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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 1
LecturePowerPoint
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BIO2514
Anatomy & Physiology I
Chapter 1
Tanya L. Crider
Instructor
eLearning: Biology Department
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Success Tips
Holes 12th Edition Text has available:
Student Study Guide
MediaPhys CDAnatomy & Physiology Revealed CD
Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier12
Know how to use the text xxi to xxvii. Read the text BEFORE trying Lecture
Assignments!!
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Holes Human Anatomy
and PhysiologyTwelfth Edition
Shier Butler Lewis
Chapter 1
Introduction to HumanAnatomy & Physiology
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1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to
knowledge.
Knowledge about structure and function of the
human body.
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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomythe study of the structure of the human body
Physiologythe study of the function of the human body
The complementarity of structure and function.
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1.3: Levels ofOrganization
Subatomic Particleselectrons, protons, and neutrons
Atomhydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Moleculewater molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
Macromoleculeprotein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organellemitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cellmuscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
Tissue
epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organskin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
Organ Systemskeletal system, digestive system, etc.
Organismthe human
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Levels of Organization
Subatomic particles
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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Organ Systems
Skeletal system Muscular system
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Integumentary system
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Organ Systems
Nervous system Endocrine system
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Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
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Organ Systems
Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
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Organ Systems
Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
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1.1 Clinical Application
Ultrasound (US)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
Movementchange in position; motion
Responsivenessreaction to a change
Growthincrease in body size; no change in shape
Respirationobtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;releasing energy from foods
Reproductionproduction of new organisms and new cells
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Characteristics of Life Continued
Absorptionpassage of substances through membranes and
into body fluids
Circulationmovement of substances in body fluids
Assimilationchanging of absorbed substances intochemically different forms
Excretionremoval of wastes produced by metabolic
reactions
Digestionbreakdown of food substances into simpler
forms
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1.5: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure
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Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressureimportant for breathing
- hydrostatic pressurekeeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanismsmonitors aspects of the
internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within
limits. There are three (3) parts:
Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be
(called the set point)
Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the
internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Stimulus(Change occursin internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)
Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)
Control center(set point)
(Change is comparedto the set point.)
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
too high
too low
Normal bodytemperature37C (98.6F)
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.
Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.
StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.
EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.
ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.
ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.
EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.
StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.
EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.
ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.
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There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body
short-lived
do not require continuous adjustments
Examples: blood clotting and child birth
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback
Please note that due to differingoperating systems, some animationswill not appear until the presentation isviewed in Presentation Mode (SlideShow view). You may see blank slidesin the Normal or Slide Sorter views.
All animations will appear after viewingin Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will requirethe latest version of the Flash Player,which is available athttp://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
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1.6: Organization
of the Human Body
Thoracic cavity
Abdominalcavity
Diaphragm
Pelvic cavity
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
(a)
Abdominopelviccavity
Abdominalcavity
Pelvic cavity
Right pleuralcavity
Mediastinum
Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity
Diaphragm
Vertebral canal
Cranial cavity
Thoraciccavity
(b)
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Thoracic & Abdominal
Serous Membranes
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Visceral layercovers an organ
Parietal layerlines a cavity or body wall
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal perineum
Visceral perineum
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Serous MembranesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the
whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?
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1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Positionstanding
erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides, palms facing forward
and thumbs out
Integumentary system
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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)
Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral
Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
Proximal versus Distal
Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External
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Body Sections or Planes
Sagittal or Mediandivides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittaldivides body into equal left and right
portions
Transverse or Horizontaldivides body into superior and
inferior portions
Coronal or Frontaldivides body into anterior and posteriorportions
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Body Sections
A section along a frontalplane
A section along a transverseplane
A section along themedian plane
Transverse(horizontal)plane
Frontal(coronal)plane
Parasagittalplane
Median(midsagittal)plane
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Body Sections
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(a) (b) (c)
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Other Body Sections
(a) (b) (c)
Cross-section
L
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g
i
t
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d
i
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a
l
s
e
c
t
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n
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Abdominal Subdivisions
Right
hypochondriacregion
Rightlumbarregion
Rightiliacregion
Epigastricregion
Umbilicalregion
Hypogastricregion
Left
hypochondriacregion
Leftlumbarregion
Leftiliacregion
Right upperquadrant(RUQ)
Left upperquadrant(LUQ)
Right lowerquadrant
(RLQ)
Left lowerquadrant
(LLQ)
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Body Regions
Otic (ear)
Cervical (neck)
Acromial(point of shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial(arm)
Antecubital(front of elbow)
Antebrachial(forearm)
Genital(reproductive organs)
Cephalic (head)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Mental (chin)
Sternal
Pectoral(chest)
Inguinal(groin)
Coxal(hip)
Umbilical(navel)
Pedal (foot)
Occipital(back of head)
Acromial(point of shoulder)
Brachial (arm)
Dorsum (back)
Cubital (elbow)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Perineal
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Plantar (sole)(a) (b)
Patellar(front of knee)
Vertebral(spinal column)
Sacral (between hips)
Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal
(abdomen)
Carpal (wrist)
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Nasal (nose)
Oral (mouth)
Frontal (forehead)
Buccal (cheek)
Tarsal (instep)
Digital (toe)
Axillary (armpit)
Crural (leg)
Sural (calf)
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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they
function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Define aging.
Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and
body regions.
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Quiz 1
Complete Quiz 1 now!
Read Chapter 2.