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Title V. - PRESCRIPTION
CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Art. 1106. By prescriptio! oe "c#$ires
o%ers&ip "' ot&er re"l ri(&ts t&ro$(& t&e l"pse
o) ti*e i t&e *"er "' $'er t&e co'itiosl"i' 'o% +y l"%. I t&e s"*e %"y! ri(&ts "'
co'itios "re lost +y prescriptio.
Art. 110,. Persos %&o "re c"p"+le o) "c#$iri(
property or ri(&ts +y t&e ot&er le("l *o'es *"y
"c#$ire t&e s"*e +y *e"s o) prescriptio.
iors "' ot&er ic"p"cit"te' persos *"y
"c#$ire property or ri(&ts +y prescriptio! eit&er
perso"lly or t&ro$(& t&eir p"rets! ($"r'i"s or
le("l represet"ties. /11"2
Art. 1103. Prescriptio! +ot& "c#$isitie "'
e4tictie! r$s "("ist5
/12 iors "' ot&er ic"p"cit"te' persos %&o
&"e p"rets! ($"r'i"s or ot&er le("lrepreset"ties
/72 A+setees %&o &"e "'*iistr"tors! eit&er
"ppoite' +y t&e* +e)ore t&eir 'is"ppe"r"ce! or
"ppoite' +y t&e co$rts
/2 Persos lii( "+ro"'! %&o &"e *""(ers or
"'*iistr"tors
/82 9$ri'ic"l persos! e4cept t&e St"te "' its
s$+'iisios.
Persos %&o "re 'is#$"li)ie' )ro* "'*iisteri(
t&eir property &"e " ri(&t to cl"i* '"*"(es
)ro* t&eir le("l represet"ties %&ose
e(li(ece &"s +ee t&e c"$se o) prescriptio.
/17"2
Art. 110. Prescriptio 'oes ot r$ +et%ee
&$s+"' "' %i)e! ee t&o$(& t&ere +e "
sep"r"tio o) property "(ree' $po i t&e
*"rri"(e settle*ets or +y :$'ici"l 'ecree.
Neit&er 'oes prescriptio r$ +et%ee p"rets"' c&il're! '$ri( t&e *iority or is"ity o)
t&e l"tter! "' +et%ee ($"r'i" "' %"r' '$ri(
t&e coti$"ce o) t&e ($"r'i"s&ip. /2
Art. 1110. Prescriptio! "c#$isitie "'
e4tictie! r$s i )"or o)! or "("ist " *"rrie'
%o*". /2
Art. 1111. Prescriptio o+t"ie' +y " co-
proprietor or " co-o%er s&"ll +ee)it t&e ot&ers.
/12
Art. 1117. Persos %it& c"p"city to "lie"te
property *"y reo$ce prescriptio "lre"'y
o+t"ie'! +$t ot t&e ri(&t to prescri+e i t&e
)$t$re.
Prescriptio is 'ee*e' to &"e +ee t"citly
reo$ce' %&e t&e re$ci"tio res$lts )ro*
"cts %&ic& i*ply t&e "+"'o*et o) t&e ri(&t
"c#$ire'. /1;2
Art. 111. All t&i(s %&ic& "re %it&i t&e
co**erce o) *e "re s$scepti+le o)
prescriptio! $less ot&er%ise proi'e'.Property o) t&e St"te or "y o) its s$+'iisios
ot p"tri*oi"l i c&"r"cter s&"ll ot +e t&e
o+:ect o) prescriptio. /16"2
Art. 1118. Cre'itors "' "ll ot&er persos
itereste' i *"
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PRESCRIPTION O= O>NERSHIP AN?
OTHER REAL RIGHTS
Art. 111,. Ac#$isitie prescriptio o) 'o*iio
"' ot&er re"l ri(&ts *"y +e or'i"ry or
e4tr"or'i"ry.
Or'i"ry "c#$isitie prescriptio re#$ires
possessio o) t&i(s i (oo' )"it& "' %it& :$st
title )or t&e ti*e )i4e' +y l"%. /180"2
Art. 1113. Possessio &"s to +e i t&e cocept o)
" o%er! p$+lic! pe"ce)$l "' $iterr$pte'.
/1812
Art. 111. Acts o) possessory c&"r"cter e4ec$te'
i irt$e o) licese or +y *ere toler"ce o) t&e
o%er s&"ll ot +e ""il"+le )or t&e p$rposes o)
possessio. /1872
Art. 1170. Possessio is iterr$pte' )or t&e
p$rposes o) prescriptio! "t$r"lly or ciilly.
/182
Art. 1171. Possessio is "t$r"lly iterr$pte'
%&e t&ro$(& "y c"$se it s&o$l' ce"se )or *ore
t&" oe ye"r.
T&e ol' possessio is ot reie' i) " e%
possessio s&o$l' +e e4ercise' +y t&e s"*e"'erse cl"i*"t. /188"2
Art. 1177. I) t&e "t$r"l iterr$ptio is )or oly
oe ye"r or less! t&e ti*e el"pse' s&"ll +e
co$te' i )"or o) t&e prescriptio. /2
Art. 117. Ciil iterr$ptio is pro'$ce' +y
:$'ici"l s$**os to t&e possessor. /18;"2
Art. 1178. 9$'ici"l s$**os s&"ll +e 'ee*e'
ot to &"e +ee iss$e' "' s&"ll ot (ie rise to
iterr$ptio5
/12 I) it s&o$l' +e oi' )or l"c< o) le("lsole*ities
/72 I) t&e pl"iti)) s&o$l' 'esist )ro* t&e
co*pl"it or s&o$l' "llo% t&e procee'i(s to
l"pse
/2 I) t&e possessor s&o$l' +e "+sole' )ro* t&e
co*pl"it.
I "ll t&ese c"ses! t&e perio' o) t&e iterr$ptio
s&"ll +e co$te' )or t&e prescriptio. /186"2
Art. 117;. Ay e4press or t"cit reco(itio
%&ic& t&e possessor *"y *"
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Art. 117. T&e o%ers&ip o) *o"+les
prescri+es t&ro$(& $iterr$pte' possessio )or
)o$r ye"rs i (oo' )"it&.
T&e o%ers&ip o) perso"l property "lso
prescri+es t&ro$(& $iterr$pte' possessio )or
ei(&t ye"rs! %it&o$t ee' o) "y ot&er co'itio.
