4. Wind as an Energy Resource

ECE 333 © 2002 – 2021 George Gross, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, All Rights Reserved. 1

ECE 333 – GREEN ELECTRIC ENERGY

4. Wind as an Energy Resource

George Gross

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign


TRANSPORTATION OF A LARGE WIND TURBINE BLADE

Source: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/05/f22/QER%20Full%20Report_0.pdf; pg 209; Issued April 2015


❑ Wind is becoming a significant generation source

in the US, Europe and China

❑ The over 743 GW of wind capacity installed around

the world contributes to lowered CO2 emissions

❑ The technological advances over the past two

decades have dramatically reduced the costs of

wind generated electricity

❑ In these wind lectures, we explore the key charac-

teristics/physical limitations of wind generation,

the economics, effective utilization and status

WIND RESOURCES


❑ Many early wind turbines were used to grind grain

into flour and thus the term “windmill”

❑ We do not use the term windmill for machines that

pump water or generate electricity

❑ There are many terms used today for devices that

convert wind into electricity, including wind–driven

generator, wind generator, wind turbine, wind–turbine ge-

nerator (WTG ), wind energy conversion system (WECS )

❑ We, typically, use the term wind turbine in ECE 333

HARNESSING WIND POWER


AN OLD WINDMILL


SMOKY HILL WIND FARM NEIGHBORS A WINDMILL NEAR ELLSWORTH, KS


❑ One way we categorize wind turbines is in terms

of the axis around which the turbine blades rotate

large wind turbines are, virtually, all horizontal

axis wind turbines (HAWTs)

some smaller turbines have blades that rotate

around the vertical axis and are called vertical

axis wind turbines (VAWTs)

❑ Groups of wind turbines are located in what we

call either a wind farm or a wind park

WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION


❑ The HAWTs are either

upwind machines that directly face the wind

or downwind machines that have their rotors

behind the wind

❑ A key design decision is the number of blades –

either 2 or 3; virtually, all large wind turbines have

3 blades

WIND TURBINE CLASSIFICATION


❑ The only vertical axis machine with

some commercial success is the

Darrieus rotor

❑ The wind hits the rotor blades – the

so–called aerofoils – and obtains

lift to put the blades in a spin

VAWT

Source: http://reuk.co.uk/Darrieus-

Wind-Turbines.htm

❑ Blades are, typically, closer to ground, where the

wind speeds are lower than on top of high towers


❑ A VAWT requires no yaw – rotation about vertical

axis – control to keep the blades facing into the

wind

❑ The nacelle contains the heavy generator and the

gearbox and is located down on the ground and

so is easily accessible for service/maintenance

❑ The lightened tower need not be as strong as

those used for HAWTs; in some land installations,

guy wires may be used

VAWT


HAWT

upwind downwind


❑ Most modern wind turbines are of the upwind

HAWT type

❑ An upwind HAWT requires a rather complex yaw

control mechanism to keep the blades oriented in

a direction that they keep facing into the wind

❑ Upwind HAWTs, typically, operate more smoothly

and generate more power than downwind turbines

UPWIND HAWT


❑ A downwind HAWT requires no yaw control to

regulate the left–right motion as it naturally

orients itself to be in line with the wind direction

❑ A downwind HAWT suffers from the shadowing

effects of the tower: when a blade swings behind

the tower, the wind it encounters is reduced over

a brief period and the blade flexes; such blade

flexing increases blade noise, reduces power

output and may, eventually, lead to blade failure

DOWNWIND HAWT


❑ The world’s first automatically operated wind

turbine for electricity production was developed

in 1888 by Charles F. Brush, in Cleveland, OH

WIND POWER DEVELOPMENT:

