Civil Code Book IV

8/3/2019 Civil Code Book IV

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Title V. - PRESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1106. By prescriptio! oe "c#$ires

o%ers&ip "' ot&er re"l ri(&ts t&ro$(& t&e l"pse

o) ti*e i t&e *"er "' $'er t&e co'itiosl"i' 'o% +y l"%. I t&e s"*e %"y! ri(&ts "'

co'itios "re lost +y prescriptio.

Art. 110,. Persos %&o "re c"p"+le o) "c#$iri(

property or ri(&ts +y t&e ot&er le("l *o'es *"y

"c#$ire t&e s"*e +y *e"s o) prescriptio.

iors "' ot&er ic"p"cit"te' persos *"y

"c#$ire property or ri(&ts +y prescriptio! eit&er

perso"lly or t&ro$(& t&eir p"rets! ($"r'i"s or

le("l represet"ties. /11"2

Art. 1103. Prescriptio! +ot& "c#$isitie "'

e4tictie! r$s "("ist5

/12 iors "' ot&er ic"p"cit"te' persos %&o

&"e p"rets! ($"r'i"s or ot&er le("lrepreset"ties

/72 A+setees %&o &"e "'*iistr"tors! eit&er

"ppoite' +y t&e* +e)ore t&eir 'is"ppe"r"ce! or

"ppoite' +y t&e co$rts

/2 Persos lii( "+ro"'! %&o &"e *""(ers or

"'*iistr"tors

/82 9$ri'ic"l persos! e4cept t&e St"te "' its

s$+'iisios.

Persos %&o "re 'is#$"li)ie' )ro* "'*iisteri(

t&eir property &"e " ri(&t to cl"i* '"*"(es

)ro* t&eir le("l represet"ties %&ose

e(li(ece &"s +ee t&e c"$se o) prescriptio.

/17"2

Art. 110. Prescriptio 'oes ot r$ +et%ee

&$s+"' "' %i)e! ee t&o$(& t&ere +e "

sep"r"tio o) property "(ree' $po i t&e

*"rri"(e settle*ets or +y :$'ici"l 'ecree.

Neit&er 'oes prescriptio r$ +et%ee p"rets"' c&il're! '$ri( t&e *iority or is"ity o)

t&e l"tter! "' +et%ee ($"r'i" "' %"r' '$ri(

t&e coti$"ce o) t&e ($"r'i"s&ip. /2

Art. 1110. Prescriptio! "c#$isitie "'

e4tictie! r$s i )"or o)! or "("ist " *"rrie'

%o*". /2

Art. 1111. Prescriptio o+t"ie' +y " co-

proprietor or " co-o%er s&"ll +ee)it t&e ot&ers.

/12

Art. 1117. Persos %it& c"p"city to "lie"te

property *"y reo$ce prescriptio "lre"'y

o+t"ie'! +$t ot t&e ri(&t to prescri+e i t&e

)$t$re.

Prescriptio is 'ee*e' to &"e +ee t"citly

reo$ce' %&e t&e re$ci"tio res$lts )ro*

"cts %&ic& i*ply t&e "+"'o*et o) t&e ri(&t

"c#$ire'. /1;2

Art. 111. All t&i(s %&ic& "re %it&i t&e

co**erce o) *e "re s$scepti+le o)

prescriptio! $less ot&er%ise proi'e'.Property o) t&e St"te or "y o) its s$+'iisios

ot p"tri*oi"l i c&"r"cter s&"ll ot +e t&e

o+:ect o) prescriptio. /16"2

Art. 1118. Cre'itors "' "ll ot&er persos

itereste' i *"


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PRESCRIPTION O= O>NERSHIP AN?

OTHER REAL RIGHTS

Art. 111,. Ac#$isitie prescriptio o) 'o*iio

"' ot&er re"l ri(&ts *"y +e or'i"ry or

e4tr"or'i"ry.

Or'i"ry "c#$isitie prescriptio re#$ires

possessio o) t&i(s i (oo' )"it& "' %it& :$st

title )or t&e ti*e )i4e' +y l"%. /180"2

Art. 1113. Possessio &"s to +e i t&e cocept o)

" o%er! p$+lic! pe"ce)$l "' $iterr$pte'.

/1812

Art. 111. Acts o) possessory c&"r"cter e4ec$te'

i irt$e o) licese or +y *ere toler"ce o) t&e

o%er s&"ll ot +e ""il"+le )or t&e p$rposes o)

possessio. /1872

Art. 1170. Possessio is iterr$pte' )or t&e

p$rposes o) prescriptio! "t$r"lly or ciilly.

/182

Art. 1171. Possessio is "t$r"lly iterr$pte'

%&e t&ro$(& "y c"$se it s&o$l' ce"se )or *ore

t&" oe ye"r.

T&e ol' possessio is ot reie' i) " e%

possessio s&o$l' +e e4ercise' +y t&e s"*e"'erse cl"i*"t. /188"2

Art. 1177. I) t&e "t$r"l iterr$ptio is )or oly

oe ye"r or less! t&e ti*e el"pse' s&"ll +e

co$te' i )"or o) t&e prescriptio. /2

Art. 117. Ciil iterr$ptio is pro'$ce' +y

:$'ici"l s$**os to t&e possessor. /18;"2

Art. 1178. 9$'ici"l s$**os s&"ll +e 'ee*e'

ot to &"e +ee iss$e' "' s&"ll ot (ie rise to

iterr$ptio5

/12 I) it s&o$l' +e oi' )or l"c< o) le("lsole*ities

/72 I) t&e pl"iti)) s&o$l' 'esist )ro* t&e

co*pl"it or s&o$l' "llo% t&e procee'i(s to

l"pse

/2 I) t&e possessor s&o$l' +e "+sole' )ro* t&e

co*pl"it.

I "ll t&ese c"ses! t&e perio' o) t&e iterr$ptio

s&"ll +e co$te' )or t&e prescriptio. /186"2

Art. 117;. Ay e4press or t"cit reco(itio

%&ic& t&e possessor *"y *"


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Art. 117. T&e o%ers&ip o) *o"+les

prescri+es t&ro$(& $iterr$pte' possessio )or

)o$r ye"rs i (oo' )"it&.

T&e o%ers&ip o) perso"l property "lso

prescri+es t&ro$(& $iterr$pte' possessio )or

ei(&t ye"rs! %it&o$t ee' o) "y ot&er co'itio.

