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ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 1
ECE 333 – GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY
4. Wind as an Energy Resource
George Gross
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 2
TRANSPORTATION OF A LARGE WIND TURBINE BLADE
Source: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/05/f22/QER%20Full%20Report_0.pdf; pg 209; Issued April 2015
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 3
❑ Wind is becoming a significant generation source
in the US, Europe and China
❑ The over 743 GW of wind capacity installed around
the world contributes to lowered CO2 emissions
❑ The technological advances over the past two
decades have dramatically reduced the costs of
wind generated electricity
❑ In these wind lectures, we explore the key charac-
teristics/physical limitations of wind generation,
the economics, effective utilization and status
WIND RESOURCES
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 4
❑ Many early wind turbines were used to grind grain
into flour and thus the term “windmill”
❑ We do not use the term windmill for machines that
pump water or generate electricity
❑ There are many terms used today for devices that
convert wind into electricity, including wind–driven
generator, wind generator, wind turbine, wind–turbine ge-
nerator (WTG ), wind energy conversion system (WECS )
❑ We, typically, use the term wind turbine in ECE 333
HARNESSING WIND POWER
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 5
AN OLD WINDMILL
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 6
SMOKY HILL WIND FARM NEIGHBORS A WINDMILL NEAR ELLSWORTH, KS
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 7
❑ One way we categorize wind turbines is in terms
of the axis around which the turbine blades rotate
large wind turbines are, virtually, all horizontal
axis wind turbines (HAWTs)
some smaller turbines have blades that rotate
around the vertical axis and are called vertical
axis wind turbines (VAWTs)
❑ Groups of wind turbines are located in what we
call either a wind farm or a wind park
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 8
❑ The HAWTs are either
upwind machines that directly face the wind
or downwind machines that have their rotors
behind the wind
❑ A key design decision is the number of blades –
either 2 or 3; virtually, all large wind turbines have
3 blades
WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 9
❑ The only vertical axis machine with
some commercial success is the
Darrieus rotor
❑ The wind hits the rotor blades – the
so–called aerofoils – and obtains
lift to put the blades in a spin
VAWT
Source: http://reuk.co.uk/Darrieus-
Wind-Turbines.htm
❑ Blades are, typically, closer to ground, where the
wind speeds are lower than on top of high towers
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 10
❑ A VAWT requires no yaw – rotation about vertical
axis – control to keep the blades facing into the
wind
❑ The nacelle contains the heavy generator and the
gearbox and is located down on the ground and
so is easily accessible for service/maintenance
❑ The lightened tower need not be as strong as
those used for HAWTs; in some land installations,
guy wires may be used
VAWT
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 11
HAWT
upwind downwind
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 12
❑ Most modern wind turbines are of the upwind
HAWT type
❑ An upwind HAWT requires a rather complex yaw
control mechanism to keep the blades oriented in
a direction that they keep facing into the wind
❑ Upwind HAWTs, typically, operate more smoothly
and generate more power than downwind turbines
UPWIND HAWT
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 13
❑ A downwind HAWT requires no yaw control to
regulate the left–right motion as it naturally
orients itself to be in line with the wind direction
❑ A downwind HAWT suffers from the shadowing
effects of the tower: when a blade swings behind
the tower, the wind it encounters is reduced over
a brief period and the blade flexes; such blade
flexing increases blade noise, reduces power
output and may, eventually, lead to blade failure
DOWNWIND HAWT
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 14
❑ The world’s first automatically operated wind
turbine for electricity production was developed
in 1888 by Charles F. Brush, in Cleveland, OH
WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:
BRIEF HISTORY
Source: http://www.eng.src-
vertical.com/files/images/firstwindmill.jpg
❑ The 12–kW turbine electricity
was used to charge the
batteries in the cellar of the
owner’s mansion
❑ Poul la Cour’s inventions
laid the foundation of wind
turbine technology and wind
power plants in Denmark
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 15
❑ La Cour used the electri–
city generated by his wind
turbines to electrolyze
water to produce hydro–
gen for the gas lights in
the local schoolhouse
Source: http://eye-ball.info/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2012/07/LaCourWindTurbinesLARGE.jpeg
❑ In the US, the first wind–electric systems were
built in the late 1890’s
WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:
BRIEF HISTORY
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 16
❑ By the 1930’s and 1940’s, hundreds of thousands of
small–capacity, wind–electric systems were in use
in rural areas not yet served by utilities
❑ As the transmission grid expanded, interest in
wind power waned, as inexpensive electricity
became widely available
❑ The oil shocks of the early 1970’s created a new
interest in wind power and the first large wind farm
projects were built in California
WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:
BRIEF HISTORY
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 17
WIND FARMS
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 18
❑ The US government termination of tax credits put
a stop for nearly a decade to the installation of
new wind developments
❑ The renewed interest started in the mid 1990’s
❑ Various wind turbine technology development
projects were undertaken in Denmark, Spain and
Germany that led the continual reductions in the
cost of wind–produced electricity
❑ China has become the leading nation in wind
electricity installations
WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:
BRIEF HISTORY
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 19
THE DEFINITIVE WIND STATUS REPORT
The US Department of Energy
publishes every two years the
Land-Based Wind Market Report.
