University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Physically effective fiber• Providing 5 pounds of feed particles over 0.75 inch
to 2 inches
• 550 to 600 minutes of cud-chewing activity per cow per day.
• 60 to 75% of cows at rest should be cud-chewing
• > 60 chews per bolus of feed.
• Rumen pH should be over 6.0
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Shredlage vs. Kernel Processing• Longitudinally ripped forage (increase surface area)
• Stalk pieces about the size of an alfalfa steam (1.25 inch TLC or 30 mm)
• Rhine of plant completely opened up.
• Smashed corn kernels
• Softer and fluffier.
University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignShredlage KPPhotos provided by Kevin Shinners, UW Madison, BSE
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Shredlage
Materials resulted from water separation technique done by Kevin Shinners, UW Madison, BSE
KP
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Penn State Separator Box(as-fed basis)
Screen, mm Shredlage KP
19 31.5% 5.6%8 41.5% 75.6%
1.18 26.2% 18.4%Pan 0.8% 0.4%
Luiz Ferraretto & Randy Shaver Dairy Science Department
Samples obtained during feed-out
from the silo bags
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Shredlage processor• Processor costs ~ $30,000
• Additional $25/hour to cover extra fuel & other costs– Estimated 2 gallons more fuel per hour
– Shredlage LLC recommends that custom operators charge $1.50-$2/ton
– Custom harvesters estimate roll replacement on one roll at 40,000-50,000 tons and maybe both rolls at 60,000-70,000 tons
Custom Harvesters Tell How Shredlage Works For ThemNew silage corn processing method is examined - Apr. 15, 2013 http://hayandforage.com/corn/custom-harvesters-tell-how-shredlage-works-them
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
MN
Field Trial 1
MN Field
Trial 2
WI Field
Trial 1
Lab Surve
y
WI Field
Trial 2Lab Survey
Testing Lab Dairyland Rock River Cumberlan
d Valley
Year 2005 - 2007 2011 2011 -2012
2010 -2012
2010 - 2011
No. of samples 252 55 29 258 64 311 1,131
KPS - - - - - - - - - - - -% of Samples by Processing Score- - - - - - -
Excellent
10%
8% 10% 17%
17% 16% 7%
Adequate
48%
76% 55% 68%
61% 62% 51%
Poor 42%
16% 35% 15%
22% 22% 42%
Kernel Processing Score
RD Shaver UW-Madison
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Kernel Processing Score
∆Worth 2 lb. Milk
or 2 lb. Corn
RD Shaver UW-Madison
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
% (as fed)
Penn State Separator
Top 2nd 3rd Bottom
TMR 10-15 > 40 < 30< 20
Haylage > 40> 40<20 < 5
Corn silage 5-15 > 50 <30< 5(3/4 TLC-Process)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Never Give Up Milk• 1 lb of dry matter cost $0.12
• Milk price is $0.20 per pound
• Good cows produce 2 lb of milk per 1 lb of DM
• Profit: $0.28 cents per cow per pound of DM
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Value of Milk Components(Prices for November, 2013)
• Holstein herd: 70 lb milk, 3.5% fat , and 2.9% true protein corrected to 3.7% fat and 3.0% true protein
• 70 lb x 0.2% point increase = 0.14 lb of milk fat x $1.63 / lb fat =
$0.23• 70 lb x 0.1% point increase milk protein
= 0.07 lb protein x $3.63 / lb = $0.25
• Profit potential: $0.48
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Milk Fat and Milk Protein Relationship(Hoard’s Dairyman—Aug, 2013)
Fat % Protein %Protein vs Fat
Fat vs Protein
Ayrshire 3.86 3.17 80% 1.22
Brown Swiss 3.96 3.30 83% 1.22
Guernsey 4.49 3.31 74% 1.36
Holstein 3.70 3.02 82% 1.23
Jersey 4.75 3.64 77% 1.30
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Case Study: U of IL Dairy Farm
Item Added Value /cwt
• Milk fat is 3.9% + 23 cents
• Milk true protein is 3.1% + 25 cents
• Milk quality premium + 83 cents
• rBST premium not to use + 59 cents
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ever-Green-View My 1326 E.T.Owned by Thomas Kestell, Waldo, WI
National Milk Production Cow
72,171 lb (32,805 liters) of milk
2728 lb @ 3.78%
2143 lb of true protein @ 2.97%
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Looking Ahead to 2014• Corn: $4.50/bushel
• Corn silage: $45 to $50 a ton
• Alfalfa hay: $250 a ton
• Soybean meal: $400 a ton