>it& re("r' to t&e ri(&t o) t&e o%er to recoer

perso"l property lost or o) %&ic& &e &"s +ee

ille("lly 'eprie'! "s %ell "s %it& respect to

*o"+les "c#$ire' i " p$+lic s"le! )"ir! or

*"r


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/72 po " o+li("tio cre"te' +y l"%

/2 po " :$'(*et. /2

Art. 118;. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e

co**ece' %it&i si4 ye"rs5

/12 po " or"l cotr"ct

/72 po " #$"si-cotr"ct. /2

Art. 1186. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e

istit$te' %it&i )o$r ye"rs5

/12 po " i:$ry to t&e ri(&ts o) t&e pl"iti))

/72 po " #$"si-'elict

Ho%eer! %&e t&e "ctio "rises )ro* or o$t o)

"y "ct! "ctiity! or co'$ct o) "y p$+lic o))icer

ioli( t&e e4ercise o) po%ers or "$t&ority

"risi( )ro* "rti"l L"% icl$'i( t&e "rrest!

'etetio "'or tri"l o) t&e pl"iti))! t&e s"*e

*$st +e +ro$(&t %it&i oe /12 ye"r. /As

"*e'e' +y P? No. 1,;;! ?ec. 78! 130.2

Art. 118,. T&e )ollo%i( "ctios *$st +e )ile'

%it&i oe ye"r5

/12 =or )orci+le etry "' 'et"ier

/72 =or 'e)"*"tio. /2

Art. 1183. T&e li*it"tios o) "ctio *etioe'

i "rticles 1180 to 1187! "' 1188 to 118, "re%it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&ose speci)ie' i ot&er

p"rts o) t&is Co'e! i t&e Co'e o) Co**erce!

"' i speci"l l"%s. /2

Art. 118. All ot&er "ctios %&ose perio's "reot )i4e' i t&is Co'e or i ot&er l"%s *$st +e

+ro$(&t %it&i )ie ye"rs )ro* t&e ti*e t&e ri(&to) "ctio "ccr$es. /2

Art. 11;0. T&e ti*e )or prescriptio )or "ll


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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 11;6. A o+li("tio is " :$ri'ic"l ecessity

to (ie! to 'o or ot to 'o. /2

Art. 11;,. O+li("tios "rise )ro*5

/12 L"%

/72 Cotr"cts

/2 $"si-cotr"cts

/82 Acts or o*issios p$is&e' +y l"% "'

/;2 $"si-'elicts. /103"2

Art. 11;3. O+li("tios 'erie' )ro* l"% "re ot

pres$*e'. Oly t&ose e4pressly 'eter*ie' i

t&is Co'e or i speci"l l"%s "re 'e*"'"+le! "'

s&"ll +e re($l"te' +y t&e precepts o) t&e l"%

%&ic& est"+lis&es t&e* "' "s to %&"t &"s ot

+ee )oresee! +y t&e proisios o) t&is Boo

/107"2

Art. 1167. O+li("tios 'erie' )ro* #$"si-

'elicts s&"ll +e (oere' +y t&e proisios o)

C&"pter 7! Title FVII o) t&is Boo

CHAPTER 7

NATE AN? E==ECT O= OBLIGATIONS

Art. 116. Eery perso o+li(e' to (ie

so*et&i( is "lso o+li(e' to t"&e t&e o+li("tio cosists i ot

'oi(! "' t&e o+li(or 'oes %&"t &"s +ee

)or+i''e &i*! it s&"ll "lso +e $'oe "t &is

e4pese. /10"2

Art. 116. T&ose o+li(e' to 'elier or to 'o

so*et&i( ic$r i 'el"y )ro* t&e ti*e t&e


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o+li(ee :$'ici"lly or e4tr":$'ici"lly 'e*"'s

)ro* t&e* t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&eir o+li("tio.

Ho%eer! t&e 'e*"' +y t&e cre'itor s&"ll ot

+e ecess"ry i or'er t&"t 'el"y *"y e4ist5

/12 >&e t&e o+li("tio or t&e l"% e4pressly so

'ecl"re or

/72 >&e )ro* t&e "t$re "' t&e circ$*st"ceso) t&e o+li("tio it "ppe"rs t&"t t&e 'esi("tio

o) t&e ti*e %&e t&e t&i( is to +e 'eliere' or

t&e serice is to +e re'ere' %"s " cotrolli(

*otie )or t&e est"+lis&*et o) t&e cotr"ct or

/2 >&e 'e*"' %o$l' +e $seless! "s %&e t&e

o+li(or &"s re'ere' it +eyo' &is po%er to

per)or*.

I reciproc"l o+li("tios! eit&er p"rty ic$rs i'el"y i) t&e ot&er 'oes ot co*ply or is ot

re"'y to co*ply i " proper *"er %it& %&"t is

ic$*+et $po &i*. =ro* t&e *o*et oe o)

t&e p"rties )$l)ills &is o+li("tio! 'el"y +y t&eot&er +e(is. /1100"2

Art. 11,0. T&ose %&o i t&e per)or*"ce o)

t&eir o+li("tios "re ($ilty o) )r"$'! e(li(ece!

or 'el"y! "' t&ose %&o i "y *"er

cotr"ee t&e teor t&ereo)! "re li"+le )or'"*"(es. /11012

Art. 11,1. Resposi+ility "risi( )ro* )r"$' is

'e*"'"+le i "ll o+li("tios. Ay %"ier o) ""ctio )or )$t$re )r"$' is oi'. /1107"2

Art. 11,7. Resposi+ility "risi( )ro*

e(li(ece i t&e per)or*"ce o) eery

ieit"+le. /110;"2

Art. 11,;. s$rio$s tr"s"ctios s&"ll +e

(oere' +y speci"l l"%s. /2

Art. 11,6. T&e receipt o) t&e pricip"l +y t&e

cre'itor %it&o$t reser"tio %it& respect to t&e

iterest! s&"ll (ie rise to t&e pres$*ptio t&"t

s"i' iterest &"s +ee p"i'.

T&e receipt o) " l"ter ist"ll*et o) " 'e+t

%it&o$t reser"tio "s to prior ist"ll*ets! s&"ll

li


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Eery o+li("tio %&ic& cot"is " resol$tory

co'itio s&"ll "lso +e 'e*"'"+le! %it&o$t

pre:$'ice to t&e e))ects o) t&e &"ppei( o) t&e

eet. /1112

Art. 1130. >&e t&e 'e+tor +i's &i*sel) to p"y

%&e &is *e"s per*it &i* to 'o so! t&eo+li("tio s&"ll +e 'ee*e' to +e oe %it& "

perio'! s$+:ect to t&e proisios o) "rticle 11,.

/2

Art. 1131. I co'itio"l o+li("tios! t&e

"c#$isitio o) ri(&ts! "s %ell "s t&e

e4ti($is&*et or loss o) t&ose "lre"'y

"c#$ire'! s&"ll 'epe' $po t&e &"ppei( o)

t&e eet %&ic& costit$tes t&e co'itio. /11182

Art. 1137. >&e t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e co'itio

'epe's $po t&e sole %ill o) t&e 'e+tor! t&e

co'itio"l o+li("tio s&"ll +e oi'. I) it

'epe's $po c&"ce or $po t&e %ill o) " t&ir'

perso! t&e o+li("tio s&"ll t"


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or (oes o$t o) co**erce! or 'is"ppe"rs i s$c& "

%"y t&"t its e4istece is $&e t&e co'itios &"e )or t&eir

p$rpose t&e e4ti($is&*et o) " o+li("tio to

(ie! t&e p"rties! $po t&e )$l)ill*et o) s"i'co'itios! s&"ll ret$r to e"c& ot&er %&"t t&ey

&"e receie'.

I c"se o) t&e loss! 'eterior"tio or i*proe*et

o) t&e t&i(! t&e proisios %&ic&! %it& respect

to t&e 'e+tor! "re l"i' 'o% i t&e prece'i("rticle s&"ll +e "pplie' to t&e p"rty %&o is +o$'

to ret$r.

As )or t&e o+li("tios to 'o "' ot to 'o! t&eproisios o) t&e seco' p"r"(r"p& o) "rticle

113, s&"ll +e o+sere' "s re("r's t&e e))ect o)

t&e e4ti($is&*et o) t&e o+li("tio. /1172

Art. 111. T&e po%er to resci' o+li("tios is

i*plie' i reciproc"l oes! i c"se oe o) t&e

o+li(ors s&o$l' ot co*ply %it& %&"t is

ic$*+et $po &i*.

T&e i:$re' p"rty *"y c&oose +et%ee t&e

)$l)ill*et "' t&e rescissio o) t&e o+li("tio!

%it& t&e p"y*et o) '"*"(es i eit&er c"se. He

*"y "lso see< rescissio! ee ")ter &e &"s

c&ose )$l)ill*et! i) t&e l"tter s&o$l' +eco*ei*possi+le.

T&e co$rt s&"ll 'ecree t&e rescissio cl"i*e'!

$less t&ere +e :$st c"$se "$t&orii( t&e )i4i(

o) " perio'.

T&is is $'erstoo' to +e %it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&e

ri(&ts o) t&ir' persos %&o &"e "c#$ire' t&e

t&i(! i "ccor'"ce %it& "rticles 13; "' 133"' t&e ort("(e L"%. /11782

Art. 117. I c"se +ot& p"rties &"e co**itte' "

+re"c& o) t&e o+li("tio! t&e li"+ility o) t&e )irst

i)r"ctor s&"ll +e e#$it"+ly te*pere' +y t&e

co$rts. I) it c"ot +e 'eter*ie' %&ic& o) t&e

p"rties )irst iol"te' t&e cotr"ct! t&e s"*e s&"ll

+e 'ee*e' e4ti($is&e'! "' e"c& s&"ll +e"r &is

o% '"*"(es. /2

SECTION 7. - O+li("tios %it& " Perio'

Art. 11. O+li("tios )or %&ose )$l)ill*et "

'"y cert"i &"s +ee )i4e'! s&"ll +e 'e*"'"+le

oly %&e t&"t '"y co*es.

O+li("tios %it& " resol$tory perio' t"


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"' t&e 'e+tor! $less )ro* t&e teor o) t&e s"*e

or ot&er circ$*st"ces it s&o$l' "ppe"r t&"t t&e

perio' &"s +ee est"+lis&e' i )"or o) oe or o)

t&e ot&er. /117,2

Art. 11,. I) t&e o+li("tio 'oes ot )i4 " perio'!

+$t )ro* its "t$re "' t&e circ$*st"ces it c"+e i)erre' t&"t " perio' %"s ite'e'! t&e co$rts

*"y )i4 t&e '$r"tio t&ereo).

T&e co$rts s&"ll "lso )i4 t&e '$r"tio o) t&e

perio' %&e it 'epe's $po t&e %ill o) t&e

'e+tor.

I eery c"se! t&e co$rts s&"ll 'eter*ie s$c&

perio' "s *"y $'er t&e circ$*st"ces &"e

+ee pro+"+ly cote*pl"te' +y t&e p"rties. Oce

)i4e' +y t&e co$rts! t&e perio' c"ot +e

c&"(e' +y t&e*. /1173"2

Art. 113. T&e 'e+tor s&"ll lose eery ri(&t to

*"&e t&e 'e+tor "tte*pts to "+sco'.

/117"2

SECTION . - Alter"tie O+li("tios

Art. 11. A perso "lter"tiely +o$' +y

'i))eret prest"tios s&"ll co*pletely per)or*

oe o) t&e*.

T&e cre'itor c"ot +e co*pelle' to receie p"rt

o) oe "' p"rt o) t&e ot&er $'ert"


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+y 'elieri( t&"t %&ic& t&e cre'itor s&o$l'

c&oose )ro* "*o( t&e re*"i'er! or t&"t %&ic&

re*"is i) oly oe s$+sists

/72 I) t&e loss o) oe o) t&e t&i(s occ$rs t&ro$(&

t&e )"$lt o) t&e 'e+tor! t&e cre'itor *"y cl"i*

"y o) t&ose s$+sisti(! or t&e price o) t&"t%&ic&! t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o) t&e )or*er! &"s

'is"ppe"re'! %it& " ri(&t to '"*"(es

/2 I) "ll t&e t&i(s "re lost t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o)

t&e 'e+tor! t&e c&oice +y t&e cre'itor s&"ll )"ll

$po t&e price o) "y oe o) t&e*! "lso %it&

i'e*ity )or '"*"(es.

T&e s"*e r$les s&"ll +e "pplie' to o+li("tios to

'o or ot to 'o i c"se oe! so*e or "ll o) t&e

prest"tios s&o$l' +eco*e i*possi+le. /116"2

Art. 1706. >&e oly oe prest"tio &"s +ee

"(ree' $po! +$t t&e o+li(or *"y re'er "ot&er

i s$+stit$tio! t&e o+li("tio is c"lle'

)"c$lt"tie.

