Follow-the-Greens The Future of Guidance is...

SESAR European Airport Consortium

Follow-the-Greens

The Future of Guidance is Green

SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017

First SEAC Validation

Follow-the-Greens Validation VP649


Table of Contents

EXE-06.07.03-VP-649 Preliminary Results:

• Introduction & Background

• Human Factor Results

• Data Analysis (Measured & Calculated Results)

• AGL Effects on Radio Telecommunication

• Conclusion


Background – Missions & Scenarios Nine different scenarios: 2 pre-SESAR scenarios without AGL and 7 SESAR scenarios with AGL

Each scenario contains one inbound and one outbound mission @ 114mov/hr. traffic

Each mission performed once a day over the week 10 missions performed per scenario

Scenarios:

AGL0001: Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day

AGL0002: Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation

AGL0003: AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length

AGL0004: AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation



AGL0007: AGL, low-vis/night, block separation

AGL0008: AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)

AGL0009: AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar


Background – Inbound & Outbound Missions

A11

W3


Human Factors - Methodology

C

Questionnaires

Pre-Validation Questionnaire:

General Information (age, flight hours…)

Intermission Questionnaires:

Workload (WL), Situation Awareness (SA), AGL preference

Post-Validation Questionnaire:

Perceived usefulness and safety risks, optimal AGL setting

Observation

Debriefings


Human Factors – Results on Workload

0,0

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0

10,0

12,0

14,0

16,0

18,0

20,0

MENTALDEMAND

PHYSICALDEMAND

TEMPORALDEMAND

EFFORT FRUSTRATION

INTER MISSION QUESTIONNAIRE - WorkloadNASA TLX

pre-SESAR

AGL (all)

very high

very low


Human Factors – Situational Awareness

-3,0

-2,0

-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

SA GLOBAL SCORE

INTER MISSION QUESTIONNAIRE - Situational AwarenessGlobal Score

Pre-SESAR, CAVOK/day

Pre-SESAR, low-vis/night, block separation

AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication length

AGL, low-vis/night, floating separation



AGL, low-vis/night, block separation

AGL, CAVOK/day, fixed switches (3 lights)

AGL, CAVOK/day, stop instruction via stop bar

best

worst


Human Factors – Results Overview

C

Automated AGL Guidance (Follow-the-Greens) in General:

Increases FLIGHT CREW’S SITUATIONAL AWARENESS

Reduces FLIGHT CREW’S WORKLOAD

Reduces FLIGHT CREW’S FRUSTRATION LEVEL (less ambiguous situations, less frequency congestion)

Was evaluated with very good USABILITY values (easy to understand and credible)

Parameter Validation:

In all, some parameters have only minimal impact on the overall positive assessment of AGL

Ideal AGL Parameter Settings: 180m indication length, clear indication of stop instruction

Increases FLIGHT CREW’S PERCEIVED SAFETY


Data Analysis - Methodology

Traffic Data Analysis

Radar Track Data (1Hz, position, direction, and speed)

ATRiCS Trazer Track Data Analysis Tool (incl. Replay Function)

Environmental Impact Assessment

Simulated Aircraft: Airbus A320-211

Simulated Engine Model: cfm56-5A5 (UID 4CM036)

ICAO Engine Exhaust Emissions Data Bank

Fraport AG EmiMo Calculation Tool


Data Analysis – Low-Vis Taxi Times

00:00:00

01:00:00

02:00:00

03:00:00

Pre-SESAR, block separation

AGL, block separation

AGL, floating separation

AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication

Total Taxi Time per Scenario (10 missions) in Low-Vis/Night

Total taxi time with

AGL floating separation

in low-vis/night

equal to AGL in CAVOK!

Time


Data Analysis – Low-Vis Traffic Fluency

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pre-SESAR, block separation

AGL, block separation

AGL, floating separation

AGL, CAVOK/day, 300m indication

Total Number of Stops per Scenario (10 missions) in Low-Vis/Night

Stops


Data Analysis – Fuel Burn

Total Fuel Flow (10 missions) per Scenario

0,00

0,50

1,00

1,50

2,00

2,50Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day









> 10% less fuel

burn in CAVOK!

Fuel [t]


Data Analysis – Emissions

Total Emission (10 missions) per Scenario [NOx, HCs, CO]

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

Pre-SESAR , CAVOK/day









Significant reduction

of all major

pollutants with AGL!