>it& re("r' to t&e ri(&t o) t&e o%er to recoer
perso"l property lost or o) %&ic& &e &"s +ee
ille("lly 'eprie'! "s %ell "s %it& respect to
*o"+les "c#$ire' i " p$+lic s"le! )"ir! or
*"r
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/72 po " o+li("tio cre"te' +y l"%
/2 po " :$'(*et. /2
Art. 118;. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e
co**ece' %it&i si4 ye"rs5
/12 po " or"l cotr"ct
/72 po " #$"si-cotr"ct. /2
Art. 1186. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e
istit$te' %it&i )o$r ye"rs5
/12 po " i:$ry to t&e ri(&ts o) t&e pl"iti))
/72 po " #$"si-'elict
Ho%eer! %&e t&e "ctio "rises )ro* or o$t o)
"y "ct! "ctiity! or co'$ct o) "y p$+lic o))icer
ioli( t&e e4ercise o) po%ers or "$t&ority
"risi( )ro* "rti"l L"% icl$'i( t&e "rrest!
'etetio "'or tri"l o) t&e pl"iti))! t&e s"*e
*$st +e +ro$(&t %it&i oe /12 ye"r. /As
"*e'e' +y P? No. 1,;;! ?ec. 78! 130.2
Art. 118,. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e )ile'
%it&i oe ye"r5
/12 =or )orci+le etry "' 'et"ier
/72 =or 'e)"*"tio. /2
Art. 1183. T&e li*it"tios o) "ctio *etioe'
i "rticles 1180 to 1187! "' 1188 to 118, "re%it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&ose speci)ie' i ot&er
p"rts o) t&is Co'e! i t&e Co'e o) Co**erce!
"' i speci"l l"%s. /2
Art. 118. All ot&er "ctios %&ose perio's "reot )i4e' i t&is Co'e or i ot&er l"%s *$st +e
+ro$(&t %it&i )ie ye"rs )ro* t&e ti*e t&e ri(&to) "ctio "ccr$es. /2
Art. 11;0. T&e ti*e )or prescriptio )or "ll
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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Art. 11;6. A o+li("tio is " :$ri'ic"l ecessity
to (ie! to 'o or ot to 'o. /2
Art. 11;,. O+li("tios "rise )ro*5
/12 L"%
/72 Cotr"cts
/2 $"si-cotr"cts
/82 Acts or o*issios p$is&e' +y l"% "'
/;2 $"si-'elicts. /103"2
Art. 11;3. O+li("tios 'erie' )ro* l"% "re ot
pres$*e'. Oly t&ose e4pressly 'eter*ie' i
t&is Co'e or i speci"l l"%s "re 'e*"'"+le! "'
s&"ll +e re($l"te' +y t&e precepts o) t&e l"%
%&ic& est"+lis&es t&e* "' "s to %&"t &"s ot
+ee )oresee! +y t&e proisios o) t&is Boo
/107"2
Art. 1167. O+li("tios 'erie' )ro* #$"si-
'elicts s&"ll +e (oere' +y t&e proisios o)
C&"pter 7! Title FVII o) t&is Boo
CHAPTER 7
NATE AN? E==ECT O= OBLIGATIONS
Art. 116. Eery perso o+li(e' to (ie
so*et&i( is "lso o+li(e' to t"&e t&e o+li("tio cosists i ot
'oi(! "' t&e o+li(or 'oes %&"t &"s +ee
)or+i''e &i*! it s&"ll "lso +e $'oe "t &is
e4pese. /10"2
Art. 116. T&ose o+li(e' to 'elier or to 'o
so*et&i( ic$r i 'el"y )ro* t&e ti*e t&e
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o+li(ee :$'ici"lly or e4tr":$'ici"lly 'e*"'s
)ro* t&e* t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&eir o+li("tio.
Ho%eer! t&e 'e*"' +y t&e cre'itor s&"ll ot
+e ecess"ry i or'er t&"t 'el"y *"y e4ist5
/12 >&e t&e o+li("tio or t&e l"% e4pressly so
'ecl"re or
/72 >&e )ro* t&e "t$re "' t&e circ$*st"ceso) t&e o+li("tio it "ppe"rs t&"t t&e 'esi("tio
o) t&e ti*e %&e t&e t&i( is to +e 'eliere' or
t&e serice is to +e re'ere' %"s " cotrolli(
*otie )or t&e est"+lis&*et o) t&e cotr"ct or
/2 >&e 'e*"' %o$l' +e $seless! "s %&e t&e
o+li(or &"s re'ere' it +eyo' &is po%er to
per)or*.
I reciproc"l o+li("tios! eit&er p"rty ic$rs i'el"y i) t&e ot&er 'oes ot co*ply or is ot
re"'y to co*ply i " proper *"er %it& %&"t is
ic$*+et $po &i*. =ro* t&e *o*et oe o)
t&e p"rties )$l)ills &is o+li("tio! 'el"y +y t&eot&er +e(is. /1100"2
Art. 11,0. T&ose %&o i t&e per)or*"ce o)
t&eir o+li("tios "re ($ilty o) )r"$'! e(li(ece!
or 'el"y! "' t&ose %&o i "y *"er
cotr"ee t&e teor t&ereo)! "re li"+le )or'"*"(es. /11012
Art. 11,1. Resposi+ility "risi( )ro* )r"$' is
'e*"'"+le i "ll o+li("tios. Ay %"ier o) ""ctio )or )$t$re )r"$' is oi'. /1107"2
Art. 11,7. Resposi+ility "risi( )ro*
e(li(ece i t&e per)or*"ce o) eery
ieit"+le. /110;"2
Art. 11,;. s$rio$s tr"s"ctios s&"ll +e
(oere' +y speci"l l"%s. /2
Art. 11,6. T&e receipt o) t&e pricip"l +y t&e
cre'itor %it&o$t reser"tio %it& respect to t&e
iterest! s&"ll (ie rise to t&e pres$*ptio t&"t
s"i' iterest &"s +ee p"i'.
T&e receipt o) " l"ter ist"ll*et o) " 'e+t
%it&o$t reser"tio "s to prior ist"ll*ets! s&"ll
li
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Eery o+li("tio %&ic& cot"is " resol$tory
co'itio s&"ll "lso +e 'e*"'"+le! %it&o$t
pre:$'ice to t&e e))ects o) t&e &"ppei( o) t&e
eet. /1112
Art. 1130. >&e t&e 'e+tor +i's &i*sel) to p"y
%&e &is *e"s per*it &i* to 'o so! t&eo+li("tio s&"ll +e 'ee*e' to +e oe %it& "
perio'! s$+:ect to t&e proisios o) "rticle 11,.
