Post on 13-Jan-2016
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EDU5905 KONSEP PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION PERGURUAN
EDU5905 PENDIDIKAN DAN PROFESION KEGURUAN
KULIAH MINGGU 04:PENDIDIKAN DAN TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN
DI MALAYSIAOleh:
Dr. Ramli Bin Basriramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my
Tel: 019 224 1332
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EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
Content 1. Background and History of Malaysia2. Education Prior to Independence3. Formation of National Education System4. Education Statistics5. Education Development and Expenditure
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INTRODUCTION• Malaysia occupies the southernmost peninsula of
Southeast Asia and the northern one-third of Borneo
• It became a nation on September 16, 1963 when Sabah and Sarawak joined Malaysia which had earlier gained independence from the British on August 31, 1957 to form a single federation
• Malaysia has a democratically elected Government with a constitution monarch.
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• Malaysia – multi-ethnic population• Population : 28.3 million
Peninsular Malaysia – 22.6 million Sabah – 3.2 million
Sarawak – 2.5 million• Population Growth Rate : 2.0 %• Life Expectancy at Birth : Male – 71.67
Female – 76.46 • Age Structure 0 – 14 years – 9.0 million 15 – 59 years – 17.3 million
60 years and above – 2.0 million• Labor force : 12.142 million (42.9 % of population)
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YEAR 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Real Growth Rate (%)GDP
5.3 5.8 6.3 4.6 -1.0 ~ 1.0
Per Capita (USD)GNP
5038 5694 6724 7738 6812
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HISTORY
• Malacca fell to the Portuguese in 1511
• The Dutch defeated the Portuguese and conquered Malacca in 1641
• After that it was the British who colonized all of Malaysia (except for a brief period of Japanese occupation from 1941-1945).
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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957
• The British encouraged mass immigration of workers from China and India to work in the tin mines and rubber plantations respectively.
• Rapid urban development took place during the blooming colonial economy
• The Malays remained in rural areas, urban areas were dominated by the Chinese and a minority of Indians who eventually controlled commerce and industry 9
EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957
Schools were established by1. British colonial government2. Moslem and Christians missionaries3. Ethnic communities (Chinese, Malays, Indians)
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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957
Types of school1. English schools2. Vernacular schools
• Malays• Chinese• Tamil• Islamic
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EDUCATION PRIOR TO INDEPENDENCE 1786-1957
Common features of schools1. Different curriculum2. Different examinations3. Different language of instruction4. Different education philosophy and orientation5. Decentralized (governance & finance)
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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
1. Barnes Report (1951a)
– Recommended that all existing schools should be transformed into National schools in which children of the various ethnic groups would be taught through the medium of instruction in Malay and English
– Not surprisingly, the Chinese saw the Barnes Committee proposal as an attempt to eliminate their languages and cultural identities and protested vehemently against it
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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
2. Fenn–Wu Report 1957b– Chinese schools to be retained and oriented to
Malayan education – Provided under Education Ordinance 1952
3. Razak Report 1956- National education system for national integration –
- Provided under Education Ordinance 1957
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FORMATION OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
4. Rahman Talib Report 1961– Policy English to Malay medium of instruction – Provided under Education Act 1962
5.Cabinet Report 1979 - Current National Education System - Provided under Education Act 19966.Private Higher Education Act 1996 – Liberalization
of higher education. 15
COMMON FEATURES OF NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM
1. National unity
2. National Language as main medium of instruction (Mandarin in Chinese primary, Tamil in Indian primary schools)
3. Common curriculum
4. Common examination
5. National education philosophy
6. Centralized ( governance and finance for govt. institutions)
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NATIONAL EDUCATION SYSTEM• Pre-school
• Primary
• Lower Secondary
• Upper Secondary
• Post Secondary
• Higher Education
(Comprises govt, govt aided and private schools or education institutions-exception: expatriate & international schools)
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Education in Malaysia is an on-going effort towards further developing the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce individuals who are intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically balanced and harmonious, based on a firm belief in and devotion to God. Such an effort is designed to produce Malaysian citizens who are knowledgeable and competent, who possess high moral standards, and who are responsible and capable of achieving high level of personal well-being as well as being able to contribute to the betterment of the family, the society and the nation at large.
