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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 1

LecturePowerPoint

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BIO2514

Anatomy & Physiology I

Chapter 1

Tanya L. Crider

Instructor

eLearning: Biology Department

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Success Tips

Holes 12th Edition Text has available:

Student Study Guide

MediaPhys CDAnatomy & Physiology Revealed CD

Text Website www.mhhe.com/shier12

Know how to use the text xxi to xxvii. Read the text BEFORE trying Lecture

Assignments!!

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Holes Human Anatomy

and PhysiologyTwelfth Edition

Shier Butler Lewis

Chapter 1

Introduction to HumanAnatomy & Physiology


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1.1: Introduction

Questions and observations that have led to

knowledge.

Knowledge about structure and function of the

human body.

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1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomythe study of the structure of the human body

Physiologythe study of the function of the human body

The complementarity of structure and function.

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1.3: Levels ofOrganization

Subatomic Particleselectrons, protons, and neutrons

Atomhydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.

Moleculewater molecule, glucose molecule, etc.

Macromoleculeprotein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. Organellemitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

Cellmuscle cell, nerve cell, etc.

Tissue

epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organskin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.

Organ Systemskeletal system, digestive system, etc.

Organismthe human

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Levels of Organization

Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Macromolecule

Organelle

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism


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Organ Systems

Skeletal system Muscular system


Integumentary system

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Organ Systems

Nervous system Endocrine system


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Organ Systems

Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system


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Organ Systems

Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system


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Organ Systems

Male reproductive system Female reproductive system


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1.1 Clinical Application

Ultrasound (US)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

Movementchange in position; motion

Responsivenessreaction to a change

Growthincrease in body size; no change in shape

Respirationobtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide;releasing energy from foods

Reproductionproduction of new organisms and new cells

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Characteristics of Life Continued

Absorptionpassage of substances through membranes and

into body fluids

Circulationmovement of substances in body fluids

Assimilationchanging of absorbed substances intochemically different forms

Excretionremoval of wastes produced by metabolic

reactions

Digestionbreakdown of food substances into simpler

forms

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1.5: Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:

Water

Food

Oxygen

Heat

Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms

Water

- most abundant substance in body

- required for metabolic processes

- required for transport of substances

- regulates body temperature

Food

- provides necessary nutrients

- supplies energy

- supplies raw materials

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Requirements of Organisms

Oxygen (gas)

- one-fifth of air

- used to release energy from nutrients

Heat

- form of energy

- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions

Pressure

- application of force on an object

- atmospheric pressureimportant for breathing

- hydrostatic pressurekeeps blood flowing

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Homeostasis*

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanismsmonitors aspects of the

internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within

limits. There are three (3) parts:

Receptor - provides information about the stimuli

Control Center - tells what a particular value should be

(called the set point)

Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the

internal environment

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Stimulus(Change occursin internal

environment.)

Response

(Change is corrected.)

Receptors Effectors(muscles or glands)

Control center(set point)

(Change is comparedto the set point.)


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ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

too high

too low

Normal bodytemperature37C (98.6F)

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs.

Control centerThe hypothalamusdetects the deviationfrom the set point andsignals effector organs. If body temperature

continues to drop,

control center signalsmuscles to contractInvoluntarily.

StimulusBody temperaturerises above normal.

EffectorsSkin blood vesselsdilate and sweat glandssecrete.

ResponseBody heat is lost tosurroundings, temperaturedrops toward normal.

ReceptorsThermoreceptorssend signals to thecontrol center.

EffectorsSkin bloodvessels constrictand sweat glandsremain inactive.

StimulusBody temperaturedrops below normal.

EffectorsMuscleactivitygeneratesbody heat.

ResponseBody heat is conserved,temperature rises toward normal.