/2
Art. 1131. I co'itio"l o+li("tios! t&e
"c#$isitio o) ri(&ts! "s %ell "s t&e
e4ti($is&*et or loss o) t&ose "lre"'y
"c#$ire'! s&"ll 'epe' $po t&e &"ppei( o)
t&e eet %&ic& costit$tes t&e co'itio. /11182
Art. 1137. >&e t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e co'itio
'epe's $po t&e sole %ill o) t&e 'e+tor! t&e
co'itio"l o+li("tio s&"ll +e oi'. I) it
'epe's $po c&"ce or $po t&e %ill o) " t&ir'
perso! t&e o+li("tio s&"ll t"
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or (oes o$t o) co**erce! or 'is"ppe"rs i s$c& "
%"y t&"t its e4istece is $&e t&e co'itios &"e )or t&eir
p$rpose t&e e4ti($is&*et o) " o+li("tio to
(ie! t&e p"rties! $po t&e )$l)ill*et o) s"i'co'itios! s&"ll ret$r to e"c& ot&er %&"t t&ey
&"e receie'.
I c"se o) t&e loss! 'eterior"tio or i*proe*et
o) t&e t&i(! t&e proisios %&ic&! %it& respect
to t&e 'e+tor! "re l"i' 'o% i t&e prece'i("rticle s&"ll +e "pplie' to t&e p"rty %&o is +o$'
to ret$r.
As )or t&e o+li("tios to 'o "' ot to 'o! t&eproisios o) t&e seco' p"r"(r"p& o) "rticle
113, s&"ll +e o+sere' "s re("r's t&e e))ect o)
t&e e4ti($is&*et o) t&e o+li("tio. /1172
Art. 111. T&e po%er to resci' o+li("tios is
i*plie' i reciproc"l oes! i c"se oe o) t&e
o+li(ors s&o$l' ot co*ply %it& %&"t is
ic$*+et $po &i*.
T&e i:$re' p"rty *"y c&oose +et%ee t&e
)$l)ill*et "' t&e rescissio o) t&e o+li("tio!
%it& t&e p"y*et o) '"*"(es i eit&er c"se. He
*"y "lso see< rescissio! ee ")ter &e &"s
c&ose )$l)ill*et! i) t&e l"tter s&o$l' +eco*ei*possi+le.
T&e co$rt s&"ll 'ecree t&e rescissio cl"i*e'!
$less t&ere +e :$st c"$se "$t&orii( t&e )i4i(
o) " perio'.
T&is is $'erstoo' to +e %it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&e
ri(&ts o) t&ir' persos %&o &"e "c#$ire' t&e
t&i(! i "ccor'"ce %it& "rticles 13; "' 133"' t&e ort("(e L"%. /11782
Art. 117. I c"se +ot& p"rties &"e co**itte' "
+re"c& o) t&e o+li("tio! t&e li"+ility o) t&e )irst
i)r"ctor s&"ll +e e#$it"+ly te*pere' +y t&e
co$rts. I) it c"ot +e 'eter*ie' %&ic& o) t&e
p"rties )irst iol"te' t&e cotr"ct! t&e s"*e s&"ll
+e 'ee*e' e4ti($is&e'! "' e"c& s&"ll +e"r &is
o% '"*"(es. /2
SECTION 7. - O+li("tios %it& " Perio'
Art. 11. O+li("tios )or %&ose )$l)ill*et "
'"y cert"i &"s +ee )i4e'! s&"ll +e 'e*"'"+le
oly %&e t&"t '"y co*es.
O+li("tios %it& " resol$tory perio' t"
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"' t&e 'e+tor! $less )ro* t&e teor o) t&e s"*e
or ot&er circ$*st"ces it s&o$l' "ppe"r t&"t t&e
perio' &"s +ee est"+lis&e' i )"or o) oe or o)
t&e ot&er. /117,2
Art. 11,. I) t&e o+li("tio 'oes ot )i4 " perio'!
+$t )ro* its "t$re "' t&e circ$*st"ces it c"+e i)erre' t&"t " perio' %"s ite'e'! t&e co$rts
*"y )i4 t&e '$r"tio t&ereo).
T&e co$rts s&"ll "lso )i4 t&e '$r"tio o) t&e
perio' %&e it 'epe's $po t&e %ill o) t&e
'e+tor.
I eery c"se! t&e co$rts s&"ll 'eter*ie s$c&
perio' "s *"y $'er t&e circ$*st"ces &"e
+ee pro+"+ly cote*pl"te' +y t&e p"rties. Oce
)i4e' +y t&e co$rts! t&e perio' c"ot +e
c&"(e' +y t&e*. /1173"2
Art. 113. T&e 'e+tor s&"ll lose eery ri(&t to
*"&e t&e 'e+tor "tte*pts to "+sco'.
/117"2
SECTION . - Alter"tie O+li("tios
Art. 11. A perso "lter"tiely +o$' +y
'i))eret prest"tios s&"ll co*pletely per)or*
oe o) t&e*.
T&e cre'itor c"ot +e co*pelle' to receie p"rt
o) oe "' p"rt o) t&e ot&er $'ert"
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+y 'elieri( t&"t %&ic& t&e cre'itor s&o$l'
c&oose )ro* "*o( t&e re*"i'er! or t&"t %&ic&
re*"is i) oly oe s$+sists
/72 I) t&e loss o) oe o) t&e t&i(s occ$rs t&ro$(&
t&e )"$lt o) t&e 'e+tor! t&e cre'itor *"y cl"i*
"y o) t&ose s$+sisti(! or t&e price o) t&"t%&ic&! t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o) t&e )or*er! &"s
'is"ppe"re'! %it& " ri(&t to '"*"(es
/2 I) "ll t&e t&i(s "re lost t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o)
t&e 'e+tor! t&e c&oice +y t&e cre'itor s&"ll )"ll
$po t&e price o) "y oe o) t&e*! "lso %it&
i'e*ity )or '"*"(es.
T&e s"*e r$les s&"ll +e "pplie' to o+li("tios to
'o or ot to 'o i c"se oe! so*e or "ll o) t&e
prest"tios s&o$l' +eco*e i*possi+le. /116"2
Art. 1706. >&e oly oe prest"tio &"s +ee
"(ree' $po! +$t t&e o+li(or *"y re'er "ot&er
i s$+stit$tio! t&e o+li("tio is c"lle'
)"c$lt"tie.