NOx

HCs

CO

Mass [kg]


Data Analysis – Results Overview

Automated AGL Guidance (Follow-the-Greens):

Increases SAFETY (4 route deviations in pre-SESAR, none with AGL)

Reduces TAXI TIMES (>30% reduction in low-vis, >10% reduction in CAVOK)

Increases TRAFFIC FLUENCY (~80% less stops in low-vis, ~50% reduction in CAVOK)

Reduces FUEL BURN (up to ~30% less fuel used, depending on environmental condition)

Reduces EMISSIONS (~ 30% reduction of CO2, HCs, NOx, almost 50% reduction of CO)

Improves AIRPORT TAXI PERFORMANCE, e.g. no loss of performance in low-visibility at night

Reduces MOVEMENT DELAY (~50% reduction of time between taxi request and initial movement)


Radio Data Analysis Digital Sound Recordings

Parallel and separated recording of the two Apron

Control AoRs in use (timestamped)

Apron East

Apron West

Objectives

Comparison pre-SESAR and AGL R/T times

Frequency usage per movement

Overall frequency load factor analysis

ATCO R/T-Workload Assessment


Radio Data Analysis – R/T Utilization

02:28 02:13

05:48

10:29

01:0100:42

03:41

05:25

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

5:00

6:00

7:00

8:00

9:00

10:00

11:00

R/T time outbound R/T time inbound R/T time PP Total R/T time

Average R/T Utilization during a Scenario in Minutes

Pre-SESAR

AGL

Time


Radio Data Analysis – R/T Time per Scenario

0:48

0:56

0:260:28

0:23

0:27

0:33

0:25 0:25

0:00

0:10

0:20

0:30

0:40

0:50

1:00

Total R/T Time per Scenario in Minutes

Pre-SESAR, CAVOK/day









Pre-SESAR AGL

Time


Radio Data Analysis – AGL Impact Advantages of AGL Guidance

Some ATC-instructions become irrelevant , e.g.:

Hold short instructions

Route changes

Taxi instructions are shorter since taxi routes

are not read anymore

Less inquiries about re-confirmation of taxi

routes

Capacity of ground control is increased since

the frequency is less occupied

SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017SEAC, Follow-the-Greens: The Future of Guidance is Green, SES Award 2017

Conclusion

• Flight Crews say AGL brings:

• Safety improvement

• Workload reduction

• Situational Awareness improvement

• AGL reduces:

• Taxi times

• Taxi Fuel burn

• Engine Exhaust Emissions

• Communication time / Radio congestion

In all, AGL is a

significant

improvement

compared to the

pre-SESAR

systems and

procedures!


Second SEAC Validation

Follow-the-Greens Validation VP759


SESAR Programme &SESAR European Airport Consortium


SESAR

Single European Sky ATM Research

• European research project• Initiated by the European Commission and Eurocontrol

• Standardization and harmonization of European ATM processes• Phases: Definition Phase (2004 2008)

Development Phase (2008 2016)Deployment Phase (2014 2020)

VP-759: Follow-the-Greens What is SESAR?

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Single European Sky ATM Research

OFA 04.02.01:Integrated Surface

Management

Other Operational

Focus Areas

WP 06.03.01The Airport in the ATM

environment

VP759

Follow-the-

Greens

Airfield Ground Lighting

Data Link Clearances

Traffic

Display

Combined

with Routing

Enhanced Vision

System

ResearchedGuidance Means:

Work Package 6: Airport Operations Other Work Packages

VP-759: Follow-the-Greens Follow-the-Greens in the SESAR context


VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationMunich Airport Apron Control


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759) Validation Baseline


Apron 2 Apron 3

Nearly all challenges for guidance are

represented in the validation layout:

Alternative Parallel Taxi Routing (APTR)

Swing Over

Triple Lane Movements

Temporary One-way taxiway

Change from APTR to One-way

taxiway

Assumption:

