اللغات)اآلسترو آسيوية -) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04

dialects

KhmerMonVietnamese

Munda

NicobareseMon- Khmer

0444

Nicobar Islands53

21

tone language

2

phonology

a,i,uvocalic nasalm,n

liquidl,r

phoneme

PearicSemelaicaspirated

k. t. pph

th

kh

Bahnaric

glottal

stop

Munda

Korko

Katui

c

Kattu

020222

Kherwaria

n

Kantu

Santali Phuan

g

Mundari Bru

Asuri Pacoh

Bhumij Lor

Hu

Leu

Birhor Tong

Koda

So

Korwa Alak

Turi

Stieng

Kharia

Chrau

0020222

Juang Sre

Sora Mnon

g

Gorum

Loven

Geta

Oi

Gutob Lave

Remo Sok

Nahali Sapua

n

Nicobar

ese

Car

0222

Cheng

Chorwra

Bahna

r

Teressa

Renga

o

Bompaka

Sedan

g

Camorta Talua

Nancowry Cua

Trinkut

Pearic

Pear

0220222

Katchall Samer

Nicobar Coastal

Great

Angra

k

Chong

Nicobar

Khme

r

Khmer

0022022

2

Shompe

Jahaic

Tonga

0222

Mon

Khmer

Khasi

Standard

Khasi

022022

2

Kensi

u

Lyngnagg

am

Jahai

Synteng Menri

q

War

Mon

Khme

r

Jahaic

Mintil

0222

Viet-

Muong

Vietname

se 02

Che

Wong

Moung

Senoi

c

Senoic

220222

May

Temer

Arem Lanoh

Tay Pong Semna

m

Mon

Mon

022

Semai

Niakuol

Jah

Hut

Mon

Khmer

Palaungi

c

Palaung

Semel

ia

Mah

Meri 0220222

Wa

Semel

ai

Riang-

Lang

Temo

q

Danaw

Semaq

Bri

Lawa

Kawa

Khamet

Mang

Bulan

Angku

Kham

uic

Khamu

Mal

Mrabi

Yumbre

Khao

Tayhat

Tin

Kha

Kwang

Lim

voiced

mbm

palatalčň

diphthongs

Dravidian languages

equational

pausebe

Semai

SanskritPali

taboo words

Alexander de

Rhodes

accent marks

2124

Wa

PacohLawaPumanMrabi

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

اللغات)ألسترالية األصلية -) Australian aboriginal languages Langues aborigènes

d'Australie

Australian aboriginal languages164

Torres StraitTasmania

Arnhem land

cape

york

34

Mabuiag

03

12 10

3 6

Bidjandjara

m,p

interdental(n,t) alveolar

y,k

b,p

r

kangaroowallabykookaburra

coolibah tree

T.A.SEBEOK (ed), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8,& Linguistics in

Oceania (The Hague, Mouton 1974).

اللغات)اآلسترو آسيوية -) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04

dialects

KhmerMonVietnamese

Munda

NicobareseMon- Khmer

0444

Nicobar Islands

53

21

tone language

2

phonology

a,i,uvocalic nasal

m,nliquidl,r

phoneme

PearicSemelaicaspirated

k. t. p

ph

th

kh

Bahnaric

glottal

stop

Munda

Korko

Katui

c

Kattu

020222

Kherwari

an

Kantu

Santali Phuan

g

Mundari Bru

Asuri Pacoh

Bhumij Lor

Hu

Leu

Birhor Tong

Koda So

Korwa Alak

Turi

Stieng

002022

2

Kharia Chrau

Juang Sre

Sora Mnon

g

Gorum

Loven

Geta

Oi

Gutob Lave

Remo Sok

Nahali Sapua

n

Nicobar

ese

Car

0222

Cheng

Chorwra

Bahna

r

Teressa

Renga

o

Bompaka

Sedan

g

Camorta Talua

Nancowr

y

Cua

Trinkut

Pearic

Pear

022022

2

Katchall Samer

Nicobar Coastal

Great

Angra

k

Chong

Nicobar

Khme

r

Khme

r

002202

22

Shompe

Jahaic

Tonga

0222

Mon

Khmer

Khasi

Standard

Khasi

022022

2

Kensi

u

Lyngnagg

am

Jahai

Synteng

Menri

q

War

Mon

Khme

r

Jahaic

Mintil

0222

Viet-

Muon

g

Vietname

se 02

Che

Wong

Moung

Senoi

c

Senoic

220222

May

Temer

Arem Lanoh

Tay Pong Semna

m

Mon

Mon

022

2

Semai

Niakuol

Jah

Hut

Mon

Khmer

Palaungi

c

Palaung

Semel

Mah

Meri 022022

2

Wa

Semel

ia

ai

Riang-

Lang

Temo

q

Danaw

Semaq

Bri

Lawa

Kawa

Khamet

Mang

Bulan

Angku

Kham

uic

Khamu

Mal

Mrabi

Yumbre

Khao

Tayhat

Tin

Kha

Kwang

Lim

voiced

mbm

palatalčň

diphthongs

Dravidian languages

equational

pausebe

Semai

SanskritPali

taboo words

Alexander de

Rhodes

accent marks

2124

WaPacohLawaPumanMrabi

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

اللغات)إفريقية ) Africa Afrique

Sigismund Koelle

Friedrich Muller

Lepsius

Carl Meinhof

Dietrich Westermann

Joseph Greenberg

2165

1

05

16

01

a

ba

05

221

su

ki

ki+ su= kisu

vi

vi+ su= visu

ki -su ki- kali ki- moja ki- me- poya

viki

vi- su vi- kali vi- name vi- me-potea

pata

patana

patanisha

patia

patiliza

patilizana

0

2

02

4

اللغات)القفقاسية -) Caucasian languages Langues caucasiennes

langues caucasiennes ou caucasiques

52

Abkhaze

Tchétchène

Géorgien

cyrillique2122 2151

oudi

phonèmes

21 oubykh

60 04

34

54 consonnes

voyelles24

32 32

consonnes occlusivessonores

bsourdes aspirées

Phsourdes

glottalisées

consonnes affriquées

verbes ergatifs

structure ergative

constructions affectivesindirectes

:

A.BYHAN, La Civilisation caucasienne, Payot (Paris, 1936).

J.C.CATFORD, Mountain of Tongues: the Languages of The Caucasus, (Annual

Review of Anthropology,n˚6,1977).

اللغات)الهندية اإليرانية -) Indo-Iranian languages Langues indo-iraniennes

Indo-Iranian Languages

2 DardicPisacha

KafiriKashmiriKhowarKohistani

Romani

1 IndicIndo-AryanPali

PrakritVedic

AssameseBengali

Bihari

GujaratiRajasthani

PunjabiSindhi

Eastern Indic

AwadhiWestern IndicKhari

BoliHindustaniUrdu

Marathi

Pahari

(Sinhalese Singhalese)

5 IranianAvestan

Old Persian

KhwarezmianOssetic

Pamir DialectsPushtu

BaluchiKurdish

Middle PersianPahlaviParthian

(Farsi) PersianTajiki

:

- S. K. CHATTERJI, Languages and Literatures of Modern India (Calcutta 1963).

- W. B.LOCKWOOD, A Panorama of Indo-European Languages (1977).

اللغات)األسترونيزية -) Austronesian languages Langues austronésiennes

Austronesian Languages

Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

144 204

ChamorroPalauan

Celebes

MaduraLombok

Mon

Khmer

Malay22

Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing

Javanese

Bahasa

MinangkabauKinchaiMadurese

GayoToba- Batak

23 25

30

Sanskrit

Sudanese20

Roman Alphabet

Madurese

1

Sumenep

Bali

5

Sasak

Nagadju

BanjareseBrunei MalayKutai

MalayIbanKahyanKapuas

Malagasy

Merina

1

Chamic03

14

RadeCuruJarai

04

LuzonMindoroPalawanVisayan

Tagalog21

2106

34

Bikol0

Cebuano

21 Mindanao

HiligaynonIlongo3

PanayCebuBohol

Pampangan

IlocanoIloko

3 BontocIfugao

TinggianGaddangIsnegPangasinan

MaranaoTiruray

BilaanTagabili

Formosan Languages

Atayal

SeedikAmiPaiwanBununThaoTsou

SaaroraKanabu

244

Aru IslandsDoberai Peninsula

Papuan languagesTimor

Less Sundas

04 Buginese0

GorontaloSuwawaSangir

MandarDuriMunaKendariSikka

HavuneseSumbaAmboneseBuliBiga

reduplication

voiced stops(b,d,j,g)voiceless

stops(p,t,c,k)m,n,ñ,η

oe

Oceanic544

Sorera Bay

MelanesiaMicronesiaPolynesia

26

20

Fijian

Sumoan144.444

Tongan

16.444 Tahitian

Society IslandsNew

Zealand Maori244.444 Hawaiian

TuamotuanCookMagareva

FutunanUvean

TokelauanEllice

kiwikavakakamoa

hula

particlesfunction

words

25

Mariana Islands6 5.444

Palauan

25.444

Nukuoro344 Kapingamarangi

Truk2344 Ponape

Marshallese

54.444 Gilbertese

36444 Gelbert IslandsTruk

52.444 HallMortlock

0444 6444

KorsaeanKorsae IslandCarolinese

SaipanUlithian

YapeseYapNauruan

velarized consonants

germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134

164.444

Motu20444

Moresby PortPapuanSuau

Dobu

KiriwinaTrobrianWedau

MorobeMadang

YabemGraged

Kranket

New Britain13

Tolai14 Admiralty64

Solomon04

MotaNguna-

Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).

-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian

Languages(1963).

-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian

“Malayo- Polynesian Language Family” (1959).

اللغات)االسكندنافية -) Scandinavia Scandinavie

Scandinavian Languages

North Germanic

Faeroese

144 644 213 Runic

Alphabet

Proto -

Scandinavian

AnglesJutesEider

344 044

Common Scandinavian

044 2434

Danelaw

OrkneysShetlandHebridesIsle of Man

0444

2034

2234

2134

Gutnish

caupövinum

helviti

helliwitihellewite

2134 2034

2034 2334

-R.H.ROBINS, A Short History of Linguistics (Longman, London 1969).

لغات)األسكيمو واألليوت -) Eskimo-Aleut languages Langues eskimo-aléoutes

Eskimo -

Aleut Languages

03.444

Greenland20.444

50.444 144

Chukchi

Bering Strait

2444

Aleutian Islands244

Inuk

Inupik

YukYupik

2002

Rasmus Rask2214

Hans Egede

2001

Samuel Kleinschmidt

Kq

K

Labrador2244 .

Ivan Veniaminov

Cyrillic2254

2202

Edmund Peck2202 2135

2102

2162

2102

2151

2150

uia

e

iia

u

25 12

54

2012

iglookayak

-T.A.SEBEOK,Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.10 (London 1971).

لغات)األسكيمو واألليوت -) Eskimo-Aleut languages Langues eskimo-aléoutes

Eskimo -

Aleut Languages

03.444

Greenland20.444

50.444 144

Chukchi

Bering Strait

2444

Aleutian Islands244

Inuk

Inupik

YukYupik

2002

Rasmus Rask2214

Hans Egede

2001

Samuel Kleinschmidt

Kq

K

Labrador2244 .

Ivan Veniaminov

Cyrillic2254

2202

Edmund Peck2202 2135

2102

2162

2102

2151

2150

uia

e

iia

u

25 12

54

2012

iglookayak

-T.A.SEBEOK,Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.10 (London 1971).

اللغات)األورالية -) Uralic languages Langues ouraliennes

Uralic Languages

Finno-UgricSamoyed

0 24

Kama

Ob

Hungarian

Ob-Ugric

MansiKhanti

Finno-Baltic

Karelian

IngrianLivonianVoticVeps

Lapp

Permian

UdmurtKomi

Mari

Mordivan

Nenets

EnetsNaganasan

Selkup

consonants

p/t/k/s/S/O/e/r/m/n/y/j/v/t′/s′/O′/l′/n′

p/t/sb/d/z

vowels

stress

backfront

Assimilation

syntax & morphology

vocabulary

- Collinder, Bjorn, Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary, 2nd

rev. ed. (Benjamins N. Am. 1977).

- Roheim, Geza, Hungarian and Vogul Mythology (1954 reprint, AMS Press 1988).

اللغات)األناضولية -) Anatolian languages langues anatoliennes

Anatolian Languages

Asianic Languages

Indo-European

Languages

Hethitolog

Anatolia

Anadolu

1534 1234

Karum

Kanesh

2614

HattusaBogazköy234

2146 H.Winkeler2121

13

Rozny2123

Hittite

William Wright

2201

Nesili

2

1

UgaritAlalakh

Palaic

Cuneiform Luwian

Hiroglyphic Luwian

2100

KaratepeH.Bossert

2135

Lycian

234 Xanthos

Carian

SideticSide

Pamphylia

Pisidian

Lydian

Sardes

Meriggi

waterwaterwasser

mewanew neuneos

novus

wettfetos

itariter

Phrygian

Midas

Gordiun

134

244

Koine

KhattianKhattic

2634

2344 LabarnaKhattsili

2044 2144

2044

HurrianMitanni

Subarian

Khurlili

2503

Urkish

044

Amenhotep III

agglutinatin

Uratian

Van

Khaldi

- Handbuch, der Orientalistik, l.Abt.,2. Band, 1, und 2. Abeschn, LFG2;

altkleinasiatische Sprachen (Leiden 1969).

اللغات)اإليطالية القديمة -) Italic languages Langues italiques

Italic languages

Apennine Peninsula

Po Valley

UmbrianOscanLatinFaliscan

Venetic

Iguvin Tables2000 Gubbio

SamniumBruttiumLucania

Campania

NolaAbella

Batina

Latium

EtruscanCeltic

1 phonetics

f

[bh][dh][gh]bhrátér

fraterdhe-kfacio

fakiiadfagsto

[v]

[b][d][g][f]

liberi

Louderobosloufroloferta

0 morphology

[a]-r

Hittite

Tocharian

[ï]

[o]

[-eis][-oi]

[-s]

Sanskrit

-u-v[-t(t)]

sdonavitduunated

donasto

2 vocabulary

animus

anamum

ignis

agnipirpÿr

fyraquaahwa

Gothicuturfilius

filiapuklofutir

portaveruarx

ocarmoeniamurus

feihuss

scriberescriftas

legere

Lexe

344

consul

meddixsenatus

comitiakumparakineis comono

kumbennieis

ceus

ceuis144

civisceivis

GUIITTON MANESSY, J. "l'indo-européen", dans: André Martinet,Le langage,

(Gallimard Paris 1968).

- C.D.,BUCK, A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, (Boston 1904).

لغات)البابوا -) Papuan languages Langues papoues

Papuan Languages

Austronesian

Enga

Finisterre-Huon Phylum

Madang Phylum

tonestress

اللغات)البلطيقية -) Baltic languages Langues baltes

Baltic Languages

Lithuanian

1.064.444

044

Martynas Mazvydas

2300

Danielius Kleinas

2635 2630 2020 2024

Konstantinas

Sirvydas2611

Latvian

2.500.444 236.444

2323

2652

2600

2251 2260 2250 2203

seloniansemigallian

- F.THOMAS & W.R.SCHMALSTEIG, Baltic Linguistics (Penn. State University

Press 1970).

اللغات)األمريكية _الهندية -) American Indian languages Langues amérindiennes

Behring

American- Indian

Inuit

EskimoAleut

Algonquin

ArapahoBlackfootCheyenne

Hoka-SiouxCrowSiouxPawnee

Iroquois (Cherokee)Muskogee (Creek)

NadeneAthabaska (Apache)

Penutian (Chinook)

Uto-Aztec

Shoshonean (Comanche)Macro-Otomanguean

Macro-Chibchan

Andean-EquatorialGe-Pano-Carib

ArawakanAraucan

:

- W. T. HAGAN, American Indians (1961).

اللغات)األسترونيزية -) Austronesian languages Langues austronésiennes

Austronesian Languages

Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

144 204

ChamorroPalauan

Celebes

MaduraLombok

Mon

Khmer

Malay22

Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing

Javanese

Bahasa

MinangkabauKinchaiMadurese

GayoToba- Batak

23 25

30

Sanskrit

Sudanese20

Roman Alphabet

Madurese

1

Sumenep

Bali

5

Sasak

Nagadju

BanjareseBrunei MalayKutai

MalayIbanKahyanKapuas

Malagasy

Merina

1

Chamic03

14

RadeCuruJarai

04

LuzonMindoroPalawanVisayan

Tagalog21

2106

34

Bikol0

Cebuano

21 Mindanao

HiligaynonIlongo3

PanayCebuBohol

Pampangan

IlocanoIloko

3 BontocIfugao

TinggianGaddangIsnegPangasinan

MaranaoTiruray

BilaanTagabili

Formosan Languages

Atayal

SeedikAmiPaiwanBununThaoTsou

SaaroraKanabu

244

Aru IslandsDoberai Peninsula

Papuan languagesTimor

Less Sundas

04 Buginese0

GorontaloSuwawaSangir

MandarDuriMunaKendariSikka

HavuneseSumbaAmboneseBuliBiga

reduplication

voiced stops(b,d,j,g)voiceless

stops(p,t,c,k)m,n,ñ,η

oe

Oceanic544

Sorera Bay

MelanesiaMicronesiaPolynesia

26

20

Fijian

Sumoan144.444

Tongan

16.444 Tahitian

Society IslandsNew

Zealand Maori244.444 Hawaiian

TuamotuanCookMagareva

FutunanUvean

TokelauanEllice

kiwikavakakamoa

hula

particlesfunction

words

25

Mariana Islands65.444

Palauan

25.444

Nukuoro344 Kapingamarangi

Truk2344 Ponape

Marshallese

54.444 Gilbertese

36444 Gelbert IslandsTruk

52.444 HallMortlock

0444 6444

KorsaeanKorsae IslandCarolinese

SaipanUlithian

YapeseYapNauruan

velarized consonants

germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134

164.444

Motu20444

Moresby PortPapuanSuau

Dobu

KiriwinaTrobrianWedau

MorobeMadang

YabemGraged

Kranket

New Britain13

Tolai14 Admiralty64

Solomon04

MotaNguna-

Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).

-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian

Languages(1963).

-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian

“Malayo- Polynesian Language Family” (1959).

اللغات)الصينية التبتية -) Sino-Tibetan language Langues sino-tibétaines

Sino-Tibetan Languages

Sinitic Languages

Tibeto- Burmese Languages

لغات)التاي -) Thai language Thaï (langue)

ThaiSiamese

ThailandProto Tai

Family

Lao

LaosShanUpper Burma

YunnanTai Lue

Sipsong PannaTai Dam

Iowa

Bangkok

Chiangmai

IsanKorat

Chumpon

HmongLahu

KhmerMalay

Kam MuangYuan

Phuthai & Phuan

Tonal Language

2333

SanskritPali

Indic

William Gedney

2534 2060

Khun

اللغات)األلطية -) Altaic languages Langues altaïques

(

Altaic Languages

TurkicMongolianMongol

Manchu-Tungus

Altai Mountains

2600 2122

Turkish

Uzbek

Azerbaijani

Turkmen

Tatar

Kazakh

Kirghiz

Yakut63

Mongol

Kalmyk

BuryatDaghurMonguor

Tangus

NanaiEvenkLamut

phonology

vowels

consonants

back vowelsfront vowels

rounded vowelsunrounded vowels

syntax and morphology

agglutinative languagessuffixes

roots

grammatical gender

coordination

subordination

vocabulary

phonemes

writing system

2111

اللغات)القفقاسية -) Caucasian languages Langues caucasiennes

langues caucasiennes ou caucasiques

52

Abkhaze

Tchétchène

Géorgien

cyrillique2122 2151

oudi

phonèmes

21 oubykh

60 04

34

54 consonnes

voyelles24

32 32

consonnes occlusivessonores

bsourdes aspirées

Phsourdes

glottalisées

consonnes affriquées

verbes ergatifs

structure ergative

constructions affectivesindirectes

:

A.BYHAN, La Civilisation caucasienne, Payot (Paris, 1936).

J.C.CATFORD, Mountain of Tongues: the Languages of The Caucasus, (Annual

Review of Anthropology,n˚6,1977).

اللغات)الدرافيدية -) Dravidian languages Langues dravidiennes

Dravidian Languages

114

Indo-European

TamilMalayalamIrula

TodaKotaBadagaKodaguKannada

Tulu

TeluguGondi

KondaKuiKuwiPengoManda

KolamiNaikiParji

Ollari

BrahuiMaltoKurukh

134034655

suffixes

prefixesIndo-Aryan

:

- DAVID CRYSTAL, An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Language & Languages

(Blackwell Publishers 1992,1993).

- KIRSTEN MAMKJAER (ed.),The Linguistics Encyclopedia, Routledge

(London and New York 1996).

لغات)الرومانس -) Romance languages Langues romanes

langues romanes

225

regeerrege

genre neutre

o

a

e

e

s

o

eiae

ille

ille caballusle

chevalel caballoo cavaloil cavallo

calul

ille caballus

caballus ille

murusun mur

un

amavi

amai

ho amato

:

A.MARTINET, dir., Le Langage, Encyclopédie de la Pléiade (Paris 1968).

D.LINCOLN CANFIELD & J. CARY DAVIS, An Introduction to Romance Lin-

guistics (Southern Ill.Univ. Press 1975).

WILLIAM ASHBY, et al., eds., Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Lan-

guages (Benjamins N. Am. 1993).

اللغات)األورالية -) Uralic languages Langues ouraliennes

Uralic Languages

Finno-UgricSamoyed

0 24

Kama

Ob

Hungarian

Ob-Ugric

MansiKhanti

Finno-Baltic

Karelian

IngrianLivonianVoticVeps

Lapp

Permian

UdmurtKomi

Mari

Mordivan

Nenets

EnetsNaganasan

Selkup

consonants

p/t/k/s/S/O/e/r/m/n/y/j/v/t′/s′/O′/l′/n′

p/t/sb/d/z

vowels

stress

backfront

Assimilation

syntax & morphology

vocabulary

- Collinder, Bjorn, Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary, 2nd

rev. ed. (Benjamins N. Am. 1977).

- Roheim, Geza, Hungarian and Vogul Mythology (1954 reprint, AMS Press 1988).

اللغات)السامية -) Semitic languages Langues sémitiques

Semitic LanguagesHamito-

Semitic LanguagesAfro-Asiatic

2053 2241 A.von Schlözer

1 Akkadian

1544 344 1444

Eblaite1044

0

Amorite1444 2344

Ugaritic

Canaanite

2344

PhoenicianPunic

MoabiteEdmoniteAmmoniteHebrew

204 2262

Hebrew

113 11

Aramaic

234

Syriac

11

2

Arabic

134

12

Maltese534.444

4

South Arabic

2544

244

Ethiopian Languages

2444

Ge‘ez

2444

Amharic

Cushitic

23

23

55

Tigrinya

Tigre

أبجديات بعض اللغات السامية

:

CRYSTAL DAVID, An Encyclopedia of Language and Languages (Blackwell

1992).

W.RANDALL CARR, Dialect Geography of Syria - Palestine, 1000-586 B.C

(Univ. of Pa. Press 1985).

اللغات)السالفية -) Slavic languages Langues slaves

اللغات)السلتية -) Celtic languages Langues celtiques

celtic languagesIndo-

European

Bretagne

Gatalian

1

1

Gaelic

WalesBrythonic

Isle of ManCornwall

CumbriaBreton

344.444

Cornish

Welsh

644.444

IrishScottishManx

034.444 14.444

macmap

144 2144

td

sz

Ulster Cycle

Cuchulain

Fenian Cycle

Finn MacCool

Lowland Scottish

2503

John BarbourBruce

Gawin DouglasRobert Henryson

William DunbarChaucer

2064 2065 James Macpherson

Walter Scott

AneurinTaliesin

Merlin

2204 2210 Owain CyfeiliogDafydd

ap Gwilym

John

HughesJohn JohnsDaniel Owen

Kate Roberts

Saunders LewisRichard LlewellynDylan Thomas

Emlyn Williams

2003 2252 Jean

François Le Gonidec2240 2212

2262

Tangi MalmancheRoparz Hémon

2113 Gwalarn

:

- COMRIE BERNARD ed., The World‘s Major Languages (Routledge 1987, 1989).

- DAVID CRYSTAL,An Encyclopedia of Language and Languages (Blackwell

1992).

- DOUGLAS B.GREGOR, Celtic: A Comparative Study (Oleander Press 1980).

اللغات)األسترونيزية -) Austronesian languages Langues austronésiennes

Austronesian Languages

Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

144 204

ChamorroPalauan

Celebes

MaduraLombok

Mon

Khmer

Malay22

Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing

Javanese

Bahasa

MinangkabauKinchaiMadurese

GayoToba- Batak

23 25

30

Sanskrit

Sudanese20

Roman Alphabet

Madurese

1

Sumenep

Bali

5

Sasak

Nagadju

BanjareseBrunei MalayKutai

MalayIbanKahyanKapuas

Malagasy

Merina

1

Chamic03

14

RadeCuruJarai

04

LuzonMindoroPalawanVisayan

Tagalog21

2106

34

Bikol0

Cebuano

21 Mindanao

HiligaynonIlongo3

PanayCebuBohol

Pampangan

IlocanoIloko

3 BontocIfugao

TinggianGaddangIsnegPangasinan

MaranaoTiruray

BilaanTagabili

Formosan Languages

Atayal

SeedikAmiPaiwanBununThaoTsou

SaaroraKanabu

244

Aru IslandsDoberai Peninsula

Papuan languagesTimor

Less Sundas

04 Buginese0

GorontaloSuwawaSangir

MandarDuriMunaKendariSikka

HavuneseSumbaAmboneseBuliBiga

reduplication

voiced stops(b,d,j,g)voiceless

stops(p,t,c,k)m,n,ñ,η

oe

Oceanic544

Sorera Bay

MelanesiaMicronesiaPolynesia

26

20

Fijian

Sumoan144.444

Tongan

16.444 Tahitian

Society IslandsNew

Zealand Maori244.444 Hawaiian

TuamotuanCookMagareva

FutunanUvean

TokelauanEllice

kiwikavakakamoa

hula

particlesfunction

words

25

Mariana Islands65.444

Palauan

25.444

Nukuoro344 Kapingamarangi

Truk2344 Ponape

Marshallese

54.444 Gilbertese

36444 Gelbert IslandsTruk

52.444 HallMortlock

0444 6444

KorsaeanKorsae IslandCarolinese

SaipanUlithian

YapeseYapNauruan

velarized consonants

germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134

164.444

Motu204 44

Moresby PortPapuanSuau

Dobu

KiriwinaTrobrianWedau

MorobeMadang

YabemGraged

Kranket

New Britain13

Tolai14 Admiralty64

Solomon04

MotaNguna-

Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).

-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian

Languages(1963).

-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian

“Malayo- Polynesian Language Family” (1959).

اللغات)اآلسترو آسيوية -) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04

dialects

KhmerMonVietnamese

Munda

NicobareseMon- Khmer

0444

Nicobar Islands53

21

tone language

2

phonology

a,i,uvocalic nasalm,n

liquidl,r

phoneme

PearicSemelaicaspirated

k. t. pph

th

kh

Bahnaric

glottal

stop

Munda

Korko

Katui

c

Kattu

020222

Kherwaria

n

Kantu

Santali Phuan

g

Mundari Bru

Asuri Pacoh

Bhumij Lor

Hu

Leu

Birhor Tong

Koda

So

Korwa Alak

Turi

Stieng

Kharia

Chrau

0020222

Juang Sre

Sora Mnon

g

Gorum

Loven

Geta

Oi

Gutob Lave

Remo Sok

Nahali Sapua

n

Nicobar

ese

Car

0222

Cheng

Chorwra

Bahna

r

Teressa

Renga

o

Bompaka

Sedan

g

Camorta Talua

Nancowry Cua

Trinkut

Pearic

Pear

0220222

Katchall Samer

Nicobar Coastal

Great

Angra

k

Chong

Nicobar

Khme

r

Khmer

0022022

2

Shompe

Jahaic

Tonga

0222

Mon

Khmer

Khasi

Standard

Khasi

022022

2

Kensi

u

Lyngnagg

am

Jahai

Synteng Menri

q

War

Mon

Khme

r

Jahaic

Mintil

0222

Viet-

Muong

Vietname

se 02

Che

Wong

Moung

Senoi

c

Senoic

220222

May

Temer

Arem Lanoh

Tay Pong Semna

m

Mon

Mon

022

Semai

Niakuol

Jah

Hut

Mon

Khmer

Palaungi

c

Palaung

Semel

ia

Mah

Meri 0220222

Wa

Semel

ai

Riang-

Lang

Temo

q

Danaw

Semaq

Bri

Lawa

Kawa

Khamet

Mang

Bulan

Angku

Kham

uic

Khamu

Mal

Mrabi

Yumbre

Khao

Tayhat

Tin

Kha

Kwang

Lim

voiced

mbm

palatalčň

diphthongs

Dravidian languages

equational

pausebe

Semai

SanskritPali

taboo words

Alexander de

Rhodes

accent marks

2124

Wa

PacohLawaPumanMrabi

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

اللغات)الهندية اإليرانية -) Indo-Iranian languages Langues indo-iraniennes

Indo-Iranian Languages

2 DardicPisacha

KafiriKashmiriKhowarKohistani

Romani

1 IndicIndo-AryanPali

PrakritVedic

AssameseBengali

Bihari

GujaratiRajasthani

PunjabiSindhi

Eastern Indic

AwadhiWestern IndicKhari

BoliHindustaniUrdu

Marathi

Pahari

(Sinhalese Singhalese)

5 IranianAvestan

Old Persian

KhwarezmianOssetic

Pamir DialectsPushtu

BaluchiKurdish

Middle PersianPahlaviParthian

(Farsi) PersianTajiki

:

- S. K. CHATTERJI, Languages and Literatures of Modern India (Calcutta 1963).

- W. B.LOCKWOOD, A Panorama of Indo-European Languages (1977).

اللغات)األوروبية _الهندية -) Indo-European languages Langues indo-européennes

Indo-European

W.Lockwood

Dardic

Indic

BengaliPunjabiSindhiGujarati

Rajastani

AvestaOld Persian

KhwarazmianPamirPushtu

SogdianBaluchiKurdish

Thraco-IllyrianThraco-Phrygian

Tokharian

:

- JOHN P. HUGHES, The Science of Language (1962).

- W.B.LOCKOOD, A Panorama of Indo- European Languages (1977).

في اللغة)اليونان -) Greece Grèce

20

Mycenaean

20 25 Linear B

2 0

Cyrillic

dialects2 Doric1 Aeolic5

IonicAttic0 ArcadoCypriot

Koine:Hellenistic0

0

:Byzantine3 23

23

Koini Neoelliniki

Demotic Greek

Katharevusa

2160 Demotic

2444