T&e loss or 'eterior"tio o) t&e t&i( ite'e' "s
" s$+stit$te! t&ro$(& t&e e(li(ece o) t&e
o+li(or! 'oes ot re'er &i* li"+le. B$t oce t&e
s$+stit$tio &"s +ee *"'e! t&e o+li(or is li"+le
)or t&e loss o) t&e s$+stit$te o "cco$t o) &is
'el"y! e(li(ece or )r"$'. /2
SECTION 8. - 9oit "' Soli'"ry O+li("tios
Art. 170,. T&e coc$rrece o) t%o or *orecre'itors or o) t%o or *ore 'e+tors i oe "'
t&e s"*e o+li("tio 'oes ot i*ply t&"t e"c& oe
o) t&e )or*er &"s " ri(&t to 'e*"'! or t&"t e"c&
oe o) t&e l"tter is +o$' to re'er! etire
co*pli"ce %it& t&e prest"tio. T&ere is "
soli'"ry li"+ility oly %&e t&e o+li("tio
e4pressly so st"tes! or %&e t&e l"% or t&e "t$re
o) t&e o+li("tio re#$ires soli'"rity. /11,"2
Art. 1703. I) )ro* t&e l"%! or t&e "t$re or t&e
%or'i( o) t&e o+li("tios to %&ic& t&e
prece'i( "rticle re)ers t&e cotr"ry 'oes ot
"ppe"r! t&e cre'it or 'e+t s&"ll +e pres$*e' to +e
'ii'e' ito "s *"y s&"res "s t&ere "re
cre'itors or 'e+tors! t&e cre'its or 'e+ts +ei(
cosi'ere' 'istict )ro* oe "ot&er! s$+:ect to
t&e R$les o) Co$rt (oeri( t&e *$ltiplicity o)
s$its. /113"2
Art. 170. I) t&e 'iisio is i*possi+le! t&e ri(&t
o) t&e cre'itors *"y +e pre:$'ice' oly +y t&eir
collectie "cts! "' t&e 'e+t c" +e e)orce'
oly +y procee'i( "("ist "ll t&e 'e+tors. I) oeo) t&e l"tter s&o$l' +e isolet! t&e ot&ers s&"ll
ot +e li"+le )or &is s&"re. /112
Art. 1710. T&e i'iisi+ility o) " o+li("tio
'oes ot ecess"rily (ie rise to soli'"rity. Nor
'oes soli'"rity o) itsel) i*ply i'iisi+ility. /2
Art. 1711. Soli'"rity *"y e4ist "lt&o$(& t&e
cre'itors "' t&e 'e+tors *"y ot +e +o$' i
t&e s"*e *"er "' +y t&e s"*e perio's "'
co'itios. /11802
Art. 1717. E"c& oe o) t&e soli'"ry cre'itors
*"y 'o %&"teer *"y +e $se)$l to t&e ot&ers!
+$t ot "yt&i( %&ic& *"y +e pre:$'ici"l to t&e
l"tter. /1181"2
Art. 171. A soli'"ry cre'itor c"ot "ssi( &is
ri(&ts %it&o$t t&e coset o) t&e ot&ers. /2
Art. 1718. T&e 'e+tor *"y p"y "y oe o) t&e
soli'"ry cre'itors +$t i) "y 'e*"'! :$'ici"l or
e4tr":$'ici"l! &"s +ee *"'e +y oe o) t&e*!p"y*et s&o$l' +e *"'e to &i*. /1187"2
Art. 171;. No"tio! co*pes"tio! co)$sio
or re*issio o) t&e 'e+t! *"'e +y "y o) t&esoli'"ry cre'itors or %it& "y o) t&e soli'"ry
'e+tors! s&"ll e4ti($is& t&e o+li("tio! %it&o$t
pre:$'ice to t&e proisios o) "rticle 171.
T&e cre'itor %&o *"y &"e e4ec$te' "y o)
t&ese "cts! "s %ell "s &e %&o collects t&e 'e+t!
s&"ll +e li"+le to t&e ot&ers )or t&e s&"re i t&e
o+li("tio correspo'i( to t&e*. /1182
Art. 1716. T&e cre'itor *"y procee' "("ist "y
oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors or so*e or "ll o)
t&e* si*$lt"eo$sly. T&e 'e*"' *"'e "("ist
oe o) t&e* s&"ll ot +e " o+st"cle to t&ose
%&ic& *"y s$+se#$etly +e 'irecte' "("ist t&eot&ers! so lo( "s t&e 'e+t &"s ot +ee )$lly
collecte'. /1188"2
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Art. 171,. P"y*et *"'e +y oe o) t&e soli'"ry
'e+tors e4ti($is&es t&e o+li("tio. I) t%o or
*ore soli'"ry 'e+tors o))er to p"y! t&e cre'itor
*"y c&oose %&ic& o))er to "ccept.
He %&o *"'e t&e p"y*et *"y cl"i* )ro* &is
co-'e+tors oly t&e s&"re %&ic& correspo's toe"c&! %it& t&e iterest )or t&e p"y*et "lre"'y
*"'e. I) t&e p"y*et is *"'e +e)ore t&e 'e+t is
'$e! o iterest )or t&e iterei( perio' *"y+e 'e*"'e'.
>&e oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors c"ot!
+ec"$se o) &is isolecy! rei*+$rse &is s&"re to
t&e 'e+tor p"yi( t&e o+li("tio! s$c& s&"re s&"ll
+e +ore +y "ll &is co-'e+tors! i proportio to
t&e 'e+t o) e"c&. /118;"2
Art. 1713. P"y*et +y " soli'"ry 'e+tor s&"ll
ot etitle &i* to rei*+$rse*et )ro* &is co-
'e+tors i) s$c& p"y*et is *"'e ")ter t&e
o+li("tio &"s prescri+e' or +eco*e ille("l. /2
Art. 171. T&e re*issio *"'e +y t&e cre'itor o)
t&e s&"re %&ic& "))ects oe o) t&e soli'"ry
'e+tors 'oes ot rele"se t&e l"tter )ro* &is
resposi+ility to%"r's t&e co-'e+tors! i c"se t&e
'e+t &"' +ee tot"lly p"i' +y "yoe o) t&e*
+e)ore t&e re*issio %"s e))ecte'. /1186"2
Art. 1770. T&e re*issio o) t&e %&ole
o+li("tio! o+t"ie' +y oe o) t&e soli'"ry
'e+tors! 'oes ot etitle &i* to rei*+$rse*et
)ro* &is co-'e+tors. /2
Art. 1771. I) t&e t&i( &"s +ee lost or i) t&e
prest"tio &"s +eco*e i*possi+le %it&o$t t&e
)"$lt o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors! t&e o+li("tio s&"ll
+e e4ti($is&e'.
I) t&ere %"s )"$lt o t&e p"rt o) "y oe o) t&e*!