• Stands 231 to 234 will not be part of

the validation

• Apron 3 is divided into North and South

without a connecting taxiway

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759) Validation Baseline


VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationValidation Scope


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Facts & Figures

Follow-the-Greens Validation Exercise VP-759

Number of controllers involved 7

Number of different scenarios performed 10

Duration of each Scenario ~ 40 minutes

Number of groups that performed all Scenarios 2

Total number of ground movements performed in the entire validation week: 667

Number of pseudo pilots involved 7

Number of airspace users (flight crews) involved 5

Addressed Key Performance Areas

Capacity

Environment/Fuel Efficieny

Human Performance

Safety

Predictability


Germany

LH-Partner

Continental

Intercont

HAM

TRN

WAW DRS

GDN HAM

FRA BRU

HAJ YYZ VCE

MRS CDG PAD

SJJ BLQ DUB BLQ MAN

MAD FAO PSA NUE MAD HAJ

FRA FMO HAJ HAM OTP HAM FMO

HAJ ESB BEG ZAG STR ATH TRN

NUE BEG BSL WAW FRA CGN BUD DUS DUS

IST BRU ZAG BRU BRE YVR FMO LIS VIE

STR LIS POZ CGN GVA OSL LEJ FRA VRN

FCO DUS GVA PRG BUD PRG IAD DUS BSL BRN TXL

TXL CGN LYS ZRH DBV GRZ HND HAM ESB OSL TRS

TLS FRA ATH LUX DME WRO POZ MAD EWR FRA PRG GOA BRE

HAM LYS BIO LCJ ATH BLQ GDN WRO BCN FCO BRU TXL KBP LHR

BCN BRE OSL LHR ADB LED VCE SBZ FLR MAN GOT CDG LCA GDN CGN

MAN HAM HEL FRA LEJ KBP FRA LEJ VCE BHX SFO AMS DRS GOT WRO

DUS BRU ARN HAM TRS BOM DRS TSR VIE BIO FRA CGN NCE BIO POZ

RTM WAW GRZ AMS BRI TSR KBP LAX LHR BSL ARN HAM BRE CGN FCO FRA OTP

AMS TRN HAM OTP GOT BRN CGN STR ARN GOA BRI SOF TLS VIE NUE FLR TXL GVA

HAJ BUD FRA MXP FCO LJU DUS IAD JFK ATH TRN ORD LHR VCE STR SOF LJU BHX

CPH MXP FLR MAN TIA TLS LUX VRN NUE FRA KRK DUS BOS ICN BGY HAJ BRE JNB SBZ

CDG VCE PAD TXL BHX BCN FRA DUS KRK GRZ AMS FRA HAM AMS MXP NCE YUL HAM LHR ZRH TSR ZAG GRZ CPH

MRS LHR DUS PRG SOF CPH NAP HAM FLR BRE MXP TXL HAM TXL LYS TRS MRS BRS RTM LUX MRS VIE LUX TBS CLJ GRU

WAW TXL ZRH VIE BRU CDG EWR LGG PSA BUD LHR AGP PVG OSL LGG SPU HEL LUX BRU HAM RLG PAD BCN LCJ TXL HAM IST BSL DXB

CGN VIE CGN BGY KIV CTA IAH SPU CPH VIE DEL CLT FCO TXL LIS PEK VRN ZRH TXL DUS CGN FRA LYS MXP HEL PEK WAW FRA NAP MXP HKG

LIS NCE FMO GVA BLQ LWO CLJ WAW BRS NCE AOI MAD ORD MLA CPH RTM DUS DRS HAJ CPH RUH TXL VIE TXL GVA TLS ARN SKG AMS AMS CDG BUD PVG

ARN BRN LEJ BSL DRS ZAG TXL ZRH SKG TXL PAD YYZ CDG BCN SIN ZRH BKK TXL NAP CAI PRN ZRH CPH HAJ TRN CPH LHR DME DUS ZRH HND KRK MEX

05:00 05:30 06:00 06:30 07:00 07:30 08:00 08:30 09:00 09:30 10:00 10:30 11:00 11:30 12:00 12:30 13:00 13:30 14:00 14:30 15:00 15:30 16:00 16:30 17:00 17:30 18:00 18:30 19:00 19:30 20:00 20:30 21:00 21:30 22:00 22:30 23:00 23:30 00:00

RUH PEK TBS TSR DRS VRN TRS HAM WAW BRS LEJ WAW BGY CGN FRA CPH BRN BRI FLR BLQ BRS FRA LHR PEK GRZ VCE VIE FRA CDG FRA FCO HEL TXL WAW TXL LIS

DEL CAI CLJ SOF WRO BRU PHL FRA BRN ARN MRS LUX MLA TXL IAD LGG GOT ARN HEL FRA TXL FCO CDG VRN TRS LUX LHR TXL HAM BHX LYS BUD DUS LHR

PVG SBZ GRZ TXL ZAG HAM GRU TRN TLS TXL DUS HAM DXB FRA CDG BCN AOI TXL VIE ICN SFO BCN WRO SKG HAM ZAG ZRH SOF BGY CGN FRA

