A&p chapter 1 pp

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Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 1: Form, Function, and Life

Transcript of A&p chapter 1 pp

Page 1: A&p chapter 1 pp

Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 1:Form, Function, and Life

Chapter 1:Form, Function, and Life

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Anatomy vs. PhysiologyAnatomy vs. Physiology

• Anatomy: form of things

– Goal: study how structure relates to function

• Physiology: function (activity) of things

– Goal: study how the body works

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Organisms: CharacteristicsOrganisms: Characteristics

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Form and FunctionForm and Function

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Building Blocks of LifeBuilding Blocks of Life

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Environment and LifeEnvironment and Life

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GradientsGradients

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HomeostasisHomeostasis

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Homeostasis and President ReaganHomeostasis and President Reagan

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Remember ThisRemember This

• Negative feedback keeps systems tightly regulated near their set point and thus promotes stability.

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Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

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Directional TermsDirectional Terms

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Remember ThisRemember This

• You can remember the order of word parts by the mnemonic PRS:

• Prefix

• Root

• Suffix

• Example: pericarditis

• peri– = around (prefix)

• cardia = heart (root)

• –itis = meaning inflammation (suffix)

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Planes and SectionsPlanes and Sections

• Frontal plane: any plane that runs vertically (straight up and down) from superior (above) to inferior (and divides structures into anterior and posterior parts

• Also called coronal plane—cuts along this plane are called frontal or coronal sections

• Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides structures into right and left parts. It runs from superior to inferior and is perpendicular to a frontal plane.

• Sagittal sections: cross-sections cut by this plane

• Mid-sagittal sections: cuts right down the middle

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Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)

• Transverse plane: one parallel to the horizon that divides structures into superior and inferior parts. It runs from anterior (front) to posterior (rear) and is perpendicular to both frontal and sagittal planes.

• Also called horizontal plane—cuts along this plane are called transverse sections

• Oblique plane: any plane not perpendicular to a frontal, sagittal, or transverse (horizontal) plane

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Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)

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Body RegionsBody Regions

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Body CavitiesBody Cavities

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Thoracic Membranes and CavitiesThoracic Membranes and Cavities

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Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants

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Abdominal RegionsAbdominal Regions

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Language of DiseaseLanguage of Disease

• Disease: an unhealthful state of abnormal form and function due to the effects of injury

• Acute disease (e.g., ear infection)

– Arises quickly

– Lasts a short time

– Has specific symptoms

• Chronic disease (e.g., arthritis) starts slowly with nonspecific symptoms and may last a lifetime

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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)

• Signs are direct, measurable observations by an examiner (nurse, physician assistant, physician, etc.) such as body temperature and heart rate.

• Symptoms are complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are a part of the medical history.

• A syndrome is a collection of clinical signs and symptoms.

– sunburn: skin that is red (sign), painful (symptom), and swollen (sign)

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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)

• Pathology: study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease

• Etiology: cause of the injury or disease

– Idiopathic: of unknown cause

– Iatrogenic: byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment

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Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)

• Pathogenesis: natural history and developmentof a disease

• Pathophysiology: abnormal manner in which the incorrect function is expressed

• Lesion: the structural (anatomic) abnormality produced by injury