Post on 03-Aug-2020
SESAR European Airport Consortium
Follow-the-Greens
The Future of Guidance is Green
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
First SEAC Validation
Follow-the-Greens Validation VP649
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Table of Contents
EXE-06.07.03-VP-649 Preliminary Results:
• Introduction & Background
• Human Factor Results
• Data Analysis (Measured & Calculated Results)
• AGL Effects on Radio Telecommunication
• Conclusion
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Background – Missions & Scenarios Nine different scenarios: 2 pre-SESAR scenarios without AGL and 7 SESAR scenarios with AGL
Each scenario contains one inbound and one outbound mission @ 114mov/hr. traffic
Each mission performed once a day over the week 10 missions performed per scenario
Scenarios:
AGL0001: Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day
AGL0002: Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL0003: AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length
AGL0004: AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation
AGL0005: AGL, CAVOK/day, 180m indication length
AGL0006: AGL, CAVOK/day, 420m indication length
AGL0007: AGL, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL0008: AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)
AGL0009: AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Background – Inbound & Outbound Missions
A11
W3
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Human Factors - Methodology
C
Questionnaires
Pre-Validation Questionnaire:
General Information (age, flight hours…)
Intermission Questionnaires:
Workload (WL), Situation Awareness (SA), AGL preference
Post-Validation Questionnaire:
Perceived usefulness and safety risks, optimal AGL setting
Observation
Debriefings
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Human Factors – Results on Workload
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
16,0
18,0
20,0
MENTALDEMAND
PHYSICALDEMAND
TEMPORALDEMAND
EFFORT FRUSTRATION
INTER MISSION QUESTIONNAIRE - WorkloadNASA TLX
pre-SESAR
AGL (all)
very high
very low
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Human Factors – Situational Awareness
-3,0
-2,0
-1,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
SA GLOBAL SCORE
INTER MISSION QUESTIONNAIRE - Situational AwarenessGlobal Score
Pre-SESAR, CAVOK/day
Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 180m indication length
AGL, CAVOK/day, 420m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)
AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar
best
worst
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Human Factors – Results Overview
C
Automated AGL Guidance (Follow-the-Greens) in General:
Increases FLIGHT CREW’S SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Reduces FLIGHT CREW’S WORKLOAD
Reduces FLIGHT CREW’S FRUSTRATION LEVEL (less ambiguous situations, less frequency congestion)
Was evaluated with very good USABILITY values (easy to understand and credible)
Parameter Validation:
In all, some parameters have only minimal impact on the overall positive assessment of AGL
Ideal AGL Parameter Settings: 180m indication length, clear indication of stop instruction
Increases FLIGHT CREW’S PERCEIVED SAFETY
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis - Methodology
Traffic Data Analysis
Radar Track Data (1Hz, position, direction, and speed)
ATRiCS Trazer Track Data Analysis Tool (incl. Replay Function)
Environmental Impact Assessment
Simulated Aircraft: Airbus A320-211
Simulated Engine Model: cfm56-5A5 (UID 4CM036)
ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank
Fraport AG EmiMo Calculation Tool
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis – Low-Vis Taxi Times
00:00:00
01:00:00
02:00:00
03:00:00
Pre-SESAR, block separation
AGL, block separation
AGL, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication
Total Taxi Time per Scenario (10 missions) in Low-Vis/Night
Total taxi time with
AGL floating separation
in low-vis/night
equal to AGL in CAVOK!
Time
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis – Low-Vis Traffic Fluency
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Pre-SESAR, block separation
AGL, block separation
AGL, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication
Total Number of Stops per Scenario (10 missions) in Low-Vis/Night
Stops
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis – Fuel Burn
Total Fuel Flow (10 missions) per Scenario
0,00
0,50
1,00
1,50
2,00
2,50Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day
Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 180m indication length
AGL, CAVOK/day, 420m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)
AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar
> 10% less fuel
burn in CAVOK!
Fuel [t]
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis – Emissions
Total Emission (10 missions) per Scenario [NOx, HCs, CO]
0,00
10,00
20,00
30,00
40,00
Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day
Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 180m indication length
AGL, CAVOK/day, 420m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)
AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar
Significant reduction
of all major
pollutants with AGL!
