing pylons, courts, hypostyle hall, sun court, chapel and sanctuary

Medinet Habu (temple)

• The temple, some 150 m long, is of orthodox design, and resembles closely the nearby mortuary temple of Ramesses II (the Ramesseum). The temple precinct measures approximately 700 ft (210 m). by 1,000 ft (300 m) and contains more than 75,350 sq ft (7,000 m2) of decorated wall reliefs.[1] Its walls are relatively well preserved and it is surrounded by a massive mudbrick enclosure, which may have been fortified. The original entrance is through a fortified gate-house, known as a migdol (a common architectural feature of Asiatic fortresses of the time).

• Burials

• Internally, a mastaba consist of three parts- a burial chamber, a serdab and a chapel

• The burial chamber was located 30’ below ground• Connected to burial chamber

above ground through a shaft• place for the burial of the dead

person

Early Kingdom Tomb The Pyramids at Giza

• Three are aligned diagonally along the projection of the diagonal of the great pyramid

• The small pyramids close by were built for queens

Early Kingdom Tomb Pyramid

• The pyramids designed as part of a funeral complex for burial of pharaoh• Chefren’s complex is best

preserved example • Complex consist of three

interconnected units: • A valley temple by the

river Nile where the pharaoh’s body was embalmed • A pyramid mortuary

temple for rituals• A long narrow causeway

connecting the two

Mid & New Kingdom Burial-ChamUnderground Tomb- Shaft Tombs

• Shaft tombs were a complex series of underground corridors and rooms cut out of the mountains in the valley of the King at Del-Al-Bahari

• Large # of rooms & complicated arrangement deliberate--to create a maze or puzzle

Mid & New Kingdom Burial-ChamUnderground Tomb- Rock Cut Tomb

• Two types of Underground tombs were built by pharaohs and nobles during the Middle and New Kingdom periods- Rock cut tombs and Shaft tombs

• Rock cut tombs are tombs that are carved out of rocks

• Many of theses are found along the cliff of the Nile

• A very good example is the Rock cut tomb at Beni Hassan