T&e loss or 'eterior"tio o) t&e t&i( ite'e' "s

" s$+stit$te! t&ro$(& t&e e(li(ece o) t&e

o+li(or! 'oes ot re'er &i* li"+le. B$t oce t&e

s$+stit$tio &"s +ee *"'e! t&e o+li(or is li"+le

)or t&e loss o) t&e s$+stit$te o "cco$t o) &is

'el"y! e(li(ece or )r"$'. /2

SECTION 8. - 9oit "' Soli'"ry O+li("tios

Art. 170,. T&e coc$rrece o) t%o or *orecre'itors or o) t%o or *ore 'e+tors i oe "'

t&e s"*e o+li("tio 'oes ot i*ply t&"t e"c& oe

o) t&e )or*er &"s " ri(&t to 'e*"'! or t&"t e"c&

oe o) t&e l"tter is +o$' to re'er! etire

co*pli"ce %it& t&e prest"tio. T&ere is "

soli'"ry li"+ility oly %&e t&e o+li("tio

e4pressly so st"tes! or %&e t&e l"% or t&e "t$re

o) t&e o+li("tio re#$ires soli'"rity. /11,"2

Art. 1703. I) )ro* t&e l"%! or t&e "t$re or t&e

%or'i( o) t&e o+li("tios to %&ic& t&e

prece'i( "rticle re)ers t&e cotr"ry 'oes ot

"ppe"r! t&e cre'it or 'e+t s&"ll +e pres$*e' to +e

'ii'e' ito "s *"y s&"res "s t&ere "re

cre'itors or 'e+tors! t&e cre'its or 'e+ts +ei(

cosi'ere' 'istict )ro* oe "ot&er! s$+:ect to

t&e R$les o) Co$rt (oeri( t&e *$ltiplicity o)

s$its. /113"2

Art. 170. I) t&e 'iisio is i*possi+le! t&e ri(&t

o) t&e cre'itors *"y +e pre:$'ice' oly +y t&eir

collectie "cts! "' t&e 'e+t c" +e e)orce'

oly +y procee'i( "("ist "ll t&e 'e+tors. I) oeo) t&e l"tter s&o$l' +e isolet! t&e ot&ers s&"ll

ot +e li"+le )or &is s&"re. /112

Art. 1710. T&e i'iisi+ility o) " o+li("tio

'oes ot ecess"rily (ie rise to soli'"rity. Nor

'oes soli'"rity o) itsel) i*ply i'iisi+ility. /2

Art. 1711. Soli'"rity *"y e4ist "lt&o$(& t&e

cre'itors "' t&e 'e+tors *"y ot +e +o$' i

t&e s"*e *"er "' +y t&e s"*e perio's "'

co'itios. /11802

Art. 1717. E"c& oe o) t&e soli'"ry cre'itors

*"y 'o %&"teer *"y +e $se)$l to t&e ot&ers!

+$t ot "yt&i( %&ic& *"y +e pre:$'ici"l to t&e

l"tter. /1181"2

Art. 171. A soli'"ry cre'itor c"ot "ssi( &is

ri(&ts %it&o$t t&e coset o) t&e ot&ers. /2

Art. 1718. T&e 'e+tor *"y p"y "y oe o) t&e

soli'"ry cre'itors +$t i) "y 'e*"'! :$'ici"l or

e4tr":$'ici"l! &"s +ee *"'e +y oe o) t&e*!p"y*et s&o$l' +e *"'e to &i*. /1187"2

Art. 171;. No"tio! co*pes"tio! co)$sio

or re*issio o) t&e 'e+t! *"'e +y "y o) t&esoli'"ry cre'itors or %it& "y o) t&e soli'"ry

'e+tors! s&"ll e4ti($is& t&e o+li("tio! %it&o$t

pre:$'ice to t&e proisios o) "rticle 171.

T&e cre'itor %&o *"y &"e e4ec$te' "y o)

t&ese "cts! "s %ell "s &e %&o collects t&e 'e+t!

s&"ll +e li"+le to t&e ot&ers )or t&e s&"re i t&e

o+li("tio correspo'i( to t&e*. /1182

Art. 1716. T&e cre'itor *"y procee' "("ist "y

oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors or so*e or "ll o)

t&e* si*$lt"eo$sly. T&e 'e*"' *"'e "("ist

oe o) t&e* s&"ll ot +e " o+st"cle to t&ose

%&ic& *"y s$+se#$etly +e 'irecte' "("ist t&eot&ers! so lo( "s t&e 'e+t &"s ot +ee )$lly

collecte'. /1188"2


11/31

Art. 171,. P"y*et *"'e +y oe o) t&e soli'"ry

'e+tors e4ti($is&es t&e o+li("tio. I) t%o or

*ore soli'"ry 'e+tors o))er to p"y! t&e cre'itor

*"y c&oose %&ic& o))er to "ccept.

He %&o *"'e t&e p"y*et *"y cl"i* )ro* &is

co-'e+tors oly t&e s&"re %&ic& correspo's toe"c&! %it& t&e iterest )or t&e p"y*et "lre"'y

*"'e. I) t&e p"y*et is *"'e +e)ore t&e 'e+t is

'$e! o iterest )or t&e iterei( perio' *"y+e 'e*"'e'.

>&e oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors c"ot!

+ec"$se o) &is isolecy! rei*+$rse &is s&"re to

t&e 'e+tor p"yi( t&e o+li("tio! s$c& s&"re s&"ll

+e +ore +y "ll &is co-'e+tors! i proportio to

t&e 'e+t o) e"c&. /118;"2

Art. 1713. P"y*et +y " soli'"ry 'e+tor s&"ll

ot etitle &i* to rei*+$rse*et )ro* &is co-

'e+tors i) s$c& p"y*et is *"'e ")ter t&e

o+li("tio &"s prescri+e' or +eco*e ille("l. /2

Art. 171. T&e re*issio *"'e +y t&e cre'itor o)

t&e s&"re %&ic& "))ects oe o) t&e soli'"ry

'e+tors 'oes ot rele"se t&e l"tter )ro* &is

resposi+ility to%"r's t&e co-'e+tors! i c"se t&e

'e+t &"' +ee tot"lly p"i' +y "yoe o) t&e*

+e)ore t&e re*issio %"s e))ecte'. /1186"2

Art. 1770. T&e re*issio o) t&e %&ole

o+li("tio! o+t"ie' +y oe o) t&e soli'"ry

'e+tors! 'oes ot etitle &i* to rei*+$rse*et

)ro* &is co-'e+tors. /2

Art. 1771. I) t&e t&i( &"s +ee lost or i) t&e

prest"tio &"s +eco*e i*possi+le %it&o$t t&e

)"$lt o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors! t&e o+li("tio s&"ll

+e e4ti($is&e'.

I) t&ere %"s )"$lt o t&e p"rt o) "y oe o) t&e*!

"ll s&"ll +e resposi+le to t&e cre'itor! )or t&eprice "' t&e p"y*et o) '"*"(es "' iterest!