"ll s&"ll +e resposi+le to t&e cre'itor! )or t&eprice "' t&e p"y*et o) '"*"(es "' iterest!
%it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&eir "ctio "("ist t&e
($ilty or e(li(et 'e+tor.
I) t&ro$(& " )ort$ito$s eet! t&e t&i( is lost or
t&e per)or*"ce &"s +eco*e i*possi+le ")ter
oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors &"s ic$rre' i 'el"y
t&ro$(& t&e :$'ici"l or e4tr":$'ici"l 'e*"'
$po &i* +y t&e cre'itor! t&e proisios o) t&e
prece'i( p"r"(r"p& s&"ll "pply. /118,"2
Art. 1777. A soli'"ry 'e+tor *"y! i "ctios )ile'
+y t&e cre'itor! ""il &i*sel) o) "ll 'e)eses
%&ic& "re 'erie' )ro* t&e "t$re o) t&e
o+li("tio "' o) t&ose %&ic& "re perso"l to&i*! or pert"i to &is o% s&"re. >it& respect to
t&ose %&ic& perso"lly +elo( to t&e ot&ers! &e
*"y ""il &i*sel) t&ereo) oly "s re("r's t&"tp"rt o) t&e 'e+t )or %&ic& t&e l"tter "re
resposi+le. /1183"2
SECTION ;. - ?iisi+le "' I'iisi+le
O+li("tios
Art. 177. T&e 'iisi+ility or i'iisi+ility o) t&e
t&i(s t&"t "re t&e o+:ect o) o+li("tios i %&ic&
t&ere is oly oe 'e+tor "' oly oe cre'itor
'oes ot "lter or *o'i)y t&e proisios o)
C&"pter 7 o) t&is Title. /1182
Art. 1778. A :oit i'iisi+le o+li("tio (ies
rise to i'e*ity )or '"*"(es )ro* t&e ti*e
"yoe o) t&e 'e+tors 'oes ot co*ply %it& &is
$'ert"&e t&e o+li("tio &"s )or its o+:ect t&e
e4ec$tio o) " cert"i $*+er o) '"ys o) %or
t&e "cco*plis&*et o) %or< +y *etric"l $its!
or ""lo(o$s t&i(s %&ic& +y t&eir "t$re "re
s$scepti+le o) p"rti"l per)or*"ce! it s&"ll +e'iisi+le.
Ho%eer! ee t&o$(& t&e o+:ect or serice *"y
+e p&ysic"lly 'iisi+le! " o+li("tio is
i'iisi+le i) so proi'e' +y l"% or ite'e' +y
t&e p"rties.
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I o+li("tios ot to 'o! 'iisi+ility or
i'iisi+ility s&"ll +e 'eter*ie' +y t&e
c&"r"cter o) t&e prest"tio i e"c& p"rtic$l"r
c"se. /11;1"2
SECTION 6. - O+li("tios %it& " Pe"l Cl"$se
Art. 1776. I o+li("tios %it& " pe"l cl"$se! t&e
pe"lty s&"ll s$+stit$te t&e i'e*ity )or
'"*"(es "' t&e p"y*et o) iterests i c"se o)
oco*pli"ce! i) t&ere is o stip$l"tio to t&e
cotr"ry. Neert&eless! '"*"(es s&"ll +e p"i' i)
t&e o+li(or re)$ses to p"y t&e pe"lty or is ($ilty
o) )r"$' i t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e o+li("tio.
T&e pe"lty *"y +e e)orce' oly %&e it is
'e*"'"+le i "ccor'"ce %it& t&e proisios o)
t&is Co'e. /11;7"2
Art. 177,. T&e 'e+tor c"ot e4e*pt &i*sel)
)ro* t&e per)or*"ce o) t&e o+li("tio +y
p"yi( t&e pe"lty! s"e i t&e c"se %&ere t&is
ri(&t &"s +ee e4pressly resere' )or &i*.
Neit&er c" t&e cre'itor 'e*"' t&e )$l)ill*et
o) t&e o+li("tio "' t&e s"tis)"ctio o) t&e
pe"lty "t t&e s"*e ti*e! $less t&is ri(&t &"s
+ee cle"rly (r"te' &i*. Ho%eer! i) ")ter t&e
cre'itor &"s 'eci'e' to re#$ire t&e )$l)ill*et o)
t&e o+li("tio! t&e per)or*"ce t&ereo) s&o$l'
+eco*e i*possi+le %it&o$t &is )"$lt! t&e pe"lty
*"y +e e)orce'. /11;"2
Art. 1773. Proo) o) "ct$"l '"*"(es s$))ere' +y
t&e cre'itor is ot ecess"ry i or'er t&"t t&e
pe"lty *"y +e 'e*"'e'. /2
Art. 177. T&e :$'(e s&"ll e#$it"+ly re'$ce t&e
pe"lty %&e t&e pricip"l o+li("tio &"s +ee
p"rtly or irre($l"rly co*plie' %it& +y t&e 'e+tor.
Ee i) t&ere &"s +ee o per)or*"ce! t&e
pe"lty *"y "lso +e re'$ce' +y t&e co$rts i) it is
ii#$ito$s or $coscio"+le. /11;8"2
Art. 170. T&e $llity o) t&e pe"l cl"$se 'oes
ot c"rry %it& it t&"t o) t&e pricip"l o+li("tio.
T&e $llity o) t&e pricip"l o+li("tio c"rries
%it& it t&"t o) t&e pe"l cl"$se. /11;;2
CHAPTER 8
EFTINGISHENT O= OBLIGATIONS
Geer"l Proisios
Art. 171. O+li("tios "re e4ti($is&e'5
/12 By p"y*et or per)or*"ce5
/72 By t&e loss o) t&e t&i( '$e5
/2 By t&e co'o"tio or re*issio o) t&e 'e+t
/82 By t&e co)$sio or *er(er o) t&e ri(&ts o)
cre'itor "' 'e+tor
/;2 By co*pes"tio
/62 By o"tio.
Ot&er c"$ses o) e4ti($is&*et o) o+li("tios!
s$c& "s "$l*et! rescissio! )$l)ill*et o) "
resol$tory co'itio! "' prescriptio! "re
(oere' else%&ere i t&is Co'e. /11;6"2
SECTION 1. - P"y*et or Per)or*"ce
Art. 177. P"y*et *e"s ot oly t&e 'eliery
o) *oey +$t "lso t&e per)or*"ce! i "y ot&er
*"er! o) " o+li("tio. /2
Art. 17. A 'e+t s&"ll ot +e $'erstoo' to
&"e +ee p"i' $less t&e t&i( or serice i
%&ic& t&e o+li("tio cosists &"s +ee
co*pletely 'eliere' or re'ere'! "s t&e c"se
*"y +e. /11;,2
Art. 178. I) t&e o+li("tio &"s +ee
s$+st"ti"lly per)or*e' i (oo' )"it&! t&e
o+li(or *"y recoer "s t&o$(& t&ere &"' +ee "
strict "' co*plete )$l)ill*et! less '"*"(ess$))ere' +y t&e o+li(ee. /2
Art. 17;. >&e t&e o+li(ee "ccepts t&e
per)or*"ce!