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Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE
Lower Secondary
PostSecondary
PrimaryForm 1 - 3
National
Matriculation
College
Polytechnic
Year 1 – 6
National Type (Chinese)
National Type (Tamil)
RemoveClass
(1 year)
Academic
Upper SecondaryForm 4 - 5
Technical / Voc.
Higher Education
Employment
Free & CompulsoryEducation
Academic
Sports
Religious
Arts
Age = 6+ to 11+ Age = 12+ to 14+
Age = 15+ to 16+Age = 17+ to 18+
PreschoolAge = 4+ to 6+
EDUCATION SYSTEM
Form 6
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Source: Education in Malaysia, MOE
Primary LowerSecondary
UpperSecondary
PostSecondary
Higher Education
Year 1 - 6Form 1 - 3
Form 4 - 5
Primary SchoolAssessment
U P S R
P M RLower
SecondaryAssessment
Form 6
SPMMalaysian
Of EducationCertificate
STPMMalaysian HigherSchool Certificate
EDUCATION SYSTEM : EXAMINATION
STAMMalaysian HigherSchool Certificate(Religious Education) 21
EDUCATION EDUCATION
STATISTICSSTATISTICS
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Primary 31 30 30 28 28Secondary 32 32 31 31 30
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
AVERAGE CLASS SIZE (AVERAGE NUMBER OF PUPILS PER CLASS) IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
(2005-2009)
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YEAR 2006 2007 2008 2009
PRIMARY 94.44 94.24 93.97 94.33
LOWER SECONDARY 85.03 84.75 86.31 86.51
UPPER SECONDARY 76.93 76.47 77.72 77.25
POST SECONDARY 35.61* 36.04* 16.58** 15.88**
UNIVERSITY 8.82 8.55
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE.
PARTICIPATION RATES IN GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNMENT –ASSISTED EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BY LEVELS OF
EDUCATION (2005-2009)
* *Note : Enrolment under Ministry of Education only * Note : Including enrolment under Ministry of Higher Education
Excluding pre-school enrolment
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Agency 2006 2007 2008 2009
MOE 106 290 132 209 149 178 154 682
ABIM 10 112 10 851 10 091 11 306
State Religious Department 25 316 23 842 22 919 24 768
National Unity Department 37 431 38 925 38 549 39 723
KEMAS 195 314 191 631 172 575 187 024
Private 306 731 339 536 339 542 362 264
Total 681 194 736 994 732 854 779 767
ENROLMENT IN PRE-SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE. 25
Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009
National 2 394 813 2 412 229 2 401 187 2 371 209
National Type (C) 638 136 648 296 637 777 626 350
National Type (T) 101 882 105 389 108 176 108 867
Special Education 1 810 1 861 1 752 1 827
Special Model nr nr 1 096 1 055
Sports nr nr 3 3
Government-Aided Religious Schools
nr nr 4 099 4 463
Total 3 136 641 3 167 775 3 154 090 3 113 774
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
Note : Including enrolment of pre-schools and year 4-6 students in Special Model and Sports Schools
ENROLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
Note : nr = no record
Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009
Regular 2 074 326 2 097 687 2 112 999 2 143 427
Fully Residential 33 234 33 729 33 289 34 088
Religious 39 227 39 090 38 865 38 530
Technical 69 302 69 427 69 006 59 406
Vocational 214
Special Education 688 758 773 651
Special Model 10 293 11 715 11 948 7 181
Sports 996 977 921 866
Arts nr nr 343 497
Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 42 581 47 041
Total 2 228 066 2 253 383 2 310 725 2 331 901
ENROLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
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Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009
National 5 777 5 783 5 788 5805
National Type (C) 1 288 1 289 1 290 1292
National Type (T) 523 523 523 523
Special Education 28 28 28 28
Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 16 16
Total 7 616 7 623 7 645 7 664
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
nr = no record
NUMBER OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
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Type of Schools 2006 2007 2008 2009
Regular 1 831 1 840 1 845 1859
Fully Residential 54 54 54 57
Religious 55 55 55 55
Special Education 4 4 4 4
Technical 90 90 90 90
Vocational 1
Special Model 11 11 11 11
Sports 2 2 2 2
Arts nr 2 2 2
Government –Aided Religious School nr nr 118 138
Total 2 047 2 058 2 181 2 219
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
nr = no record
NUMBER OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2006 - 2009
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2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Primary 16.5 16.1 15.7 14.2 14
Secondary 16.2 16.2 15.5 14.5 13.7
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
PUPIL-TEACHER RATIO IN SCHOOLS UNDER THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION (2005-2009)
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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, 2007.