NOx
HCs
CO
Mass [kg]
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Data Analysis – Results Overview
Automated AGL Guidance (Follow-the-Greens):
Increases SAFETY (4 route deviations in pre-SESAR, none with AGL)
Reduces TAXI TIMES (>30% reduction in low-vis, >10% reduction in CAVOK)
Increases TRAFFIC FLUENCY (~80% less stops in low-vis, ~50% reduction in CAVOK)
Reduces FUEL BURN (up to ~30% less fuel used, depending on environmental condition)
Reduces EMISSIONS (~ 30% reduction of CO2, HCs, NOx, almost 50% reduction of CO)
Improves AIRPORT TAXI PERFORMANCE, e.g. no loss of performance in low-visibility at night
Reduces MOVEMENT DELAY (~50% reduction of time between taxi request and initial movement)
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Radio Data Analysis Digital Sound Recordings
Parallel and separated recording of the two Apron
Control AoRs in use (timestamped)
Apron East
Apron West
Objectives
Comparison pre-SESAR and AGL R/T times
Frequency usage per movement
Overall frequency load factor analysis
ATCO R/T-Workload Assessment
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Radio Data Analysis – R/T Utilization
02:28 02:13
05:48
10:29
01:0100:42
03:41
05:25
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
R/T time outbound R/T time inbound R/T time PP Total R/T time
Average R/T Utilization during a Scenario in Minutes
Pre-SESAR
AGL
Time
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Radio Data Analysis – R/T Time per Scenario
0:48
0:56
0:260:28
0:23
0:27
0:33
0:25 0:25
0:00
0:10
0:20
0:30
0:40
0:50
1:00
Total R/T Time per Scenario in Minutes
Pre-SESAR, CAVOK/day
Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, 180m indication length
AGL, CAVOK/day, 420m indication length
AGL, low-vis/night, block separation
AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)
AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar
Pre-SESAR AGL
Time
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Radio Data Analysis – AGL Impact Advantages of AGL Guidance
Some ATC-instructions become irrelevant , e.g.:
Hold short instructions
Route changes
Taxi instructions are shorter since taxi routes
are not read anymore
Less inquiries about re-confirmation of taxi
routes
Capacity of ground control is increased since
the frequency is less occupied
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Conclusion
• Flight Crews say AGL brings:
• Safety improvement
• Workload reduction
• Situational Awareness improvement
• AGL reduces:
• Taxi times
• Taxi Fuel burn
• Engine Exhaust Emissions
• Communication time / Radio congestion
In all, AGL is a
significant
improvement
compared to the
pre-SESAR
systems and
procedures!
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Second SEAC Validation
Follow-the-Greens Validation VP759
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SESAR Programme &SESAR European Airport Consortium
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SESAR
Single European Sky ATM Research
• European research project• Initiated by the European Commission and Eurocontrol
• Standardization and harmonization of European ATM processes• Phases: Definition Phase (2004 2008)
Development Phase (2008 2016)Deployment Phase (2014 2020)
VP-759: Follow-the-Greens What is SESAR?
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Single European Sky ATM Research
OFA 04.02.01:Integrated Surface
Management
Other Operational
Focus Areas
WP 06.03.01The Airport in the ATM
environment
VP759
Follow-the-
Greens
Airfield Ground Lighting
Data Link Clearances
Traffic
Display
Combined
with Routing
Enhanced Vision
System
ResearchedGuidance Means:
Work Package 6: Airport Operations Other Work Packages