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Art. 176. T&e cre'itor is ot +o$' to "ccept
p"y*et or per)or*"ce +y " t&ir' perso %&o
&"s o iterest i t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e
o+li("tio! $less t&ere is " stip$l"tio to t&e
cotr"ry.
>&oeer p"ys )or "ot&er *"y 'e*"' )ro* t&e'e+tor %&"t &e &"s p"i'! e4cept t&"t i) &e p"i'
%it&o$t t&e
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Ho%eer! %&e t&e 'e+t is i p"rt li#$i'"te' "'
i p"rt $li#$i'"te'! t&e cre'itor *"y 'e*"'
"' t&e 'e+tor *"y e))ect t&e p"y*et o) t&e
)or*er %it&o$t %"iti( )or t&e li#$i'"tio o) t&e
l"tter. /116"2
Art. 178. T&e p"y*et o) 'e+ts i *oey s&"ll+e *"'e i t&e c$rrecy stip$l"te'! "' i) it is
ot possi+le to 'elier s$c& c$rrecy! t&e i t&e
c$rrecy %&ic& is le("l te'er i t&e P&ilippies.
T&e 'eliery o) pro*issory otes p"y"+le to
or'er! or +ills o) e4c&"(e or ot&er *erc"tile
'oc$*ets s&"ll pro'$ce t&e e))ect o) p"y*et
oly %&e t&ey &"e +ee c"s&e'! or %&e
t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o) t&e cre'itor t&ey &"e +ee
i*p"ire'.
I t&e *e"ti*e! t&e "ctio 'erie' )ro* t&e
ori(i"l o+li("tio s&"ll +e &el' i t&e "+ey"ce.
/11,02
Art. 17;0. I c"se " e4tr"or'i"ry i)l"tio or
'e)l"tio o) t&e c$rrecy stip$l"te' s&o$l'
s$peree! t&e "l$e o) t&e c$rrecy "t t&e ti*e
o) t&e est"+lis&*et o) t&e o+li("tio s&"ll +e
t&e +"sis o) p"y*et! $less t&ere is "
"(ree*et to t&e cotr"ry. /2
Art. 17;1. P"y*et s&"ll +e *"'e i t&e pl"ce
'esi("te' i t&e o+li("tio.
T&ere +ei( o e4press stip$l"tio "' i) t&e
$'ert"
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)ro* resposi+ility +y t&e cosi("tio o) t&e
t&i( or s$* '$e.
Cosi("tio "loe s&"ll pro'$ce t&e s"*e
e))ect i t&e )ollo%i( c"ses5
/12 >&e t&e cre'itor is "+set or $
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Art. 176,. >&e t&e serice &"s +eco*e so
'i))ic$lt "s to +e *"i)estly +eyo' t&e
cote*pl"tio o) t&e p"rties! t&e o+li(or *"y
"lso +e rele"se' t&ere)ro*! i %&ole or i p"rt.
/2
Art. 1763. >&e t&e 'e+t o) " t&i( cert"i "''eter*i"te procee's )ro* " cri*i"l o))ese!
t&e 'e+tor s&"ll ot +e e4e*pte' )ro* t&e
p"y*et o) its price! %&"teer *"y +e t&e c"$se)or t&e loss! $less t&e t&i( &"i( +ee o))ere'
+y &i* to t&e perso %&o s&o$l' receie it! t&e
l"tter re)$se' %it&o$t :$sti)ic"tio to "ccept it.
/113;2
Art. 176. T&e o+li("tio &"i( +ee
e4ti($is&e' +y t&e loss o) t&e t&i(! t&e cre'itor
s&"ll &"e "ll t&e ri(&ts o) "ctio %&ic& t&e
'e+tor *"y &"e "("ist t&ir' persos +y re"soo) t&e loss. /11362
SECTION . - Co'o"tio or Re*issio o) t&e
?e+t
Art. 17,0. Co'o"tio or re*issio is
esseti"lly (r"t$ito$s! "' re#$ires t&e
"ccept"ce +y t&e o+li(or. It *"y +e *"'e
e4pressly or i*plie'ly.
Oe "' t&e ot&er
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/2 T&"t t&e t%o 'e+ts +e '$e
/82 T&"t t&ey +e li#$i'"te' "' 'e*"'"+le
/;2 T&"t oer eit&er o) t&e* t&ere +e "y
retetio or cotroersy! co**ece' +y t&ir'
persos "' co**$ic"te' i '$e ti*e to t&e
'e+tor. /1162
Art. 1730. Not%it&st"'i( t&e proisios o) t&eprece'i( "rticle! t&e ($"r"tor *"y set $p
co*pes"tio "s re("r's %&"t t&e cre'itor *"y
o%e t&e pricip"l 'e+tor. /11,2
Art. 1731. Co*pes"tio *"y +e tot"l or p"rti"l.>&e t&e t%o 'e+ts "re o) t&e s"*e "*o$t!
t&ere is " tot"l co*pes"tio. /2
Art. 1737. T&e p"rties *"y "(ree $po t&e
co*pes"tio o) 'e+ts %&ic& "re ot yet '$e. /2
Art. 173. I) oe o) t&e p"rties to " s$it oer "
o+li("tio &"s " cl"i* )or '"*"(es "("ist t&e
ot&er! t&e )or*er *"y set it o)) +y proi( &is
ri(&t to s"i' '"*"(es "' t&e "*o$t t&ereo).
/2
Art. 1738. >&e oe or +ot& 'e+ts "re
rescissi+le or oi'"+le! t&ey *"y +e
co*pes"te' "("ist e"c& ot&er +e)ore t&ey "re:$'ici"lly resci'e' or "oi'e'. /2
Art. 173;. T&e 'e+tor %&o &"s cosete' to t&e
"ssi(*et o) ri(&ts *"'e +y " cre'itor i )"or
o) " t&ir' perso! c"ot set $p "("ist t&e
"ssi(ee t&e co*pes"tio %&ic& %o$l' pert"i
to &i* "("ist t&e "ssi(or! $less t&e "ssi(or
%"s oti)ie' +y t&e 'e+tor "t t&e ti*e &e ("e
&is coset! t&"t &e resere' &is ri(&t to t&e
co*pes"tio.