%it&o$t pre:$'ice to t&eir "ctio "("ist t&e

($ilty or e(li(et 'e+tor.

I) t&ro$(& " )ort$ito$s eet! t&e t&i( is lost or

t&e per)or*"ce &"s +eco*e i*possi+le ")ter

oe o) t&e soli'"ry 'e+tors &"s ic$rre' i 'el"y

t&ro$(& t&e :$'ici"l or e4tr":$'ici"l 'e*"'

$po &i* +y t&e cre'itor! t&e proisios o) t&e

prece'i( p"r"(r"p& s&"ll "pply. /118,"2

Art. 1777. A soli'"ry 'e+tor *"y! i "ctios )ile'

+y t&e cre'itor! ""il &i*sel) o) "ll 'e)eses

%&ic& "re 'erie' )ro* t&e "t$re o) t&e

o+li("tio "' o) t&ose %&ic& "re perso"l to&i*! or pert"i to &is o% s&"re. >it& respect to

t&ose %&ic& perso"lly +elo( to t&e ot&ers! &e

*"y ""il &i*sel) t&ereo) oly "s re("r's t&"tp"rt o) t&e 'e+t )or %&ic& t&e l"tter "re

resposi+le. /1183"2

SECTION ;. - ?iisi+le "' I'iisi+le

O+li("tios

Art. 177. T&e 'iisi+ility or i'iisi+ility o) t&e

t&i(s t&"t "re t&e o+:ect o) o+li("tios i %&ic&

t&ere is oly oe 'e+tor "' oly oe cre'itor

'oes ot "lter or *o'i)y t&e proisios o)

C&"pter 7 o) t&is Title. /1182

Art. 1778. A :oit i'iisi+le o+li("tio (ies

rise to i'e*ity )or '"*"(es )ro* t&e ti*e

"yoe o) t&e 'e+tors 'oes ot co*ply %it& &is

$'ert"&e t&e o+li("tio &"s )or its o+:ect t&e

e4ec$tio o) " cert"i $*+er o) '"ys o) %or

t&e "cco*plis&*et o) %or< +y *etric"l $its!

or ""lo(o$s t&i(s %&ic& +y t&eir "t$re "re

s$scepti+le o) p"rti"l per)or*"ce! it s&"ll +e'iisi+le.

Ho%eer! ee t&o$(& t&e o+:ect or serice *"y

+e p&ysic"lly 'iisi+le! " o+li("tio is

i'iisi+le i) so proi'e' +y l"% or ite'e' +y

t&e p"rties.


12/31

I o+li("tios ot to 'o! 'iisi+ility or

i'iisi+ility s&"ll +e 'eter*ie' +y t&e

c&"r"cter o) t&e prest"tio i e"c& p"rtic$l"r

c"se. /11;1"2

SECTION 6. - O+li("tios %it& " Pe"l Cl"$se

Art. 1776. I o+li("tios %it& " pe"l cl"$se! t&e

pe"lty s&"ll s$+stit$te t&e i'e*ity )or

'"*"(es "' t&e p"y*et o) iterests i c"se o)

oco*pli"ce! i) t&ere is o stip$l"tio to t&e

cotr"ry. Neert&eless! '"*"(es s&"ll +e p"i' i)

t&e o+li(or re)$ses to p"y t&e pe"lty or is ($ilty

o) )r"$' i t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e o+li("tio.

T&e pe"lty *"y +e e)orce' oly %&e it is

'e*"'"+le i "ccor'"ce %it& t&e proisios o)

t&is Co'e. /11;7"2

Art. 177,. T&e 'e+tor c"ot e4e*pt &i*sel)

)ro* t&e per)or*"ce o) t&e o+li("tio +y

p"yi( t&e pe"lty! s"e i t&e c"se %&ere t&is

ri(&t &"s +ee e4pressly resere' )or &i*.

Neit&er c" t&e cre'itor 'e*"' t&e )$l)ill*et

o) t&e o+li("tio "' t&e s"tis)"ctio o) t&e

pe"lty "t t&e s"*e ti*e! $less t&is ri(&t &"s

+ee cle"rly (r"te' &i*. Ho%eer! i) ")ter t&e

cre'itor &"s 'eci'e' to re#$ire t&e )$l)ill*et o)

t&e o+li("tio! t&e per)or*"ce t&ereo) s&o$l'

+eco*e i*possi+le %it&o$t &is )"$lt! t&e pe"lty

*"y +e e)orce'. /11;"2

Art. 1773. Proo) o) "ct$"l '"*"(es s$))ere' +y

t&e cre'itor is ot ecess"ry i or'er t&"t t&e

pe"lty *"y +e 'e*"'e'. /2

Art. 177. T&e :$'(e s&"ll e#$it"+ly re'$ce t&e

pe"lty %&e t&e pricip"l o+li("tio &"s +ee

p"rtly or irre($l"rly co*plie' %it& +y t&e 'e+tor.

Ee i) t&ere &"s +ee o per)or*"ce! t&e

pe"lty *"y "lso +e re'$ce' +y t&e co$rts i) it is

ii#$ito$s or $coscio"+le. /11;8"2

Art. 170. T&e $llity o) t&e pe"l cl"$se 'oes

ot c"rry %it& it t&"t o) t&e pricip"l o+li("tio.

T&e $llity o) t&e pricip"l o+li("tio c"rries

%it& it t&"t o) t&e pe"l cl"$se. /11;;2

CHAPTER 8

EFTINGISHENT O= OBLIGATIONS

Geer"l Proisios

Art. 171. O+li("tios "re e4ti($is&e'5

/12 By p"y*et or per)or*"ce5

/72 By t&e loss o) t&e t&i( '$e5

/2 By t&e co'o"tio or re*issio o) t&e 'e+t

/82 By t&e co)$sio or *er(er o) t&e ri(&ts o)

cre'itor "' 'e+tor

/;2 By co*pes"tio

/62 By o"tio.

Ot&er c"$ses o) e4ti($is&*et o) o+li("tios!

s$c& "s "$l*et! rescissio! )$l)ill*et o) "

resol$tory co'itio! "' prescriptio! "re

(oere' else%&ere i t&is Co'e. /11;6"2

SECTION 1. - P"y*et or Per)or*"ce

Art. 177. P"y*et *e"s ot oly t&e 'eliery

o) *oey +$t "lso t&e per)or*"ce! i "y ot&er

*"er! o) " o+li("tio. /2

Art. 17. A 'e+t s&"ll ot +e $'erstoo' to

&"e +ee p"i' $less t&e t&i( or serice i

%&ic& t&e o+li("tio cosists &"s +ee

co*pletely 'eliere' or re'ere'! "s t&e c"se

*"y +e. /11;,2

Art. 178. I) t&e o+li("tio &"s +ee

s$+st"ti"lly per)or*e' i (oo' )"it&! t&e

o+li(or *"y recoer "s t&o$(& t&ere &"' +ee "

strict "' co*plete )$l)ill*et! less '"*"(ess$))ere' +y t&e o+li(ee. /2

Art. 17;. >&e t&e o+li(ee "ccepts t&e

per)or*"ce!


13/31

Art. 176. T&e cre'itor is ot +o$' to "ccept

p"y*et or per)or*"ce +y " t&ir' perso %&o

&"s o iterest i t&e )$l)ill*et o) t&e

o+li("tio! $less t&ere is " stip$l"tio to t&e

cotr"ry.

>&oeer p"ys )or "ot&er *"y 'e*"' )ro* t&e'e+tor %&"t &e &"s p"i'! e4cept t&"t i) &e p"i'

%it&o$t t&e


14/31

Ho%eer! %&e t&e 'e+t is i p"rt li#$i'"te' "'

i p"rt $li#$i'"te'! t&e cre'itor *"y 'e*"'

"' t&e 'e+tor *"y e))ect t&e p"y*et o) t&e

)or*er %it&o$t %"iti( )or t&e li#$i'"tio o) t&e

l"tter. /116"2

Art. 178. T&e p"y*et o) 'e+ts i *oey s&"ll+e *"'e i t&e c$rrecy stip$l"te'! "' i) it is

ot possi+le to 'elier s$c& c$rrecy! t&e i t&e

c$rrecy %&ic& is le("l te'er i t&e P&ilippies.

T&e 'eliery o) pro*issory otes p"y"+le to

or'er! or +ills o) e4c&"(e or ot&er *erc"tile

'oc$*ets s&"ll pro'$ce t&e e))ect o) p"y*et

oly %&e t&ey &"e +ee c"s&e'! or %&e

t&ro$(& t&e )"$lt o) t&e cre'itor t&ey &"e +ee

i*p"ire'.

I t&e *e"ti*e! t&e "ctio 'erie' )ro* t&e

ori(i"l o+li("tio s&"ll +e &el' i t&e "+ey"ce.

/11,02

Art. 17;0. I c"se " e4tr"or'i"ry i)l"tio or

'e)l"tio o) t&e c$rrecy stip$l"te' s&o$l'

s$peree! t&e "l$e o) t&e c$rrecy "t t&e ti*e

o) t&e est"+lis&*et o) t&e o+li("tio s&"ll +e

t&e +"sis o) p"y*et! $less t&ere is "

"(ree*et to t&e cotr"ry. /2

Art. 17;1. P"y*et s&"ll +e *"'e i t&e pl"ce

'esi("te' i t&e o+li("tio.

T&ere +ei( o e4press stip$l"tio "' i) t&e

$'ert"


15/31

)ro* resposi+ility +y t&e cosi("tio o) t&e

t&i( or s$* '$e.

Cosi("tio "loe s&"ll pro'$ce t&e s"*e

e))ect i t&e )ollo%i( c"ses5

/12 >&e t&e cre'itor is "+set or $


16/31

Art. 176,. >&e t&e serice &"s +eco*e so

'i))ic$lt "s to +e *"i)estly +eyo' t&e

cote*pl"tio o) t&e p"rties! t&e o+li(or *"y

"lso +e rele"se' t&ere)ro*! i %&ole or i p"rt.

/2

Art. 1763. >&e t&e 'e+t o) " t&i( cert"i "''eter*i"te procee's )ro* " cri*i"l o))ese!

t&e 'e+tor s&"ll ot +e e4e*pte' )ro* t&e

p"y*et o) its price! %&"teer *"y +e t&e c"$se)or t&e loss! $less t&e t&i( &"i( +ee o))ere'

+y &i* to t&e perso %&o s&o$l' receie it! t&e

l"tter re)$se' %it&o$t :$sti)ic"tio to "ccept it.

/113;2

Art. 176. T&e o+li("tio &"i( +ee

e4ti($is&e' +y t&e loss o) t&e t&i(! t&e cre'itor

s&"ll &"e "ll t&e ri(&ts o) "ctio %&ic& t&e

'e+tor *"y &"e "("ist t&ir' persos +y re"soo) t&e loss. /11362

SECTION . - Co'o"tio or Re*issio o) t&e

?e+t

Art. 17,0. Co'o"tio or re*issio is

esseti"lly (r"t$ito$s! "' re#$ires t&e

"ccept"ce +y t&e o+li(or. It *"y +e *"'e

e4pressly or i*plie'ly.

Oe "' t&e ot&er


17/31

/2 T&"t t&e t%o 'e+ts +e '$e

/82 T&"t t&ey +e li#$i'"te' "' 'e*"'"+le

/;2 T&"t oer eit&er o) t&e* t&ere +e "y

retetio or cotroersy! co**ece' +y t&ir'

persos "' co**$ic"te' i '$e ti*e to t&e

'e+tor. /1162

Art. 1730. Not%it&st"'i( t&e proisios o) t&eprece'i( "rticle! t&e ($"r"tor *"y set $p

co*pes"tio "s re("r's %&"t t&e cre'itor *"y

o%e t&e pricip"l 'e+tor. /11,2

Art. 1731. Co*pes"tio *"y +e tot"l or p"rti"l.>&e t&e t%o 'e+ts "re o) t&e s"*e "*o$t!

t&ere is " tot"l co*pes"tio. /2

Art. 1737. T&e p"rties *"y "(ree $po t&e

co*pes"tio o) 'e+ts %&ic& "re ot yet '$e. /2

Art. 173. I) oe o) t&e p"rties to " s$it oer "

o+li("tio &"s " cl"i* )or '"*"(es "("ist t&e

ot&er! t&e )or*er *"y set it o)) +y proi( &is

ri(&t to s"i' '"*"(es "' t&e "*o$t t&ereo).

/2

Art. 1738. >&e oe or +ot& 'e+ts "re

rescissi+le or oi'"+le! t&ey *"y +e

co*pes"te' "("ist e"c& ot&er +e)ore t&ey "re:$'ici"lly resci'e' or "oi'e'. /2

Art. 173;. T&e 'e+tor %&o &"s cosete' to t&e

"ssi(*et o) ri(&ts *"'e +y " cre'itor i )"or

o) " t&ir' perso! c"ot set $p "("ist t&e

"ssi(ee t&e co*pes"tio %&ic& %o$l' pert"i

to &i* "("ist t&e "ssi(or! $less t&e "ssi(or

%"s oti)ie' +y t&e 'e+tor "t t&e ti*e &e ("e

&is coset! t&"t &e resere' &is ri(&t to t&e

co*pes"tio.