VP-759: Follow-the-Greens Follow-the-Greens in the SESAR context
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationMunich Airport Apron Control
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SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759) Validation Baseline
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Apron 2 Apron 3
Nearly all challenges for guidance are
represented in the validation layout:
Alternative Parallel Taxi Routing (APTR)
Swing Over
Triple Lane Movements
Temporary One-way taxiway
Change from APTR to One-way
taxiway
Assumption:
• Stands 231 to 234 will not be part of
the validation
• Apron 3 is divided into North and South
without a connecting taxiway
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759) Validation Baseline
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationValidation Scope
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Facts & Figures
Follow-the-Greens Validation Exercise VP-759
Number of controllers involved 7
Number of different scenarios performed 10
Duration of each Scenario ~ 40 minutes
Number of groups that performed all Scenarios 2
Total number of ground movements performed in the entire validation week: 667
Number of pseudo pilots involved 7
Number of airspace users (flight crews) involved 5
Addressed Key Performance Areas
Capacity
Environment/Fuel Efficieny
Human Performance
Safety
Predictability
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Germany
LH-Partner
Continental
Intercont
HAM
TRN
WAW DRS
GDN HAM
FRA BRU
HAJ YYZ VCE
MRS CDG PAD
SJJ BLQ DUB BLQ MAN
MAD FAO PSA NUE MAD HAJ
FRA FMO HAJ HAM OTP HAM FMO
HAJ ESB BEG ZAG STR ATH TRN
NUE BEG BSL WAW FRA CGN BUD DUS DUS
IST BRU ZAG BRU BRE YVR FMO LIS VIE
STR LIS POZ CGN GVA OSL LEJ FRA VRN
FCO DUS GVA PRG BUD PRG IAD DUS BSL BRN TXL
TXL CGN LYS ZRH DBV GRZ HND HAM ESB OSL TRS
TLS FRA ATH LUX DME WRO POZ MAD EWR FRA PRG GOA BRE
HAM LYS BIO LCJ ATH BLQ GDN WRO BCN FCO BRU TXL KBP LHR
BCN BRE OSL LHR ADB LED VCE SBZ FLR MAN GOT CDG LCA GDN CGN
MAN HAM HEL FRA LEJ KBP FRA LEJ VCE BHX SFO AMS DRS GOT WRO
DUS BRU ARN HAM TRS BOM DRS TSR VIE BIO FRA CGN NCE BIO POZ
RTM WAW GRZ AMS BRI TSR KBP LAX LHR BSL ARN HAM BRE CGN FCO FRA OTP
AMS TRN HAM OTP GOT BRN CGN STR ARN GOA BRI SOF TLS VIE NUE FLR TXL GVA
HAJ BUD FRA MXP FCO LJU DUS IAD JFK ATH TRN ORD LHR VCE STR SOF LJU BHX
CPH MXP FLR MAN TIA TLS LUX VRN NUE FRA KRK DUS BOS ICN BGY HAJ BRE JNB SBZ
CDG VCE PAD TXL BHX BCN FRA DUS KRK GRZ AMS FRA HAM AMS MXP NCE YUL HAM LHR ZRH TSR ZAG GRZ CPH
MRS LHR DUS PRG SOF CPH NAP HAM FLR BRE MXP TXL HAM TXL LYS TRS MRS BRS RTM LUX MRS VIE LUX TBS CLJ GRU
WAW TXL ZRH VIE BRU CDG EWR LGG PSA BUD LHR AGP PVG OSL LGG SPU HEL LUX BRU HAM RLG PAD BCN LCJ TXL HAM IST BSL DXB
CGN VIE CGN BGY KIV CTA IAH SPU CPH VIE DEL CLT FCO TXL LIS PEK VRN ZRH TXL DUS CGN FRA LYS MXP HEL PEK WAW FRA NAP MXP HKG
LIS NCE FMO GVA BLQ LWO CLJ WAW BRS NCE AOI MAD ORD MLA CPH RTM DUS DRS HAJ CPH RUH TXL VIE TXL GVA TLS ARN SKG AMS AMS CDG BUD PVG
ARN BRN LEJ BSL DRS ZAG TXL ZRH SKG TXL PAD YYZ CDG BCN SIN ZRH BKK TXL NAP CAI PRN ZRH CPH HAJ TRN CPH LHR DME DUS ZRH HND KRK MEX
05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30 00:00
RUH PEK TBS TSR DRS VRN TRS HAM WAW BRS LEJ WAW BGY CGN FRA CPH BRN BRI FLR BLQ BRS FRA LHR PEK GRZ VCE VIE FRA CDG FRA FCO HEL TXL WAW TXL LIS
DEL CAI CLJ SOF WRO BRU PHL FRA BRN ARN MRS LUX MLA TXL IAD LGG GOT ARN HEL FRA TXL FCO CDG VRN TRS LUX LHR TXL HAM BHX LYS BUD DUS LHR
PVG SBZ GRZ TXL ZAG HAM GRU TRN TLS TXL DUS HAM DXB FRA CDG BCN AOI TXL VIE ICN SFO BCN WRO SKG HAM ZAG ZRH SOF BGY CGN FRA