BRIEF HISTORY

Source: http://www.eng.src-

vertical.com/files/images/firstwindmill.jpg

❑ The 12–kW turbine electricity

was used to charge the

batteries in the cellar of the

owner’s mansion

❑ Poul la Cour’s inventions

laid the foundation of wind

turbine technology and wind

power plants in Denmark


❑ La Cour used the electri–

city generated by his wind

turbines to electrolyze

water to produce hydro–

gen for the gas lights in

the local schoolhouse

Source: http://eye-ball.info/blog/wp-

content/uploads/2012/07/LaCourWindTurbinesLARGE.jpeg

❑ In the US, the first wind–electric systems were

built in the late 1890’s


BRIEF HISTORY


❑ By the 1930’s and 1940’s, hundreds of thousands of

small–capacity, wind–electric systems were in use

in rural areas not yet served by utilities

❑ As the transmission grid expanded, interest in

wind power waned, as inexpensive electricity

became widely available

❑ The oil shocks of the early 1970’s created a new

interest in wind power and the first large wind farm

projects were built in California


BRIEF HISTORY


WIND FARMS


❑ The US government termination of tax credits put

a stop for nearly a decade to the installation of

new wind developments

❑ The renewed interest started in the mid 1990’s

❑ Various wind turbine technology development

projects were undertaken in Denmark, Spain and

Germany that led the continual reductions in the

cost of wind–produced electricity

❑ China has become the leading nation in wind

electricity installations


BRIEF HISTORY


THE DEFINITIVE WIND STATUS REPORT

The US Department of Energy

publishes every two years the

Land-Based Wind Market Report.

The text of the 2021 edition has

been prepared by the staff of

Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory and is available at

https://emp.lbl.gov/wind-

technologies-market-report

The data on the developments on

wind energy presented in ECE

333 make extensive use of the

information presented in the

2021 edition of the Land-Based

Wind Market Report.Source: Land-based Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition, Berkeley Lab；

https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/land-based-wind-market-report-2021


2005 – 2020 GLOBAL WIND CAPACITY

59 7494

121159

198238

283319

370

433

488

540

591

651

743

0

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GW

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2005 – 2020 GLOBAL ANNUAL ADDED

AND CUMULATIVE WIND CAPACITY

GW

added capacity

cumulative capacity

+ 14.3 %

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CAGR

- 3 %

CAGR

+ 9 %


1998 – 2020 ANNUAL INSTALLED USWIND CAPACITY ADDITIONS

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

199

8

199

9

200

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GW

16.83

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20

12

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1998 – 2020: ANNUAL AND CUMMULATIVE

INSTALLED WIND CAPACITY IN US

GW

year

added capacity

cumulative capacity

16

.83

121.98

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2020 US WIND POWER PROJECTS STATUS

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Note: numbers within

states represent

cumulative installed

wind capacity and the

annual additions in

2020 within the

brackets


total installed wind capacity: 122,465 MW

Source: ACPA, available online at https://windexchange.energy.gov/maps-data/321

2020 Q4 US WIND CAPACITY BY STATE


2020 US WIND ENERGY INDUSTRY MANUFACTURING FACILITIES

0 to 100 MW >100 to 1,000 MW >1,000 to 5,000 MW

>10,000 MW>5,000 to 10,000 MW

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2020 WIND CAPACITY ADDITION AND CUMULATIVE TOTAL: TOP 10 NATIONS

annual capacity in MW

China 52, 000

United States 16, 836

Brazil 2, 297

Netherlands 1, 979

Germany 1, 668

Norway 1, 532

Spain 1, 400

France 1, 318

Turkey 1, 224

India 1, 119

rest of world 11, 538

total 92, 910

cumulative capacity in MW

China 288, 320

United States 121, 985

Germany 62, 850

India 38, 625

Spain 27, 250

United Kingdom 23, 937

France 17, 948

Brazil 17, 750

Canada 13, 578

Italy 10, 543

rest of world 119, 572

total 742,357

Source: Land-based Wind Market Report: 2021 Edition, Berkeley Lab, p. 6； available at https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/land-based-wind-market-report-2021


LEADING NATIONS IN WIND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN 2020

40

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THE TREND TO LARGER WIND TURBINESSource: http://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/stand-alone-power-systems/renewable-energy


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2005 – 2020 AVERAGE WIND TURBINE

SIZE EVOLUTION

met

ers

average hub height

average rotor diameter

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AVERAGE WIND CAPACITY FACTORS: 2000 – 2020

ave

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capaci

ty f

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in %

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WIND MAP FOR ILLINOIS

Source: http://apps2.eere.energy.gov/wind/windexchange/maps_template.asp?stateab=il


WIND RESOURCE MAP

Source: https://www.nrel.gov/gis/images/80m_wind/awstwspd80onoffbigC3-3dpi600.jpg


WORLDWIDE WIND RESOURCE MAP

Source: http://www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html


KEY COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINE

4. Wind as an Energy Resource

Documents

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