I) t&e cre'itor co**$ic"te' t&e cessio to &i*+$t t&e 'e+tor 'i' ot coset t&ereto! t&e l"tter

*"y set $p t&e co*pes"tio o) 'e+ts preio$s

to t&e cessio! +$t ot o) s$+se#$et oes.

I) t&e "ssi(*et is *"'e %it&o$t t&e

&e "ll t&e re#$isites *etioe' i"rticle 17, "re preset! co*pes"tio t"


18/31

Art. 177. I or'er t&"t " o+li("tio *"y +e

e4ti($is&e' +y "ot&er %&ic& s$+stit$te t&e

s"*e! it is i*per"tie t&"t it +e so 'ecl"re' i

$e#$ioc"l ter*s! or t&"t t&e ol' "' t&e e%

o+li("tios +e o eery poit ico*p"ti+le %it&e"c& ot&er. /17082

Art. 17. No"tio %&ic& cosists i

s$+stit$ti( " e% 'e+tor i t&e pl"ce o) t&e

ori(i"l oe! *"y +e *"'e ee %it&o$t t&e&e " t&ir' perso! ot itereste' i t&e

o+li("tio! p"ys %it& t&e e4press or t"cit

"ppro"l o) t&e 'e+tor

/2 >&e! ee %it&o$t t&e


19/31

Art. 106. T&e cotr"cti( p"rties *"y est"+lis&

s$c& stip$l"tios! cl"$ses! ter*s "' co'itios

"s t&ey *"y 'ee* coeiet! proi'e' t&ey "re

ot cotr"ry to l"%! *or"ls! (oo' c$sto*s!

p$+lic or'er! or p$+lic policy. /17;;"2

Art. 10,. Io*i"te cotr"cts s&"ll +ere($l"te' +y t&e stip$l"tios o) t&e p"rties! +y

t&e proisios o) Titles I "' II o) t&is Boo

t&e r$les (oeri( t&e *ost ""lo(o$so*i"te cotr"cts! "' +y t&e c$sto*s o) t&e

pl"ce. /2

Art. 103. T&e cotr"ct *$st +i' +ot&

cotr"cti( p"rties its "li'ity or co*pli"ce

c"ot +e le)t to t&e %ill o) oe o) t&e*. /17;6"2

Art. 10. T&e 'eter*i"tio o) t&e per)or*"ce

*"y +e le)t to " t&ir' perso! %&ose 'ecisio

s&"ll ot +e +i'i( $til it &"s +ee *"'e


20/31

Art. 11. Coset is *"i)este' +y t&e *eeti(

o) t&e o))er "' t&e "ccept"ce $po t&e t&i(

"' t&e c"$se %&ic& "re to costit$te t&e

cotr"ct. T&e o))er *$st +e cert"i "' t&e

"ccept"ce "+sol$te. A #$"li)ie' "ccept"cecostit$tes " co$ter-o))er.

Accept"ce *"'e +y letter or tele(r"* 'oes ot

+i' t&e o))erer e4cept )ro* t&e ti*e it c"*e to

&is &e oe o) t&e p"rties is $"+le to

re"'! or i) t&e cotr"ct is i " l"($"(e ot$'erstoo' +y &i*! "' *ist"


21/31

T&ere is iti*i'"tio %&e oe o) t&e

cotr"cti( p"rties is co*pelle' +y " re"so"+le

"' %ell-(ro$'e' )e"r o) " i**iet "'

(r"e eil $po &is perso or property! or $po

t&e perso or property o) &is spo$se!'esce'"ts or "sce'"ts! to (ie &is coset.

To 'eter*ie t&e 'e(ree o) iti*i'"tio! t&e "(e!

se4 "' co'itio o) t&e perso s&"ll +e +ore i

*i'.

A t&re"t to e)orce oe@s cl"i* t&ro$(&

co*petet "$t&ority! i) t&e cl"i* is :$st or le("l!

'oes ot iti"te coset. /176,"2

Art. 16. Violece or iti*i'"tio s&"ll "$l

t&e o+li("tio! "lt&o$(& it *"y &"e +ee

e*ploye' +y " t&ir' perso %&o 'i' ot t"


22/31

Art. 18. T&e o+:ect o) eery cotr"ct *$st +e

'eter*i"te "s to its


23/31

p$rporti( to e*+o'y t&e "(ree*et! +y re"so

o) *ist"&e t&ro$(& t&e i(or"ce! l"c< o)

sills

/2 >&e t&e re"l "(ree*et is oi'.

Art. 16,. >&e oe o) t&e p"rties &"s +ro$(&t

" "ctio to e)orce t&e istr$*et! &e c"ot

s$+se#$etly "s< )or its re)or*"tio.

Art. 163. Re)or*"tio *"y +e or'ere' "t t&e

ist"ce o) eit&er p"rty or &is s$ccessors i

iterest! i) t&e *ist"


24/31

Art. 1,8. T&e "rio$s stip$l"tios o) " cotr"ct

s&"ll +e iterprete' to(et&er! "ttri+$ti( to t&e

'o$+t)$l oes t&"t sese %&ic& *"y res$lt )ro*

"ll o) t&e* t"or's %&ic& *"y &"e 'i))eret

si(i)ic"tios s&"ll +e $'erstoo' i t&"t %&ic&is *ost i


25/31

Art. 136. Rescissio re)erre' to i Nos. 1 "' 7

o) "rticle 131 s&"ll ot t"


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Art. 1,. T&e "ctio )or t&e "$l*et o)

cotr"cts *"y +e istit$te' +y "ll %&o "re

t&ere+y o+li(e' pricip"lly or s$+si'i"rily.

Ho%eer! persos %&o "re c"p"+le c"ot "lle(e

t&e ic"p"city o) t&ose %it& %&o* t&eycotr"cte' or c" t&ose %&o e4erte'

iti*i'"tio! iolece! or $'$e i)l$ece! ore*ploye' )r"$'! or c"$se' *ist"

price! "*es o) t&e p$rc&"sers "' perso o%&ose "cco$t t&e s"le is *"'e! it is " s$))iciet

*e*or"'$*

/e2 A "(ree*et o) t&e le"si( )or " lo(er

perio' t&" oe ye"r! or )or t&e s"le o) re"l

property or o) " iterest t&erei


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/)2 A represet"tio "s to t&e cre'it o) " t&ir'

perso.

/2 T&ose %&ere +ot& p"rties "re ic"p"+le o)

(ii( coset to " cotr"ct.