HKG BKK GOA LCJ SKG TXL VIE CGN DME LHR MAN LIS ORD AMS NUE SJJ HAM ARN STR SPU SBZ DUS LJU MAN BSL RTM BRE
SIN PVG BRE MRS SPU BIO DUS BLQ OSL ZRH LAX BSL ATH CPH AMS BSL BRE AGP CGN BRU GOT LUX BRN
BOM PAD VIE MXP LHR OSL STR FLR HAM SOF HAJ VCE ZRH LCJ PRG FAO TXL OTP NCE MAD HAJ
TRN BLQ HEL DUS YYZ GVA FRA LWO MAN LUX MXP TXL ZAG LYS WAW OTP ATH DUS AMS
BSL LJU NCE HAM BHX DRS ARN MXP NAP PRG POZ FRA LGG LED NAP BRI LEJ CDG
JNB FRA ESB CLT MXP HAM BRU OTP VIE BUD LEJ BLQ MXP TLS PAD
CGN HAJ ATH BCN MAD BCN FCO LHR GVA CPH KBP GOA FRA HAJ DRS
POZ IST ORD BUD HAJ TIA CGN KRK RTM BUD DME OSL FRA
EWR KBP IAH BRE CLJ KIV WAW HAM VIE TRN CPH BRE
FLR GOT CGN RTM BIO PAD GDN NUE POZ KRK BCN HAM
GDN FRA BOS MAN LEJ FMO BEG HAJ LCA TXL MRS ZRH
YYZ CDG YUL LIS BHX CTA IST DUS ZRH LIS BIO TRN
GDN LUX HAJ BRU STR FRA TSR DRS BRU TSR HAM VIE
DUS CGN LHR TRN ZAG MRS ADB GVA FLR STR FMO
OTP TLS FRA DUS PSA PRN CGN ESB HAJ TXL BRU
FMO TXL ATH YVR ZRH TLS HND MAD CGN VIE GVA
HAM ZRH VCE OSL GRZ CAI HND HAM VCE MXP
BUD DUS ZRH TXL HAM DBV PRG CPH
IAD AMS FMO TRS VRN BEG NUE
VCE CPH EWR NCE WAW LHR
GVA AMS MAD AMS CGN
JFK HAM WRO GDN RLG
FCO LYS LYS DUS ARN
KRK NCE BRE PSA DUB
NAP TXL BRU
CPH FCO DUS
BSL DRS
PRG
PAD
NUE
GRZCDGCPH
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Flight Plan
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Scenarios
Pre-SESAR World (Reference)
Follow-the-Greens World (Solution)
Ref
eren
ce
VM
C
Ref
eren
ceLV
C
So
luti
on
1
So
luti
on
2
So
luti
on
3
So
luti
on
4
So
luti
on
5
So
luti
on
6
So
luti
on
7
Ap
ron
Mer
ge
1
So
luti
on
8
Ap
ron
Mer
ge
2
Number of controllers per Apron
2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1
Weather VMC LVC VMC LVC LVC VMC LVC LVC VMC LVC
Follow-the-Greens Navigation Support
NoMUC ops
Single LampSwitching
SmallestavailableTCL unit
Single LampSwitching
Single LampSwitching
SmallestavailableTCL unit
Single LampSwitching
Single LampSwitching
Single LampSwitching
Spacing Concept
NoManual Block
NoAuto Block
Floating NoAuto Block
Floating No Floating
Pre-SESAR
(Reference Scenarios)
SESAR-Solution
(Solution Scenarios)
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Validation Schedule: • Start of Group 1 on Monday, 20th:
08:30
• Start of Group 2 on Wednesday, 22nd: 11:30
• Each scenario block includes approx.:
35 minutes of a validation run 10 minutes for completing
questionnaires 30 minutes for a jointly debriefing
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Scenarios
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
• Several ways were used for recording all results of the different validation scenarios:
Questionnaires for Controllers, Pilots and Observers Notes of Observers Recording of R/T communication Recording of controller inputs on the HMI Debriefing minutes
Questionnaire Asked when? Who is concerned?
• Demographic Questionnaire Before the start of the validation• Flight Crew
• Apron Controller & Assistant
• NASA TLX
• SART After each validation mission* • Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)
• Inter Run Questionnaire
• NASA TLX
• SART
After each scenario run • Apron Controller & Assistant
• Observer Sheet During Run • Validation Observers
• Final Debriefing I After a specific number of scenarios• Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)
• Apron Controller & Assistant
• Final Debriefing II At the end of validation• Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)
• Apron Controller & Assistant
Mission: One inbound or outbound movement performed by the flight crew in the cockpit simulator is defined as a mission. Consequently it is possible that a flight crew performs several missions within one validation scenario run.
