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Why Latin?:

Rapid Review:Wheelock Chapters 1-

14

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Their function in the sentence is indicated by their case, not by the word order of the sentence.

There are six cases:Nominative GenitiveDative Accusative Ablative Vocative

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Besides case, nouns also have gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter.

They also have number: singular or plural.

So nouns have three important characteristics:

GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Nouns are divided into five groups called declensions. So far, we’ve learned the first 3 declensions (and we’ll learn the remaining 2 this semester, huzzah!)

Remember:

DECLENSION ≠ GENDER!

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

We can identify the declension of a noun by looking at the ending of its genitive singular.

To decline a noun, we add the appropriate case endings to the noun’s stem.

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

1st declension: porta, portae, f

Singular Plural

Nom

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl portīs

portae

portae

portam

portā

portae

portarum

porta

portas

portīs

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

2nd declension: campus, campi, m

Singular Plural

Nom

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl campīs

campi

campo

campum

campo

campi

camporum

campus

campos

campīs

The form of the vocative case is identical to that of the nominative in every declension EXCEPT certain 2nd declension nouns, following these

rules:

-us → -e ex: Marcus → Marce-ius → –i ex: filius → fili

also, meus → mi

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

3rd declension: rex, regis, m

Singular Plural

Nom

Gen

Dat

Acc

Abl regibus

regis

regi

regem

rege

reges

regum

rex

reges

regibus

The form of neuter nouns follow the following rules in all declensions:

nom = acc nom/acc pl = -a

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Sg Pl

Nom caput capita

Gen capitis capitum

Dat capiti capitibus

Acc caput capita

Abl capite capitibus

There is a special group of 3rd declension nouns known as i-stems, which differ from other 3rd declensions like this:

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

M/F Sg Pl

Nom arx arces

Gen arcis arcium

Dat arci arcibus

Acc arcem arces

Abl arce arcibus

N Sg Pl

Nom mare maria

Gen maris

marium

Dat mari maribus

Acc mare maria

Abl mari maribus

There are some rules we have to help us remember which 3rd declension nouns are i-

stems:

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

M/Fnom. sg. ending in –is or –es, having the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive nom sg. in –s or –x w/ base in 2 consonants. Most of their nominatives are monosyllabic.

Nnom. sg. ending in –al, -ar, or –e

Ablative Uses

So far we’ve learned:

-w/ a preposition (SID SPACE)-means/instrument - NO preposition!-accompaniment - takes cum-manner - takes cum

Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives

Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE!

Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far we’ve learned 1st/2nd declension adjectives.

Don’t be confused by their names, ANY adjective can describe ANY noun of ANY declension, regardless of declension, as long as they AGREE IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE!

Adjectives

•Adjectives can be used as substantives.

•You get the stem of the adj from the feminine or neuter form.

•There’s a group of special –ius adjectives that have genitive singular in –ius and dative singular in –i.

Personal Pronouns•1st person sg: ego, mei, mihi, me, me•2nd person sg: tu, tui, tibi, te, te•1st person pl: nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos, nobis•2nd person pl: vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos, vobis

•Genitives of the 1st and 2nd person are NOT for possession. They were used as objective and partitive genitives.

–nostrum/vestrum = partitive–nostri/vestri = objective

• is, ea, id are used as 3rd person pronouns, and the genitives were often used for possession

•Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so they have no nominative case.

•For 1st and 2nd sg and pl, their forms are the same as the personal pronoun

•3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl Forms: --, sui, sibi, se, se

•Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus, noster, vester, and suus

Reflexive Pronouns

VerbsVerbs have five characteristics:1. Person

1st, 2nd, or 3rd?

2. Numbersingular or plural?

3. Tensepres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf?

4. Voiceactive or passive?

5. Moodindicative, imperative, or subjunctive?

VerbsVerbs are divided into four groups called conjugations.

1st conj. = -are2nd conj. = -ēre3rd conj. = -ere4th conj. = -ire

There’s also a subsection of the 3rd conjugation known as ‘3rd –io’ which often act like 4th conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in –ere.

VerbsThe personal endings of the verbs tell us its five characteristics.

What are the personal endings of the active voice?

-o or –m-s-t-mus-tis-nt

VerbsTo conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to the stem.

How do we find the present stem?What tenses are formed off the present stem?How do we find the perfect stem?What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?

Verbs: ImperativesThe singular imperative is just like the present stem. The plural has a –te added.

amare ama amatemonēre monē monēteagere age agiteaudire audi audite

There are 4 irregular imperativesduc, dic, fac, fer

Verbs: Present TenseTo form the present tense, just add the personal endings to the present stem.

amo moneo ago capio audio

amas mones agis capis audis

amat monet agit capit audit

amamus monemus agimus capimus audimus

amatis monetis agitis capitis auditis

amant monent agunt capiunt audiunt

Verbs: ImperfectThe imperfect tense is used for continuous or repetitive actions in the past.

To form the imperfect, stick the infix ‘ba’ in between the present stem and the personal endings.

Ex: laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc

3rd –io and 4th conj. verbs have an ‘e’ between the ‘i’ and the personal endings (capiebam, audiebam, etc)

Verbs: Future

1st and 2nd conjugations form the future with the infix ‘bi’(Remember: Bo will bunt)

In 3rd and 4th conjugations, the sign of the future tense is the vowel ‘e’ (‘a’ in 1st sg)Ex: agam, ages, aget, etc

Verbs: Future

Remember:In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use ‘bo,’

‘bi,’ ‘bu.’In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use ‘a’

and ‘e.’

Verbs: Sum and Possum

Presentsumesest

sumusestissunt

Futureeroeriserit

erimuseritiserunt

Imperfect

erameraserat

eramuseratiserantThe forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot-

in front of them.

Verbs: Sum and Possum

Presentpossumpotespotest

possumuspotestispossunt

Futurepoteropoterispoterit

poterimuspoteritispoterunt

Imperfectpoterampoteraspoterat

poteramuspoteratispoterant

The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them.

Where sum begins with an ‘s,’ the ‘t’ also turns into an ‘s.’

Presentpossumpotespotest

possumuspotestispossunt

Verbs: Perfect SystemTo find the stem, drop the –i off the 3rd principal part.

ENDINGSPerfect Active

IndicPluperfect

Active Indic

Future Perfect Active

Indic

Sg.

1st -i -eram -ero

2nd -isti -eras -eris

3rd -it -erat -erit

Pl.

1st -imus -eramus -erimus

2nd -istis -eratis -eritis

3rd -erunt -erant -erint

Verbs: Perfect SystemThe perfect is used to talk about an action in the past as a single, completed event.

The pluperfect and future perfect are used like they are in English, generally looking at

consequences of completed actions.

The perfect tenses are often used to discuss events relative, temporally, to

other events.

Verbs: Impf. and the Pf. Sys.

Tense Usage Latin example Eng. translation

Repetative, habitual, or ongoing event in

the past

I was praising, I used to praise

Event in the past that occurred before another event in the

past

I had praised

Completed event, or completed event

that has some bearing on the

present

I praised, I have praised

Event in the future that occurs before

another event in the future

I will have praised

Imperfect

Pluperfect

Perfect

laudavero

laudabam

laudaveram

laudavi

Future Perfect