Art. 1808. "$t&orie' cotr"cts "re (oere'

+y "rticle 11, "' t&e priciples o) "(ecy i

Title F o) t&is Boo


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/72 >&e oly oe o) t&e cotr"cti( p"rties is "t

)"$lt! &e c"ot recoer %&"t &e &"s (ie +y

re"so o) t&e cotr"ct! or "s< )or t&e )$l)ill*et

o) %&"t &"s +ee pro*ise' &i*. T&e ot&er! %&o

is ot "t )"$lt! *"y 'e*"' t&e ret$r o) %&"t &e&"s (ie %it&o$t "y o+li("tio to co*ply &is

pro*ise. /1062

Art. 181. Iterest p"i' i e4cess o) t&e iterest

"llo%e' +y t&e $s$ry l"%s *"y +e recoere' +yt&e 'e+tor! %it& iterest t&ereo )ro* t&e '"te o)

t&e p"y*et.

Art. 1818. >&e *oey is p"i' or property

'eliere' )or " ille("l p$rpose! t&e cotr"ct

*"y +e rep$'i"te' +y oe o) t&e p"rties +e)ore

t&e p$rpose &"s +ee "cco*plis&e'! or +e)ore

"y '"*"(e &"s +ee c"$se' to " t&ir' perso. I

s$c& c"se! t&e co$rts *"y! i) t&e p$+lic iterest%ill t&$s +e s$+sere'! "llo% t&e p"rty

rep$'i"ti( t&e cotr"ct to recoer t&e *oey or

property.

Art. 181;. >&ere oe o) t&e p"rties to " ille("lcotr"ct is ic"p"+le o) (ii( coset! t&e

co$rts *"y! i) t&e iterest o) :$stice so 'e*"'s

"llo% recoery o) *oey or property 'eliere'

+y t&e ic"p"cit"te' perso.

Art. 1816. >&e t&e "(ree*et is ot ille("l per

se +$t is *erely pro&i+ite'! "' t&e pro&i+itio

+y t&e l"% is 'esi("te' )or t&e protectio o) t&e

pl"iti))! &e *"y! i) p$+lic policy is t&ere+ye&"ce'! recoer %&"t &e &"s p"i' or 'eliere'.

Art. 181,. >&e t&e price o) "y "rticle or

co**o'ity is 'eter*ie' +y st"t$te! or +y

"$t&ority o) l"%! "y perso p"yi( "y "*o$ti e4cess o) t&e *"4i*$* price "llo%e' *"y

recoer s$c& e4cess.

Art. 1813. >&e t&e l"% )i4es! or "$t&ories t&e)i4i( o) t&e *"4i*$* $*+er o) &o$rs o)

l"+or! "' " cotr"ct is etere' ito %&ere+y "

l"+orer $'ert"&e " ri(&t to s$e $po " ciil

o+li("tio &"s l"pse' +y e4tictie prescriptio!

t&e o+li(or %&o ol$t"rily per)or*s t&e

cotr"ct c"ot recoer %&"t &e &"s 'eliere' or

t&e "l$e o) t&e serice &e &"s re'ere'.

Art. 187;. >&e %it&o$t t&e


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receie'! ot%it&st"'i( t&e )"ct t&e &e &"s ot

+ee +ee)ite' t&ere+y! t&ere is o ri(&t to

'e*"' t&e t&i( or price t&$s ret$re'.

Art. 187,. >&e " *ior +et%ee ei(&tee "'

t%ety-oe ye"rs o) "(e! %&o &"s etere' ito "

cotr"ct %it&o$t t&e coset o) t&e p"ret or($"r'i"! ol$t"rily p"ys " s$* o) *oey or

'eliers " )$(i+le t&i( i )$l)ill*et o) t&e

o+li("tio! t&ere s&"ll +e o ri(&t to recoer t&es"*e )ro* t&e o+li(ee %&o &"s spet or

cos$*e' it i (oo' )"it&. /1160A2

Art. 1873. >&e! ")ter " "ctio to e)orce "

ciil o+li("tio &"s )"ile' t&e 'e)e'"t

ol$t"rily per)or*s t&e o+li("tio! &e c"ot

'e*"' t&e ret$r o) %&"t &e &"s 'eliere' or

t&e p"y*et o) t&e "l$e o) t&e serice &e &"s

re'ere'.

Art. 187. >&e " test"te or itest"te &eir

ol$t"rily p"ys " 'e+t o) t&e 'ece'et

e4cee'i( t&e "l$e o) t&e property %&ic& &e

receie' +y %ill or +y t&e l"% o) itest"cy )ro*t&e est"te o) t&e 'ece"se'! t&e p"y*et is "li'

"' c"ot +e resci'e' +y t&e p"yer.

Art. 180. >&e " %ill is 'ecl"re' oi' +ec"$se

it &"s ot +ee e4ec$te' i "ccor'"ce %it& t&e

)or*"lities re#$ire' +y l"%! +$t oe o) t&e

itest"te &eirs! ")ter t&e settle*et o) t&e 'e+ts

o) t&e 'ece"se'! p"ys " le("cy i co*pli"ce

%it& " cl"$se i t&e 'e)ectie %ill! t&e p"y*etis e))ectie "' irreoc"+le.

Title IV. - ESTOPPEL /2

Art. 181. T&ro$(& estoppel " "'*issio or

represet"tio is re'ere' cocl$sie $po t&e

perso *"


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CHAPTER 1

GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1880. A perso %&o est"+lis&es " tr$st is

c"lle' t&e tr$stor oe i %&o* co)i'ece is

repose' "s re("r's property )or t&e +ee)it o)

"ot&er perso is


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Art. 18;8. I) " "+sol$te coey"ce o) property

is *"'e i or'er to sec$re t&e per)or*"ce o) "

o+li("tio o) t&e (r"tor to%"r' t&e (r"tee! "

tr$st +y irt$e o) l"% is est"+lis&e'. I) t&e

)$l)ill*et o) t&e o+li("tio is o))ere' +y t&e(r"tor %&e it +eco*es '$e! &e *"y 'e*"'

t&e recoey"ce o) t&e property to &i*.

Art. 18;;. >&e "y tr$stee! ($"r'i" or ot&er

perso &ol'i( " )i'$ci"ry rel"tios&ip $ses tr$st)$'s )or t&e p$rc&"se o) property "' c"$ses

t&e coey"ce to +e *"'e to &i* or to " t&ir'

perso! " tr$st is est"+lis&e' +y oper"tio o) l"%

i )"or o) t&e perso to %&o* t&e )$'s +elo(.

Art. 18;6. I) property is "c#$ire' t&ro$(&

*ist"

Civil Code Book IV

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Transcript of Civil Code Book IV