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Questionnaires
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Simulator: Apron 2
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Simulator: Apron 3
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Cockpit Simulator
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Pseudo Pilots Working Positions
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationResults
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
• Integration of all three controller systems into one Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Automated switching of Airfield Ground Lighting (AGL) after the controler’s clearance is given
• Follow-the-Greens (FtG) operations with Single Lamp Control and floating separation
• 24/7 operations of FtG
• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can be eliminated completely
• Even under VMC the apron performance is improved by FtG
• Clearance delays for pushbacks can be reduced by 2/3
• Swing-Overs will not be necessary any more
• Situational awareness of controllers improved
• Controllers’ workload has been reduced
• Amount of R/T communication is reduced by 1/4
Key success
criteria
Key
benefits
Local application of all
required safety cases
Benefits might be
influenced by:
Local availability of all required
systems and technical
requirements
Compatibility with airport
specific standards and
regulations
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Summary of Results
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Initial situation:
• Today's’ Airfield Ground Lighting infrastructure
Lights can only be (de)activated in groups (segments)
Follow-the-Greens can only be provided by using
segments. Thus block separation is used.
• Single Lamp Control
Each light can be (de)activated individually
Follow-the-Greens is provided by using single lamp
control
Separation concept: floating separation
Main results:
• Using Follow-the-Greens with Single Lamp Control
provides significant benefits to guidance procedures on
the apron area
• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can
be eliminated completely
Performance Indicators
Average improvements in LVC (within 40 minutes)
when operating Follow the Greens with…
…today’s existing
AGL Infrastructure
… future Single Lamp
Control
Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -14% [5:56 5:06] -27% [5:56 4:18]
Number of ground movement stops -15% [73 62] -65% [73 25]
Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [hh:mm:ss] -33% [1:26:06 0:57:27] -66% [1:26:06 0:28:28]
Fuel consumption [kg] 1,5% [6620 6716] -17% [6620 5444]
CO2 emissions [kg] 1,5% [20919 21223] -17% [20919 17203]
Average Clearance Delay between TOBT & Pushback Given
[mm:ss]-47% [4:28 2:22] -69% [4:28 1:21]
Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -21% [58:57 46:22] -21% [58:57 46:20]
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759AGL setting: existing AGL infrastructure vs. Single Lamp Control
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Initial situation:
• Today's’ Situation
Under good visibility: No Follow-the-Greens is
provided
Swing-Overs are used very often
Follow-the-Greens is only provided under Low
Visibility conditions
• Future FtG operations with Single Lamp Control
FtG is provided under good and low visibility
conditions
FtG is used 24/7
Main results:
• FtG improves apron performance significantly
• When using FtG with Single Lamp Control swing-overs
can be avoided
• The exercise results suggest to operate FtG 24/7 and
independently from visibility conditions
Performance IndicatorsAverage Improvements with FtG under good
visibility within 40 minutes
Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -16% [5:07 4:17]
Number of ground movement stops -42% [47 27]
Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [mm:ss] -62% [51:54 19:15]
Fuel consumption [kg] -6% [6286 5875]
CO2 emissions [kg] -6% [19864 18566]
Average Clearance Delay between TOBT & Pushback Given
[mm:ss]-35% [2:00 1:18]
Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -22% [56:24 43:43]
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-75924/7 Operations of Follow-the-Greens
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Initial situation:
• Today's’ Situation
Under low visibility conditions the performance
indicators for the apron area decline compared to
good visibility operations
• Future FtG operations with Single Lamp Control
FtG is provided under good and low visibility
conditions
Main results:
• Using Follow-the-Greens with Single Lamp Control
provides significant benefits to guidance procedures on
the apron area
• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can
be eliminated completely
Performance Indicators
Average Improvements with FtG in low
visibility compared to good visibility
operations today within 40 minutes
Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -16% [5:07 4:18]
Number of ground movement stops -46% [47 25]
Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [hh:mm:ss] -45% [51:54 28:28]
Fuel consumption [kg] -13% [6286 5444]
CO2 emissions [kg] -13% [19864 17203]
Average Clearance Delay between TOBT & Pushback Given
[mm:ss]-32% [2:00 1:21]
Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -17% [56:24 46:20]
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759No Impact of Low Visibility on Apron Performance
SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017
Initial situation:
• Constellation in 10 scenarios: 1 controller + 1 Assistant
Constellation in 6 scenarios: 1 controller (no Assistant)
• Controller tasks: Control & Manage all ground
movements on the apron
Assistant tasks: support the controller’s job (e.g.
Coordination tasks, switching the AGL)
• Controller assistants had to solve 20 mathematical
problems per scenario in order to simulate their workload
Main results:
• By using Follow-the-Greens (FtG) the controller assistant
could answer more distraction calls
• By using FtG more distraction tasks could be answered
correctly by the controller assistant
• In peak traffic situations it is required to operate each
apron with a controller and a controller assistant
*The high number of not answered callsis due to a failure of the electronic flight strip system in the exercise run
SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Allocation of Controller: Assistant vs. No Assistant