• Social Studies• Civics & Citizenship Education• Living Skills
PRIMARY 1-3PRIMARY 1-3
Malay LanguageEnglish LanguageChinese ( Language & Communication ) Tamil ( Language & Communication ) Communication ArabicIban ( starting from Year 3 )Semai ( starting from Year 3 )MathematicsIslamic EducationMoral EducationScienceMusic EducationVisual Arts EducationPhysical EducationHealth Education
PRIMARY 4-6PRIMARY 4-6
LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE PRIMARY SCHOOL
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CORE SUBJECTS ADDITIONAL SUBJECTS
LIST OF SUBJECT AT THE SECONDARY LEVEL
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2006 2007 2008 2009
Enrolment 21 000 24 700 23 340 20 930
Female (%)12 684(60.4%)
16 475(66.7%)
15 485 (66.4%)
13 877(66.3%)
Male (%)8 316
(39.6%)8 225
(33.3%)7 855
(33.6%)7 053
(33.7%)
Source: Matriculation Division, MOE
POST SECONDARY : MATRICULATION 2006-2009
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Type of Schools Graduate Non-graduate
Untrained& Others Total
National 48 015 122 599 6 012 176 626
National Type (C) 5843 25 867 4 219 35 927
National Type (T) 1 418 5 655 1 568 8 641
Government –Aided Religious School 60 85 219 364
Special Education 231 474 0 705
Total (Percentage)55 567(25%)
154 680(70%)
12 018(5%)
222 265
Source: Malaysia Educational Statistics, EPRD, MOE.
NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE OF TEACHERS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009
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Type of Schools Graduate College Untrained& Others Total
Regular** 128 320 13 783 8 257 150 360
Fully Residential 3 230 98 0 3 328
Religious 3 127 206 59 3 392
Special Education 185 25 1 211
Technical 6 380 1 407 67 7 854
Sports 161 13 0 174
Special Model 776 115 56 947
Art 65 4 6 75
Government –Aided Religious School 1 736 692 1 367 3 795
Total143 980(84.6%)
16 343(9.6%)
9 813(5.8%)
170 136
NUMBER OF TEACHERS IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY TYPE OF TRAINING 2009*
** Data exclude teachers (1) seconded to semi-government agencies, state religious schools and other agencies, (2) teachers on study leave with full-pay or half-pay, and (3) teachers in pool
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Source: Malaysia Educational Statistic, EPRD, MOE
Schools Number of Schools
Number of Teachers Enrolment
People Religious Primary Schools 26 758 8 220
People Religious Secondary Schools 93 1 734 23 911
State Religious Primary Schools 8 224 3 094
State Religious Secondary Schools 65 2 889 62 128
MARA Junior Science Colleges 43 2 801 28 578
Royal Military College 1 59 466
SCHOOL BY OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (2009)
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INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
20 Public Universities
Level Intake Enrolment Output
Matriculation 6,957 10,242 4,509
Certificate 1,470 1,349 166
Diploma 26,255 83,833 18,321
Bachelor 75,127 270,156 59,844
Post Grad Dip 1,779 2,956 2,065
Master 16,158 36,094 8,655
PhD 3,644 12,243 785
Profesional 450 1,249 196
Other 1,260 1,212 81
Sub Total 133,100 419,334 94,62237
INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
Private HEI (37 Universities, 488 Non-Universities, Total 525)
Level Intake Enrolment Output
Certificate 47,875 60,617 18,269
Diploma 91,483 177,773 32,685
Bachelor 43,261 151,591 26,590
Master 2,924 8,540 962
PhD 303 1,331 55
Sub Total 185,846 399,852 78,561
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INTAKE, ENROLMENT & OUTPUT IN HIGHER EDUCATION 2008
27 Polytechnics
Level Intake Enrolment Output
Certificate 15,019 30,861 13,723
Diploma 25,555 54,419 19,060
Sub Total 40,574 85,280 32,783
43 Community Colleges
Certificate 9,181 16,289 5,287
Diploma 468 793 279
Sub Total 9,649 17,082 5,566
GRAND TOTAL 369,169 921,548 211,53239
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008
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Universities Intake Enrolment Graduates