• Distillers grain: $200 a ton
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Feed Prices Used Feeds 2013 2014Corn silage (per ton) $60 $45
Alfalfa (per ton) $300+ $250
Corn grain (bushel) $6.40 $5.00
Fuzzy cottonseed (ton) $350 $400
Corn gluten feed (ton) $200 $180
Soybean meal ( ton) $400 $450
Corn distillers grain (ton) $200 $200
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Feed Benchmarks--2014 lb DM $/ lb DM $ / day
Forages 28 .105 2.94
Grain energy 10 .104 1.04
By-product 5.5 .14 0.77
Protein supp 5.5 .17 0.93
Min/vit/additive 1.0 .40 0.40
Ration building 0.10
Total 50 6.18
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Feeding Economics--2014
Feed costs per cow per day $6.18
Feed cost per lb DM $0.12
Milk Production 80 lb 70 lb
Feed cost per cwt $ 7.73 $ 8.83
Income over feed costs ($19) $11.27 $ 10.17
Feed efficiency (lb milk/lb DM) 1.60 1.40
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Economics of Feed Efficiency(70 lb milk, 12 cent lb DM)
Feed efficiency DMI Difference (lb milk/lb DM) (lb/day) (savings/day)
1.3054$0.48
1.4050$0.36
1.5047
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Dairy EfficiencyDairy Efficiency: Pounds of fat correctedmilk divided by pounds of DM consumed
High group, mature cows > 1.7 High group, 1st lactation > 1.6Low group > 1.3One group TMR herds > 1.5Fresh cows < 1.5Concern (one group) < 1.3
Example: 75 lb milk / 50 lb DMI = 1.5
3.5% FCM = (0.4324 x lb of milk) + (16.216 x lb of milk fat)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
FeedVal 2012
• Allows you to use local prices
• Select nutrient values important to you
• Indicates values of feeds based on other available feeds
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Breakeven
Prices
Dec, 2013, IL,
FeedVal 2012
Feed Current Breakeven
Shelled corn $4.40/bu $6.20/bu
SBM—49% $499/t $523/t
Corn silage $ 43/t $ 78/t
High qual alfalfa $250/t $180/t
Low qual alfalfa $150/t $132/t
Corn stalks $ 80/t $55/t
Straw $100/t $80/t
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Feed Current Breakeven
Distillers grain $215$387
Corn gluten feed $178$265
Soy hulls $200$212
Fuzzy cottonseed $338$247
Wheat midds $195$215
Beet pulp $270$193
Breakeven
Prices
Dec, 2013, IL,
FeedVal 2012
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Software Spreadsheet• http://dairymgt.info
• Select: tools
• Select: feeding
• Click on: feedval 2012
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
U.S. Feed Additive Use (2013 Hoard’s Market Survey
2006 2012Buffers 41 39Yeast/yeast culture 28 32Rumensin 15 25Niacin 9 12Probiotics 11 12Mycotoxin binders 11 23Anionic products 3 6Don’t use 11 9
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Additives Recommended• Rumen buffers
• Yeast culture/yeast products
• Monensin (Rumensin)
• Silage inoculants
• Biotin
• Organic trace minerals
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Hutjens Priority1. Rumen impact
1a Rumensin
1b Yeast and yeast culture
1c Sodium bicarb/S-carb
2 Silage inoculants
3. Organic trace minerals (Zn, Se, & Cu)
4. Biotin
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Hutjens “As Needs” List• Propylene glycol (300 to 500 ml)
• Calcium propionate (150 grams)
• Niacin (3 g protected; 3 g unprotected)
• Mycotoxin binders (clay mineral or yeast cell MOS compounds)
• Protected choline (15 g per day)
• Anionic products / salts (amount varies)
• Acid-based preservatives (baled hay and high moisture corn (0.5 to 1%)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Cost of Raising Heifers(33 WI operations in 2013)
• Feed costs $1046• Labor and mgmt costs $ 333• Variable costs $ 274• Fixed costs $ 209• Total $1,862 (Add calf value and calf costs of $363)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Looking Back
1999 2007 2013Total Cost $1099 $1323 $1863
Daily Cost $1.61 $2.04 $3.04
Days on Feed 683 648 611
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Economics of Age and Weight
Weight Age (mo) Total Cost/Day240 2.5 $2.15400 5.5 $2.79
610 10.0 $2.63
840 13.5 $3.081050 18.0 $3.371170 22.0 $3.93
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Points to Ponder• Do you raise all female replacement heifers?