HKG BKK GOA LCJ SKG TXL VIE CGN DME LHR MAN LIS ORD AMS NUE SJJ HAM ARN STR SPU SBZ DUS LJU MAN BSL RTM BRE

SIN PVG BRE MRS SPU BIO DUS BLQ OSL ZRH LAX BSL ATH CPH AMS BSL BRE AGP CGN BRU GOT LUX BRN

BOM PAD VIE MXP LHR OSL STR FLR HAM SOF HAJ VCE ZRH LCJ PRG FAO TXL OTP NCE MAD HAJ

TRN BLQ HEL DUS YYZ GVA FRA LWO MAN LUX MXP TXL ZAG LYS WAW OTP ATH DUS AMS

BSL LJU NCE HAM BHX DRS ARN MXP NAP PRG POZ FRA LGG LED NAP BRI LEJ CDG

JNB FRA ESB CLT MXP HAM BRU OTP VIE BUD LEJ BLQ MXP TLS PAD

CGN HAJ ATH BCN MAD BCN FCO LHR GVA CPH KBP GOA FRA HAJ DRS

POZ IST ORD BUD HAJ TIA CGN KRK RTM BUD DME OSL FRA

EWR KBP IAH BRE CLJ KIV WAW HAM VIE TRN CPH BRE

FLR GOT CGN RTM BIO PAD GDN NUE POZ KRK BCN HAM

GDN FRA BOS MAN LEJ FMO BEG HAJ LCA TXL MRS ZRH

YYZ CDG YUL LIS BHX CTA IST DUS ZRH LIS BIO TRN

GDN LUX HAJ BRU STR FRA TSR DRS BRU TSR HAM VIE

DUS CGN LHR TRN ZAG MRS ADB GVA FLR STR FMO

OTP TLS FRA DUS PSA PRN CGN ESB HAJ TXL BRU

FMO TXL ATH YVR ZRH TLS HND MAD CGN VIE GVA

HAM ZRH VCE OSL GRZ CAI HND HAM VCE MXP

BUD DUS ZRH TXL HAM DBV PRG CPH

IAD AMS FMO TRS VRN BEG NUE

VCE CPH EWR NCE WAW LHR

GVA AMS MAD AMS CGN

JFK HAM WRO GDN RLG

FCO LYS LYS DUS ARN

KRK NCE BRE PSA DUB

NAP TXL BRU

CPH FCO DUS

BSL DRS

PRG

PAD

NUE

GRZCDGCPH

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Flight Plan


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Scenarios

Pre-SESAR World (Reference)

Follow-the-Greens World (Solution)

Ref

eren

ce

VM

C

Ref

eren

ceLV

C

So

luti

on

1

So

luti

on

2

So

luti

on

3

So

luti

on

4

So

luti

on

5

So

luti

on

6

So

luti

on

7

Ap

ron

Mer

ge

1

So

luti

on

8

Ap

ron

Mer

ge

2

Number of controllers per Apron

2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1

Weather VMC LVC VMC LVC LVC VMC LVC LVC VMC LVC

Follow-the-Greens Navigation Support

NoMUC ops

Single LampSwitching

SmallestavailableTCL unit



SmallestavailableTCL unit




Spacing Concept

NoManual Block

NoAuto Block

Floating NoAuto Block

Floating No Floating

Pre-SESAR

(Reference Scenarios)

SESAR-Solution

(Solution Scenarios)


Validation Schedule: • Start of Group 1 on Monday, 20th:

08:30

• Start of Group 2 on Wednesday, 22nd: 11:30

• Each scenario block includes approx.:

35 minutes of a validation run 10 minutes for completing

questionnaires 30 minutes for a jointly debriefing

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Scenarios


• Several ways were used for recording all results of the different validation scenarios:

Questionnaires for Controllers, Pilots and Observers Notes of Observers Recording of R/T communication Recording of controller inputs on the HMI Debriefing minutes

Questionnaire Asked when? Who is concerned?

• Demographic Questionnaire Before the start of the validation• Flight Crew

• Apron Controller & Assistant

• NASA TLX

• SART After each validation mission* • Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)

• Inter Run Questionnaire

• NASA TLX

• SART

After each scenario run • Apron Controller & Assistant

• Observer Sheet During Run • Validation Observers

• Final Debriefing I After a specific number of scenarios• Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)


• Final Debriefing II At the end of validation• Flight Crew (in the Cockpit Simulator)


Mission: One inbound or outbound movement performed by the flight crew in the cockpit simulator is defined as a mission. Consequently it is possible that a flight crew performs several missions within one validation scenario run.