I) t&e cre'itor co**$ic"te' t&e cessio to &i*+$t t&e 'e+tor 'i' ot coset t&ereto! t&e l"tter
*"y set $p t&e co*pes"tio o) 'e+ts preio$s
to t&e cessio! +$t ot o) s$+se#$et oes.
I) t&e "ssi(*et is *"'e %it&o$t t&e
&e "ll t&e re#$isites *etioe' i"rticle 17, "re preset! co*pes"tio t"
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Art. 177. I or'er t&"t " o+li("tio *"y +e
e4ti($is&e' +y "ot&er %&ic& s$+stit$te t&e
s"*e! it is i*per"tie t&"t it +e so 'ecl"re' i
$e#$ioc"l ter*s! or t&"t t&e ol' "' t&e e%
o+li("tios +e o eery poit ico*p"ti+le %it&e"c& ot&er. /17082
Art. 17. No"tio %&ic& cosists i
s$+stit$ti( " e% 'e+tor i t&e pl"ce o) t&e
ori(i"l oe! *"y +e *"'e ee %it&o$t t&e&e " t&ir' perso! ot itereste' i t&e
o+li("tio! p"ys %it& t&e e4press or t"cit
"ppro"l o) t&e 'e+tor
/2 >&e! ee %it&o$t t&e
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Art. 106. T&e cotr"cti( p"rties *"y est"+lis&
s$c& stip$l"tios! cl"$ses! ter*s "' co'itios
"s t&ey *"y 'ee* coeiet! proi'e' t&ey "re
ot cotr"ry to l"%! *or"ls! (oo' c$sto*s!
p$+lic or'er! or p$+lic policy. /17;;"2
Art. 10,. Io*i"te cotr"cts s&"ll +ere($l"te' +y t&e stip$l"tios o) t&e p"rties! +y
t&e proisios o) Titles I "' II o) t&is Boo
t&e r$les (oeri( t&e *ost ""lo(o$so*i"te cotr"cts! "' +y t&e c$sto*s o) t&e
pl"ce. /2
Art. 103. T&e cotr"ct *$st +i' +ot&
cotr"cti( p"rties its "li'ity or co*pli"ce
c"ot +e le)t to t&e %ill o) oe o) t&e*. /17;6"2
Art. 10. T&e 'eter*i"tio o) t&e per)or*"ce
*"y +e le)t to " t&ir' perso! %&ose 'ecisio
s&"ll ot +e +i'i( $til it &"s +ee *"'e
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Art. 11. Coset is *"i)este' +y t&e *eeti(
o) t&e o))er "' t&e "ccept"ce $po t&e t&i(
"' t&e c"$se %&ic& "re to costit$te t&e
cotr"ct. T&e o))er *$st +e cert"i "' t&e
"ccept"ce "+sol$te. A #$"li)ie' "ccept"cecostit$tes " co$ter-o))er.
Accept"ce *"'e +y letter or tele(r"* 'oes ot
+i' t&e o))erer e4cept )ro* t&e ti*e it c"*e to
&is &e oe o) t&e p"rties is $"+le to
re"'! or i) t&e cotr"ct is i " l"($"(e ot$'erstoo' +y &i*! "' *ist"
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T&ere is iti*i'"tio %&e oe o) t&e
cotr"cti( p"rties is co*pelle' +y " re"so"+le
"' %ell-(ro$'e' )e"r o) " i**iet "'
(r"e eil $po &is perso or property! or $po
t&e perso or property o) &is spo$se!'esce'"ts or "sce'"ts! to (ie &is coset.
To 'eter*ie t&e 'e(ree o) iti*i'"tio! t&e "(e!
se4 "' co'itio o) t&e perso s&"ll +e +ore i
*i'.
A t&re"t to e)orce oe@s cl"i* t&ro$(&
co*petet "$t&ority! i) t&e cl"i* is :$st or le("l!
'oes ot iti"te coset. /176,"2
Art. 16. Violece or iti*i'"tio s&"ll "$l
t&e o+li("tio! "lt&o$(& it *"y &"e +ee
e*ploye' +y " t&ir' perso %&o 'i' ot t"
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Art. 18. T&e o+:ect o) eery cotr"ct *$st +e
'eter*i"te "s to its
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p$rporti( to e*+o'y t&e "(ree*et! +y re"so
o) *ist"&e t&ro$(& t&e i(or"ce! l"c< o)
sills
/2 >&e t&e re"l "(ree*et is oi'.
Art. 16,. >&e oe o) t&e p"rties &"s +ro$(&t
" "ctio to e)orce t&e istr$*et! &e c"ot
s$+se#$etly "s< )or its re)or*"tio.
Art. 163. Re)or*"tio *"y +e or'ere' "t t&e
ist"ce o) eit&er p"rty or &is s$ccessors i
iterest! i) t&e *ist"
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Art. 1,8. T&e "rio$s stip$l"tios o) " cotr"ct
s&"ll +e iterprete' to(et&er! "ttri+$ti( to t&e
'o$+t)$l oes t&"t sese %&ic& *"y res$lt )ro*
"ll o) t&e* t"or's %&ic& *"y &"e 'i))eret
si(i)ic"tios s&"ll +e $'erstoo' i t&"t %&ic&is *ost i
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Art. 136. Rescissio re)erre' to i Nos. 1 "' 7
o) "rticle 131 s&"ll ot t"
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Art. 1,. T&e "ctio )or t&e "$l*et o)
cotr"cts *"y +e istit$te' +y "ll %&o "re
t&ere+y o+li(e' pricip"lly or s$+si'i"rily.
Ho%eer! persos %&o "re c"p"+le c"ot "lle(e
t&e ic"p"city o) t&ose %it& %&o* t&eycotr"cte' or c" t&ose %&o e4erte'
iti*i'"tio! iolece! or $'$e i)l$ece! ore*ploye' )r"$'! or c"$se' *ist"
price! "*es o) t&e p$rc&"sers "' perso o%&ose "cco$t t&e s"le is *"'e! it is " s$))iciet
*e*or"'$*
/e2 A "(ree*et o) t&e le"si( )or " lo(er
perio' t&" oe ye"r! or )or t&e s"le o) re"l
property or o) " iterest t&erei
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/)2 A represet"tio "s to t&e cre'it o) " t&ir'
perso.
/2 T&ose %&ere +ot& p"rties "re ic"p"+le o)
(ii( coset to " cotr"ct.
