A&p chapter 1 pp

Chapter 1:Form, Function, and Life

Anatomy vs. PhysiologyAnatomy vs. Physiology

• Anatomy: form of things

– Goal: study how structure relates to function

• Physiology: function (activity) of things

– Goal: study how the body works

Organisms: CharacteristicsOrganisms: Characteristics

Form and FunctionForm and Function

Building Blocks of LifeBuilding Blocks of Life

Environment and LifeEnvironment and Life

GradientsGradients

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Homeostasis and President ReaganHomeostasis and President Reagan

Remember ThisRemember This

• Negative feedback keeps systems tightly regulated near their set point and thus promotes stability.

Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Remember ThisRemember This

• You can remember the order of word parts by the mnemonic PRS:

• Prefix

• Root

• Suffix

• Example: pericarditis

• peri– = around (prefix)

• cardia = heart (root)

• –itis = meaning inflammation (suffix)

Planes and SectionsPlanes and Sections

• Frontal plane: any plane that runs vertically (straight up and down) from superior (above) to inferior (and divides structures into anterior and posterior parts

• Also called coronal plane—cuts along this plane are called frontal or coronal sections

• Sagittal plane: vertical plane that divides structures into right and left parts. It runs from superior to inferior and is perpendicular to a frontal plane.

• Sagittal sections: cross-sections cut by this plane

• Mid-sagittal sections: cuts right down the middle

Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)

• Transverse plane: one parallel to the horizon that divides structures into superior and inferior parts. It runs from anterior (front) to posterior (rear) and is perpendicular to both frontal and sagittal planes.

• Also called horizontal plane—cuts along this plane are called transverse sections

• Oblique plane: any plane not perpendicular to a frontal, sagittal, or transverse (horizontal) plane

Planes and Sections (cont’d)Planes and Sections (cont’d)

Body RegionsBody Regions

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Thoracic Membranes and CavitiesThoracic Membranes and Cavities

Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants

Abdominal RegionsAbdominal Regions

Language of DiseaseLanguage of Disease

• Disease: an unhealthful state of abnormal form and function due to the effects of injury

• Acute disease (e.g., ear infection)

– Arises quickly

– Lasts a short time

– Has specific symptoms

• Chronic disease (e.g., arthritis) starts slowly with nonspecific symptoms and may last a lifetime

Language of Disease (cont’d)Language of Disease (cont’d)

• Signs are direct, measurable observations by an examiner (nurse, physician assistant, physician, etc.) such as body temperature and heart rate.

• Symptoms are complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are a part of the medical history.

• A syndrome is a collection of clinical signs and symptoms.

– sunburn: skin that is red (sign), painful (symptom), and swollen (sign)

• Pathology: study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease

• Etiology: cause of the injury or disease

– Idiopathic: of unknown cause

– Iatrogenic: byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment

• Pathogenesis: natural history and developmentof a disease

• Pathophysiology: abnormal manner in which the incorrect function is expressed

• Lesion: the structural (anatomic) abnormality produced by injury

A&p chapter 1 pp

Health & Medicine

Transcript of A&p chapter 1 pp

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