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation (VP-759)Validation Questionnaires


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Simulator: Apron 2


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Simulator: Apron 3


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Validation Cockpit Simulator


SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Pseudo Pilots Working Positions


VP-759 Follow-the-Greens ValidationResults


• Integration of all three controller systems into one Human Machine Interface (HMI)

• Automated switching of Airfield Ground Lighting (AGL) after the controler’s clearance is given

• Follow-the-Greens (FtG) operations with Single Lamp Control and floating separation

• 24/7 operations of FtG

• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can be eliminated completely

• Even under VMC the apron performance is improved by FtG

• Clearance delays for pushbacks can be reduced by 2/3

• Swing-Overs will not be necessary any more

• Situational awareness of controllers improved

• Controllers’ workload has been reduced

• Amount of R/T communication is reduced by 1/4

Key success

criteria

Key

benefits

Local application of all

required safety cases

Benefits might be

influenced by:

Local availability of all required

systems and technical

requirements

Compatibility with airport

specific standards and

regulations

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Summary of Results


Initial situation:

• Today's’ Airfield Ground Lighting infrastructure

Lights can only be (de)activated in groups (segments)

Follow-the-Greens can only be provided by using

segments. Thus block separation is used.

• Single Lamp Control

Each light can be (de)activated individually

Follow-the-Greens is provided by using single lamp

control

Separation concept: floating separation

Main results:

• Using Follow-the-Greens with Single Lamp Control

provides significant benefits to guidance procedures on

the apron area

• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can

be eliminated completely

Performance Indicators

Average improvements in LVC (within 40 minutes)

when operating Follow the Greens with…

…today’s existing

AGL Infrastructure

… future Single Lamp

Control

Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -14% [5:56 5:06] -27% [5:56 4:18]

Number of ground movement stops -15% [73 62] -65% [73 25]

Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [hh:mm:ss] -33% [1:26:06 0:57:27] -66% [1:26:06 0:28:28]

Fuel consumption [kg] 1,5% [6620 6716] -17% [6620 5444]

CO2 emissions [kg] 1,5% [20919 21223] -17% [20919 17203]

Average Clearance Delay between TOBT & Pushback Given

[mm:ss]-47% [4:28 2:22] -69% [4:28 1:21]

Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -21% [58:57 46:22] -21% [58:57 46:20]

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759AGL setting: existing AGL infrastructure vs. Single Lamp Control


Initial situation:

• Today's’ Situation

Under good visibility: No Follow-the-Greens is

provided

Swing-Overs are used very often

Follow-the-Greens is only provided under Low

Visibility conditions

• Future FtG operations with Single Lamp Control

FtG is provided under good and low visibility

conditions

FtG is used 24/7

Main results:

• FtG improves apron performance significantly

• When using FtG with Single Lamp Control swing-overs

can be avoided

• The exercise results suggest to operate FtG 24/7 and

independently from visibility conditions

Performance IndicatorsAverage Improvements with FtG under good

visibility within 40 minutes

Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -16% [5:07 4:17]

Number of ground movement stops -42% [47 27]

Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [mm:ss] -62% [51:54 19:15]

Fuel consumption [kg] -6% [6286 5875]

CO2 emissions [kg] -6% [19864 18566]


[mm:ss]-35% [2:00 1:18]

Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -22% [56:24 43:43]

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-75924/7 Operations of Follow-the-Greens


Initial situation:

• Today's’ Situation

Under low visibility conditions the performance

indicators for the apron area decline compared to

good visibility operations

• Future FtG operations with Single Lamp Control

FtG is provided under good and low visibility

conditions

Main results:

• Using Follow-the-Greens with Single Lamp Control

provides significant benefits to guidance procedures on

the apron area

• Adverse effects on apron performance in low visibility can

be eliminated completely

Performance Indicators

Average Improvements with FtG in low

visibility compared to good visibility

operations today within 40 minutes

Average duration of ground movements [mm:ss] -16% [5:07 4:18]

Number of ground movement stops -46% [47 25]

Aggregated Duration of all ground movement stops [hh:mm:ss] -45% [51:54 28:28]

Fuel consumption [kg] -13% [6286 5444]

CO2 emissions [kg] -13% [19864 17203]


[mm:ss]-32% [2:00 1:21]

Aggregated duration of R/T Communication [mm:ss] -17% [56:24 46:20]

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759No Impact of Low Visibility on Apron Performance


Initial situation:

• Constellation in 10 scenarios: 1 controller + 1 Assistant

Constellation in 6 scenarios: 1 controller (no Assistant)

• Controller tasks: Control & Manage all ground

movements on the apron

Assistant tasks: support the controller’s job (e.g.

Coordination tasks, switching the AGL)

• Controller assistants had to solve 20 mathematical

problems per scenario in order to simulate their workload

Main results:

• By using Follow-the-Greens (FtG) the controller assistant

could answer more distraction calls

• By using FtG more distraction tasks could be answered

correctly by the controller assistant

• In peak traffic situations it is required to operate each

apron with a controller and a controller assistant

*The high number of not answered callsis due to a failure of the electronic flight strip system in the exercise run

SEAC: Follow-the-Greens Validation VP-759Allocation of Controller: Assistant vs. No Assistant

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