The text of the 2021 edition has
been prepared by the staff of
Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory and is available at
https://emp.lbl.gov/wind-
technologies-market-report
The data on the developments on
wind energy presented in ECE
333 make extensive use of the
information presented in the
2021 edition of the Land-Based
Wind Market Report.Source: Land-based Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition, Berkeley Lab;
https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/land-based-wind-market-report-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 20
2005 – 2020 GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY
59 7494
121159
198238
283319
370
433
488
540
591
651
743
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
20
13
20
14
20
15
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
GW
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p.
5;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
bli
cati
on
s/la
nd
-base
d-w
ind
-mark
et-r
eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 21
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
200
5
200
6
200
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
201
7
201
8
201
9
202
0
2005 – 2020 GLOBAL ANNUAL ADDED
AND CUMULATIVE WIND CAPACITY
GW
added capacity
cumulative capacity
+ 14.3 %
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p. vi
i;ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
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bl.
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et-r
eport
-2021
CAGR
- 3 %
CAGR
+ 9 %
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 22
1998 – 2020 ANNUAL INSTALLED USWIND CAPACITY ADDITIONS
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
199
8
199
9
200
0
200
1
200
2
200
3
200
4
200
5
200
6
200
7
200
8
200
9
201
0
201
1
201
2
201
3
201
4
201
5
201
6
201
7
201
8
201
9
202
0
GW
16.83
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p.
3;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
bli
cati
on
s/la
nd
-base
d-w
ind
-mark
et-r
eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 23
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1401
99
8
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
20
12
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
1998 – 2020: ANNUAL AND CUMMULATIVE
INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY IN US
GW
year
added capacity
cumulative capacity
16
.83
121.98
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p. 3;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
bli
cati
on
s/la
nd
-base
d-w
ind-m
ark
et-r
eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 24
2020 US WIND POWER PROJECTS STATUS
So
urc
e:
La
nd
-ba
sed
Win
d M
ark
et R
epo
rt:
20
21
Ed
itio
n, B
erk
eley
La
b, p
. 7;
ava
ila
ble
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
go
v/p
ub
lica
tio
ns/
lan
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ase
d-w
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-mark
et-r
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rt-2
02
1
Note: numbers within
states represent
cumulative installed
wind capacity and the
annual additions in
2020 within the
brackets
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 25
total installed wind capacity: 122,465 MW
Source: ACPA, available online at https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/321
2020 Q4 US WIND CAPACITY BY STATE
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 26
2020 US WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
0 to 100 MW >100 to 1,000 MW >1,000 to 5,000 MW
>10,000 MW>5,000 to 10,000 MW
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erk
eley
La
b, p
. 14;
ava
ilab
le a
t h
ttps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
bli
cati
on
s/la
nd
-ba
sed-w
ind
-mark
et-r
eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 27
2020 WIND CAPACITY ADDITION AND CUMULATIVE TOTAL: TOP 10 NATIONS
annual capacity in MW
China 52, 000
United States 16, 836
Brazil 2, 297
Netherlands 1, 979
Germany 1, 668
Norway 1, 532
Spain 1, 400
France 1, 318
Turkey 1, 224
India 1, 119
rest of world 11, 538
total 92, 910
cumulative capacity in MW
China 288, 320
United States 121, 985
Germany 62, 850
India 38, 625
Spain 27, 250
United Kingdom 23, 937
France 17, 948
Brazil 17, 750
Canada 13, 578
Italy 10, 543
rest of world 119, 572
total 742,357
Source: Land-based Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition, Berkeley Lab, p. 6; available at https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/land-based-wind-market-report-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 28
LEADING NATIONS IN WIND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 2020
40
30
20
10
sha
re w
ind
gen
era
tio
n o
f to
tal
elec
tric
ity
con
sum
pti
on
in
%
0
50
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p.
6;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
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eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 29
THE TREND TO LARGER WIND TURBINESSource: http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/stand-alone-power-systems/renewable-energy
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2005 – 2020 AVERAGE WIND TURBINE
SIZE EVOLUTION
met
ers
average hub height
average rotor diameter
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p.
23;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
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bl.
gov/
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eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 31
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
AVERAGE WIND CAPACITY FACTORS: 2000 – 2020
ave
rage
an
nu
al
capaci
ty f
act
or
in %
Sou
rce:
Lan
d-b
ase
d W
ind M
ark
et R
eport
: 2021
Edit
ion
, B
erkel
ey L
ab, p.
31;
ava
ilable
at
htt
ps:
//et
a.l
bl.
gov/
pu
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cati
on
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-base
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et-r
eport
-2021
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 32
WIND MAP FOR ILLINOIS
Source: http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/maps_template.asp?stateab=il
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 33
WIND RESOURCE MAP
Source: https://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/80m_wind/awstwspd80onoffbigC3-3dpi600.jpg
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 34
WORLDWIDE WIND RESOURCE MAP
Source: http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html
ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 35
KEY COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE