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Why Latin?:
Rapid Review:Wheelock Chapters 1-
14
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Their function in the sentence is indicated by their case, not by the word order of the sentence.
There are six cases:Nominative GenitiveDative Accusative Ablative Vocative
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Besides case, nouns also have gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter.
They also have number: singular or plural.
So nouns have three important characteristics:
GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Nouns are divided into five groups called declensions. So far, we’ve learned the first 3 declensions (and we’ll learn the remaining 2 this semester, huzzah!)
Remember:
DECLENSION ≠ GENDER!
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
We can identify the declension of a noun by looking at the ending of its genitive singular.
To decline a noun, we add the appropriate case endings to the noun’s stem.
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
1st declension: porta, portae, f
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl portīs
portae
portae
portam
portā
portae
portarum
porta
portas
portīs
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
2nd declension: campus, campi, m
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl campīs
campi
campo
campum
campo
campi
camporum
campus
campos
campīs
The form of the vocative case is identical to that of the nominative in every declension EXCEPT certain 2nd declension nouns, following these
rules:
-us → -e ex: Marcus → Marce-ius → –i ex: filius → fili
also, meus → mi
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
3rd declension: rex, regis, m
Singular Plural
Nom
Gen
Dat
Acc
Abl regibus
regis
regi
regem
rege
reges
regum
rex
reges
regibus
The form of neuter nouns follow the following rules in all declensions:
nom = acc nom/acc pl = -a
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Sg Pl
Nom caput capita
Gen capitis capitum
Dat capiti capitibus
Acc caput capita
Abl capite capitibus
There is a special group of 3rd declension nouns known as i-stems, which differ from other 3rd declensions like this:
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
M/F Sg Pl
Nom arx arces
Gen arcis arcium
Dat arci arcibus
Acc arcem arces
Abl arce arcibus
N Sg Pl
Nom mare maria
Gen maris
marium
Dat mari maribus
Acc mare maria
Abl mari maribus
There are some rules we have to help us remember which 3rd declension nouns are i-
stems:
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
M/Fnom. sg. ending in –is or –es, having the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive nom sg. in –s or –x w/ base in 2 consonants. Most of their nominatives are monosyllabic.
Nnom. sg. ending in –al, -ar, or –e
Ablative Uses
So far we’ve learned:
-w/ a preposition (SID SPACE)-means/instrument - NO preposition!-accompaniment - takes cum-manner - takes cum
Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE!
Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far we’ve learned 1st/2nd declension adjectives.
Don’t be confused by their names, ANY adjective can describe ANY noun of ANY declension, regardless of declension, as long as they AGREE IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE!
Adjectives
•Adjectives can be used as substantives.
•You get the stem of the adj from the feminine or neuter form.
•There’s a group of special –ius adjectives that have genitive singular in –ius and dative singular in –i.
Personal Pronouns•1st person sg: ego, mei, mihi, me, me•2nd person sg: tu, tui, tibi, te, te•1st person pl: nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos, nobis•2nd person pl: vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos, vobis
•Genitives of the 1st and 2nd person are NOT for possession. They were used as objective and partitive genitives.
–nostrum/vestrum = partitive–nostri/vestri = objective
• is, ea, id are used as 3rd person pronouns, and the genitives were often used for possession
•Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so they have no nominative case.
•For 1st and 2nd sg and pl, their forms are the same as the personal pronoun
•3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl Forms: --, sui, sibi, se, se
•Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus, noster, vester, and suus
Reflexive Pronouns
VerbsVerbs have five characteristics:1. Person
1st, 2nd, or 3rd?
2. Numbersingular or plural?
3. Tensepres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf?
4. Voiceactive or passive?
5. Moodindicative, imperative, or subjunctive?
VerbsVerbs are divided into four groups called conjugations.
1st conj. = -are2nd conj. = -ēre3rd conj. = -ere4th conj. = -ire
There’s also a subsection of the 3rd conjugation known as ‘3rd –io’ which often act like 4th conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in –ere.
VerbsThe personal endings of the verbs tell us its five characteristics.
What are the personal endings of the active voice?
-o or –m-s-t-mus-tis-nt
VerbsTo conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to the stem.
How do we find the present stem?What tenses are formed off the present stem?How do we find the perfect stem?What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?
Verbs: ImperativesThe singular imperative is just like the present stem. The plural has a –te added.
amare ama amatemonēre monē monēteagere age agiteaudire audi audite
There are 4 irregular imperativesduc, dic, fac, fer
Verbs: Present TenseTo form the present tense, just add the personal endings to the present stem.
amo moneo ago capio audio
amas mones agis capis audis
amat monet agit capit audit
amamus monemus agimus capimus audimus
amatis monetis agitis capitis auditis
amant monent agunt capiunt audiunt
Verbs: ImperfectThe imperfect tense is used for continuous or repetitive actions in the past.
To form the imperfect, stick the infix ‘ba’ in between the present stem and the personal endings.
Ex: laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc
3rd –io and 4th conj. verbs have an ‘e’ between the ‘i’ and the personal endings (capiebam, audiebam, etc)
Verbs: Future
1st and 2nd conjugations form the future with the infix ‘bi’(Remember: Bo will bunt)
In 3rd and 4th conjugations, the sign of the future tense is the vowel ‘e’ (‘a’ in 1st sg)Ex: agam, ages, aget, etc
Verbs: Future
Remember:In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use ‘bo,’
‘bi,’ ‘bu.’In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use ‘a’
and ‘e.’
Verbs: Sum and Possum
Presentsumesest
sumusestissunt
Futureeroeriserit
erimuseritiserunt
Imperfect
erameraserat
eramuseratiserantThe forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot-
in front of them.
Verbs: Sum and Possum
Presentpossumpotespotest
possumuspotestispossunt
Futurepoteropoterispoterit
poterimuspoteritispoterunt
Imperfectpoterampoteraspoterat
poteramuspoteratispoterant
The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them.
Where sum begins with an ‘s,’ the ‘t’ also turns into an ‘s.’
Presentpossumpotespotest
possumuspotestispossunt
Verbs: Perfect SystemTo find the stem, drop the –i off the 3rd principal part.
ENDINGSPerfect Active
IndicPluperfect
Active Indic
Future Perfect Active
Indic
Sg.
1st -i -eram -ero
2nd -isti -eras -eris
3rd -it -erat -erit
Pl.
1st -imus -eramus -erimus
2nd -istis -eratis -eritis
3rd -erunt -erant -erint
Verbs: Perfect SystemThe perfect is used to talk about an action in the past as a single, completed event.
The pluperfect and future perfect are used like they are in English, generally looking at
consequences of completed actions.
The perfect tenses are often used to discuss events relative, temporally, to
other events.
Verbs: Impf. and the Pf. Sys.
Tense Usage Latin example Eng. translation
Repetative, habitual, or ongoing event in
the past
I was praising, I used to praise
Event in the past that occurred before another event in the
past
I had praised
Completed event, or completed event
that has some bearing on the
present
I praised, I have praised
Event in the future that occurs before
another event in the future
I will have praised
Imperfect
Pluperfect
Perfect
laudavero
laudabam
laudaveram
laudavi
Future Perfect
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