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There are two (2) types:

Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms


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Negative feedback summary:

Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body

Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative

Most common type of feedback loop

Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation


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Positive feedback summary:

Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body

short-lived

do not require continuous adjustments

Examples: blood clotting and child birth


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Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback

Please note that due to differingoperating systems, some animationswill not appear until the presentation isviewed in Presentation Mode (SlideShow view). You may see blank slidesin the Normal or Slide Sorter views.

All animations will appear after viewingin Presentation Mode and playing each

animation. Most animations will requirethe latest version of the Flash Player,which is available athttp://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

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1.6: Organization

of the Human Body

Thoracic cavity

Abdominalcavity

Diaphragm

Pelvic cavity

Cranial cavity

Vertebral canal

(a)

Abdominopelviccavity

Abdominalcavity

Pelvic cavity

Right pleuralcavity

Mediastinum

Left pleural cavityPericardialcavity

Diaphragm

Vertebral canal

Cranial cavity

Thoraciccavity

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal

Serous Membranes

Thoracic Membranes

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

Visceral pericardium

Parietal pericardium

Visceral layercovers an organ

Parietal layerlines a cavity or body wall

Abdominopelvic Membranes

Parietal peritoneum

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal perineum

Visceral perineum

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Serous MembranesCopyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the

whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical Positionstanding

erect, facing forward, upper limbs

at the sides, palms facing forward

and thumbs out

Integumentary system


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Anatomical Terminology:

Orientation and Directional Terms

Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):

Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal)

Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral

Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral

Proximal versus Distal

Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes

Sagittal or Mediandivides body into left and right portions

Mid-sagittaldivides body into equal left and right

portions

Transverse or Horizontaldivides body into superior and

inferior portions

Coronal or Frontaldivides body into anterior and posteriorportions

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Body Sections

A section along a frontalplane

A section along a transverseplane

A section along themedian plane

Transverse(horizontal)plane

Frontal(coronal)plane

Parasagittalplane

Median(midsagittal)plane

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Body Sections

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(a) (b) (c)

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Other Body Sections

(a) (b) (c)

Cross-section

L

o

n

g

i

t

u

d

i

n

a

l

s

e

c

t

i

o

n

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Abdominal Subdivisions

Right

hypochondriacregion

Rightlumbarregion

Rightiliacregion

Epigastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Hypogastricregion

Left

hypochondriacregion

Leftlumbarregion

Leftiliacregion

Right upperquadrant(RUQ)

Left upperquadrant(LUQ)

Right lowerquadrant

(RLQ)

Left lowerquadrant

(LLQ)

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Body Regions

Otic (ear)

Cervical (neck)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Mammary (breast)

Brachial(arm)

Antecubital(front of elbow)

Antebrachial(forearm)

Genital(reproductive organs)

Cephalic (head)

Orbital (eye cavity)

Mental (chin)

Sternal

Pectoral(chest)

Inguinal(groin)

Coxal(hip)

Umbilical(navel)

Pedal (foot)

Occipital(back of head)

Acromial(point of shoulder)

Brachial (arm)

Dorsum (back)

Cubital (elbow)

Gluteal (buttocks)

Perineal

Femoral (thigh)

Popliteal (back of knee)

Plantar (sole)(a) (b)

Patellar(front of knee)

Vertebral(spinal column)

Sacral (between hips)

Lumbar(lower back)Abdominal

(abdomen)

Carpal (wrist)

Palmar (palm)

Digital (finger)

Nasal (nose)

Oral (mouth)

Frontal (forehead)

Buccal (cheek)

Tarsal (instep)

Digital (toe)

Axillary (armpit)

Crural (leg)

Sural (calf)


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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

1.5: Maintenance of Life

List and describe the major requirements of organisms.

Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.

Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they

function together.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Identify the locations of the major body cavities.

List the organs located in each major body cavity.

Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

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Important Points in Chapter 1:Outcomes to be Assessed Continued

Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.

Describe the general function of each organ system.

1.7: Lifespan Changes

Define aging.

Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.

1.8: Anatomical Terminology

Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and

body regions.

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Quiz 1

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