University of Malaya 9 429 14 566 7 285
Science University of Malaysia 7 203 26 690 7 038
National University of Malaysia 8 344 26 698 6 749
Putra University of Malaysia 9 017 29 063 7 942
Technological University of Malaysia 8 595 38 892 9 205
Northern University of Malaysia 8 668 34 643 4 065
International Islamic University of Malaysia 9 069 26 561 7 226
Sarawak University of Malaysia 1 986 6 687 1 593
Sabah University of Malaysia 4 514 16 848 3 312
Sultan Idris University of Malaysia 3 477 14 409 4 191
PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES 2008Universities Intake Enrolment Graduates
MARA University of Technology 48 046 129 219 27 475
Darul Iman University of Malaysia 1 650 5 029 1 443
Terengganu University of Malaysia 2 123 5 923 1 616
Islamic Science University of Malaysia 1 801 4 951 286
Tun Hussien Onn University of Malaysia 2 523 7 202 1 979
Malacca Technical University of Malaysia 2 009 5 860 1 265
Pahang University of Malaysia 1 724 5 484 876
Perlis University of Malaysia 1 614 5 302 654
Kelantan University of Malaysia 356 615 0
National Defence University of Malaysia 952 1 238 422
TOTAL 133 100 419 384 94 622 41
ENROLMENT BY LEVEL BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Level Male Female Total
Matriculation 4,265 5,977 10,242
Certificate 571 778 1,349
Diploma 34,940 49,887 83,833
Bachelor 101,715 168,441 270,156
Post Grad Dip 1,008 1,948 2,956
Master 17,063 19,031 36,094
PhD 7,526 4,717 12,243
Profesional 470 779 1,244
Other 777 435 1,212
Total 167,341 (39.9%) 251,993 (60.1%) 419,33442
ENROLMENT BY FIELD OF STUDY BY GENDER IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
Field Male Female Total
Education 12,628 28,828 38,690
Arts & Soc Science 61,033 126,350 171,912
Science 25,681 47,729 69,786
Technical 57,130 35,375 83,326
ICT 10,424 13,361 20,935
Other 341 421 762
Total 167,341 251,193 419,334
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ACADEMIC STAFF IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Academic Staff
Institution Number Male Female Total
Public University 20 12,531 12,553 25,084
Private University 37 NA NA 6,847
Pri Higher Educ Inst 488 NA NA 11,234
Polytechnics 27 2,680 3,363 6,043
Community Coll43 721 935 1,656
Total 615 50,864
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EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN 2006-2010
SIX STRATEGIC THRUSTS1. Nation Building2. Human Capital Development3. Strengthening National Schools4. Reducing Education Gap5. Improving the Prestige of the Teaching Profesion6. Promoting Institutional Excellence
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1. Establish National Committee and Pre-School Div in MOE
2. National Pre-School Curriculum – 20103. Harmonise per capita grants 4. Improve quality of teachers and 30,000 new
teachers5. Increase pre-school classes to 10,0006. Increase public-private partneships7. Develop pre-school information system
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1. Screening of children 3 times a year – children placed into LINUS or special education program
2. Develop new literacy and numeracy modules 3. LINUS training 17,000 teachers (2009-2010)4. Building commitment of stakeholders5. Intensive monitoring & supervision of bottom 10%
schools6. Placement of expert facilitators at districts
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1. Applicable to all government schools2. Performance based on composite score, Grade
Point Average (70%) and Standard for Quality Education Malaysia (30%)
3. All schools (10,000) will be ranked in performance (2010 onwards)
4. Schools will be eligible for rewards based on target performance rankings
5. Financial and non financial rewards
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6. Financial rewards for teachers, head teachers and principals
10% bottom performers will be provided with training and mentoring or else tranfers or voluntary seperation.