• Does genomics allow identification of superior animals?
• Do you use sexed semen on the best heifers and cows?
• Do you breed the bottom 1/3 cows to beef bulls?
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Economics of Three Production Groups
Milk yield Feed cost DMI Cost
(lb/cow) ($/cow/day) (lb/day) ($/lb DM) 85 6.58 49.8 0.132
76 5.05 42.7 0.112
41 3.80 35.3 0.107
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Economics of 85 lb vs. 76 lb TMR
1. Savings with two rations approach is $1.53
2. Adjusting for lower DMI $0.86
(42.7 lb x 13.2 cent/lb = $5.64 day
(42.7 lb x 11.2 cent lb = $4.78 day
3. Milk loss when shifting cows (4 lb @ 19 cents) $0.76
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Grouping Software Program
• Dr. Victor Cabrera, U of WI
• Compare one group vs. to 2, 3, or 4 groups
• Download your DHI herd data (milk yield, components, DIM, and body weight)
• Protein and energy costs
• Current milk prices
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Grouping Software Program• Enter the loss of milk yield per cow
• Number of days of lost milk production
• Added costs of mixing rations
• Savings on additives
• Comparison of IOFC:
– Cluster (cows with similar needs)
– Dairy Merit (milk yield and body weight at .075 power)
– FCM (fat corrected milk)
– DIM (days in milk)
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ration Selection• Cluster approach
• Four lactating groups
• 120/120/120/110 cows per group– 16.5% CP 0.73 Mcal / lb DM– 15.1%CP 0.68 Mcal / lb DM– 14.4%CP 0.66 Mcal / lb DM– 13.2%CP 0.62 Mcal / lb DM
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Economic Comparisons• 1 vs 2 group $ 27,628 per year
• 1 vs 4 group $103,957 per year
• 2 groups– 300 / 170 $1,359,105– 100 / 370 $1,346,952– 235 / 235 $1,359,108
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Software Spreadsheet• http://dairymgt.info
• Select: tools
• Select: feeding
• Click on: grouping strategies
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Control / Measuring Shrink• Measuring weigh-backs (1% to 2%)
• Reducing feed losses– Forages (5 to 35%)– Concentrates (2 to 10%)– By-products (5 to 10%
• Environment: moisture, wind , birds, mold
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Must Use Silage Inoculants• 3% improvement in dry matter recovery
• 2% increase in digestibility
• Benefit to cost ratio ($1 per ton)– 3 : 1 on nutrient preserved– 8: 1 when fed to high producing cows
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Oxygen Barrier Covering• 60 times more reduction in oxygen penetration in wet
silage (using OTR or oxygen transfer rate comparisons)
• Reduces DM loss by 50% in the top 1.5 to 3 feet of silage
• Results in a 2 to 5% savings in dry matter retained
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Take Home Messages
• Cows are always “talking” to us
• Select areas that may give you the biggest “bang” for your time
• Monitor values so when changes occur, you / we have a base line
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Make Economic-Based Long Term Correct Decisions• Maintain a solid mineral program
• Holstein heifers must gain 1.6 – 1.8 lb / day
• SCC must be below 200,000
• Days open must by under 120 days
• Accelerated calf program is a must
• Select additives that pay
• Consider a low group TMR
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Feed Changes: Cow Responses
• Change in MUN by 3 units (8 to 12)• Change in manure score by one unit (3.0)• Change in body condition score by 0.5 (3.0)• Change > 3 lb of management level milk• Change > 0.2 % milk fat unit• Change > 0.1% milk protein unit• Change 2 lb of dry matter intake
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
http://www.livestocktrail.illinois.edu/
http://www.livestocktrail.illinois.edu/dairynet/
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