Art. 1808. "$t&orie' cotr"cts "re (oere'
+y "rticle 11, "' t&e priciples o) "(ecy i
Title F o) t&is Boo
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/72 >&e oly oe o) t&e cotr"cti( p"rties is "t
)"$lt! &e c"ot recoer %&"t &e &"s (ie +y
re"so o) t&e cotr"ct! or "s< )or t&e )$l)ill*et
o) %&"t &"s +ee pro*ise' &i*. T&e ot&er! %&o
is ot "t )"$lt! *"y 'e*"' t&e ret$r o) %&"t &e&"s (ie %it&o$t "y o+li("tio to co*ply &is
pro*ise. /1062
Art. 181. Iterest p"i' i e4cess o) t&e iterest
"llo%e' +y t&e $s$ry l"%s *"y +e recoere' +yt&e 'e+tor! %it& iterest t&ereo )ro* t&e '"te o)
t&e p"y*et.
Art. 1818. >&e *oey is p"i' or property
'eliere' )or " ille("l p$rpose! t&e cotr"ct
*"y +e rep$'i"te' +y oe o) t&e p"rties +e)ore
t&e p$rpose &"s +ee "cco*plis&e'! or +e)ore
"y '"*"(e &"s +ee c"$se' to " t&ir' perso. I
s$c& c"se! t&e co$rts *"y! i) t&e p$+lic iterest%ill t&$s +e s$+sere'! "llo% t&e p"rty
rep$'i"ti( t&e cotr"ct to recoer t&e *oey or
property.
Art. 181;. >&ere oe o) t&e p"rties to " ille("lcotr"ct is ic"p"+le o) (ii( coset! t&e
co$rts *"y! i) t&e iterest o) :$stice so 'e*"'s
"llo% recoery o) *oey or property 'eliere'
+y t&e ic"p"cit"te' perso.
Art. 1816. >&e t&e "(ree*et is ot ille("l per
se +$t is *erely pro&i+ite'! "' t&e pro&i+itio
+y t&e l"% is 'esi("te' )or t&e protectio o) t&e
pl"iti))! &e *"y! i) p$+lic policy is t&ere+ye&"ce'! recoer %&"t &e &"s p"i' or 'eliere'.
Art. 181,. >&e t&e price o) "y "rticle or
co**o'ity is 'eter*ie' +y st"t$te! or +y
"$t&ority o) l"%! "y perso p"yi( "y "*o$ti e4cess o) t&e *"4i*$* price "llo%e' *"y
recoer s$c& e4cess.
Art. 1813. >&e t&e l"% )i4es! or "$t&ories t&e)i4i( o) t&e *"4i*$* $*+er o) &o$rs o)
l"+or! "' " cotr"ct is etere' ito %&ere+y "
l"+orer $'ert"&e " ri(&t to s$e $po " ciil
o+li("tio &"s l"pse' +y e4tictie prescriptio!
t&e o+li(or %&o ol$t"rily per)or*s t&e
cotr"ct c"ot recoer %&"t &e &"s 'eliere' or
t&e "l$e o) t&e serice &e &"s re'ere'.
Art. 187;. >&e %it&o$t t&e
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receie'! ot%it&st"'i( t&e )"ct t&e &e &"s ot
+ee +ee)ite' t&ere+y! t&ere is o ri(&t to
'e*"' t&e t&i( or price t&$s ret$re'.
Art. 187,. >&e " *ior +et%ee ei(&tee "'
t%ety-oe ye"rs o) "(e! %&o &"s etere' ito "
cotr"ct %it&o$t t&e coset o) t&e p"ret or($"r'i"! ol$t"rily p"ys " s$* o) *oey or
'eliers " )$(i+le t&i( i )$l)ill*et o) t&e
o+li("tio! t&ere s&"ll +e o ri(&t to recoer t&es"*e )ro* t&e o+li(ee %&o &"s spet or
cos$*e' it i (oo' )"it&. /1160A2
Art. 1873. >&e! ")ter " "ctio to e)orce "
ciil o+li("tio &"s )"ile' t&e 'e)e'"t
ol$t"rily per)or*s t&e o+li("tio! &e c"ot
'e*"' t&e ret$r o) %&"t &e &"s 'eliere' or
t&e p"y*et o) t&e "l$e o) t&e serice &e &"s
re'ere'.
Art. 187. >&e " test"te or itest"te &eir
ol$t"rily p"ys " 'e+t o) t&e 'ece'et
e4cee'i( t&e "l$e o) t&e property %&ic& &e
receie' +y %ill or +y t&e l"% o) itest"cy )ro*t&e est"te o) t&e 'ece"se'! t&e p"y*et is "li'
"' c"ot +e resci'e' +y t&e p"yer.
Art. 180. >&e " %ill is 'ecl"re' oi' +ec"$se
it &"s ot +ee e4ec$te' i "ccor'"ce %it& t&e
)or*"lities re#$ire' +y l"%! +$t oe o) t&e
itest"te &eirs! ")ter t&e settle*et o) t&e 'e+ts
o) t&e 'ece"se'! p"ys " le("cy i co*pli"ce
%it& " cl"$se i t&e 'e)ectie %ill! t&e p"y*etis e))ectie "' irreoc"+le.
Title IV. - ESTOPPEL /2
Art. 181. T&ro$(& estoppel " "'*issio or
represet"tio is re'ere' cocl$sie $po t&e
perso *"
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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Art. 1880. A perso %&o est"+lis&es " tr$st is
c"lle' t&e tr$stor oe i %&o* co)i'ece is
repose' "s re("r's property )or t&e +ee)it o)
"ot&er perso is
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Art. 18;8. I) " "+sol$te coey"ce o) property
is *"'e i or'er to sec$re t&e per)or*"ce o) "
o+li("tio o) t&e (r"tor to%"r' t&e (r"tee! "
tr$st +y irt$e o) l"% is est"+lis&e'. I) t&e
)$l)ill*et o) t&e o+li("tio is o))ere' +y t&e(r"tor %&e it +eco*es '$e! &e *"y 'e*"'
t&e recoey"ce o) t&e property to &i*.
Art. 18;;. >&e "y tr$stee! ($"r'i" or ot&er
perso &ol'i( " )i'$ci"ry rel"tios&ip $ses tr$st)$'s )or t&e p$rc&"se o) property "' c"$ses
t&e coey"ce to +e *"'e to &i* or to " t&ir'
perso! " tr$st is est"+lis&e' +y oper"tio o) l"%
i )"or o) t&e perso to %&o* t&e )$'s +elo(.
Art. 18;6. I) property is "c#$ire' t&ro$(&
*ist"