www.pemandu.gov.my/etp
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1. Increase autonomy in decision making, flexibility in adapting curriculum and instruction methods, selection & redeployment of teachers and funds
2. Financial incentives for schools, school leaders, teachers and staff
3. Greater options for human capital dev4. Option for high achievers to advance faster
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SCHOOLS TRANSFORMATION PROGRAM
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SCHOOLS7,655 PRIMARY2189 SECODARY
TOTAL 9,844
CLUSTERS OF EXCELLENCE SCHOOLS
HIGH PERFORMANCE
SCHOOLS SCHOOL RATING:
1.Ethos2.Character3.Exceptional in all aspects of education4.Academic excellence5.Recognitions6.Alumni support7.International networking
INCENTIVES1.Financial2.Options on human capital development3.Accelerated promotion for student4.Promotion for principal and teachers
HIGHER EDUCATION STRATEGIC PLAN, TOWARDS 2020
SEVEN STRATEGIC THRUSTS1. Increasing Access and Equity2. Improving Teaching and Learning Quality3. Enhancing Research and Innovation4. Strengthening Higher Education Institutions5. Increasing Internationalization 6. Enculturation of life long learning7. Strengthening Delivery by Min of Higher Education.
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ENHANCING PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES
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SPECIALIZED UNIVERSITIES(Technical, Education,
Management, Defense)
COMPREHENSIVE UNIVERSITIES
RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES RATING
By 2020One in world top 50 Three in world top 100
Current StatusOne in world top 200 Three in world top 400•Specialized field
•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•70 undergrad: 30 postgrad
APEX UNIVERSITIES
•Comprehensive field•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•70 undergrad: 30 postgrad
•Research focused field•Competitive entry•Quality lecturers•50 undergrad: 50 postgrad
World renown/top class status
ENROLMENT BY LEVEL OF EDUCATION FOR AGES 17-23 YEARS
Level 2003 2005 2007 2010 2015 2020
Post Sec 158,459 235,740 296,900 351,700 388,300 428,700
Pub Coll 140,999 200,100 234,200 250,500 304,800 370,800
Pub Univ 280,037 310,500 336,900 371,700 458,300 552,600
Pri HE 337,949 336,900 371,100 465,700 567,800 685,800
Overseas 62,301 56,800 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000
Total 979,745 1,140,040 1,289,100 1,485,600 1,759,200 2,087,900
Pop 17-23 yrs 3,277,338 3,399,200 3,510,200 3,628,300 3,840,900 4,147,000
Percentage 29 33 36 40 45 50
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EDUCATION EXPENDITURE2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
% Educ Exp to Gov Exp 19.7 20.5 20.7 16.7 15.1
% Educ Exp to GNP 5.4 5.6 5.7 4.5 4.1
Capital Exp (RM Bilion) 2.567 4.112 6.606 3.510 4.503
Current Exp (RM Bilion)
22.740 25.242 25.939 26.028 27.350
Total (RM Bilion) 25.307 29.354 32.545 29.538 31.403
% Capital Exp 10 14 20 12 13
% Current Exp 90 86 80 88 8760
Thank You…
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