UNIT 2

(I) HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT STUDIES:

Ancient classical

Medieval

Renaissance

Industrial

MEDIEVAL PERIOD :

It is the period from the 8th to 12th century in political life of India and is particularly

dominated by the presence of large number of states. Medieval India refers to the Post classical

Era, i.e. 7th to 18th century in the Indian subcontinent. It is divided into two periods: The 'early

medieval period' which lasted from the 7th to the 13th century and the 'late medieval period'

which lasted from the 13th to the 18th century

Pondicherry (medieval india) :

o Introduction;

o History of pondicherry;

o Transition of powers;

o Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce; architecture and planning;

o Present settlement;

o Conclusion.

Introduction :

Pondicherry or Puducherry is a city, an urban agglomeration and a municipality in

Pondicherry district in the Indian union territory of Puducherry. It is affectionately

known as Pondy, and has been officially known by the alternative name Puducherry

since 2006.

The City of Puducherry itself does not have a vishva history from antiquity.

Puducherry has history recorded only after the advent of the Colonial Powers like the

Dutch, Portuguese, English and the French.

Though nearby places like Arikamedu, Ariyankuppam, Kakayanthoppe, Villianur,

Bahur which were annexed by the French East India Company over a period of time

and which became the Union Territory of Puducherry after Independence have history

predating the Colonial History.

Puducherrry is on the east coast, about 162 kms. south of Chennai. (area - 290

Sq.Kms.).

Puducherry, the mystical place that attracts thousands of tourists every year was

discovered by Romans in 200 B.C.

History :

The Portuguese established a factory in the 16th century. But the ruler of Gingee (The

Vijayanagra empire) forced them out in the same century. The Dutch who found this place

attractive established their presence in the 17th century. Then came the French who really

defined this place in 1654. The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, of the 1st century, mentions a

marketplace named Poduke or Poduca (Ch. 60) that G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly

being Arikamedu (now part of Ariyankuppam), about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the modern city

of Pondicherry. (Archaeological excavations between 1944 and 1949). Puducherry was

apparently an important element of Roman trade with India.

Transition of powers:

At the beginning of the 4th century AD the Puducherry area was part of the Pallava Kingdom

of Kanchipuram. During the following centuries different southern dynasties controlled

Puducherry: in the 10th century AD. The Cholas of Thanjavur took over, only to be replaced

by the Pandya Kingdom in the 13th century. After a brief invasion by the Muslim rulers of the

North, who established the Sultanate of Madurai, the Vijayanagar Empire took control of

almost all the South of India and lasted till 1638, when the Sultan of Bijapur began to rule over

Gingee.

Rival Empires of Trade in the Orient 1600-1800 : The French ruled this territory for 300 years,

and today, it stands as a living monument of the French culture in India. It was the site of

conflict between the British and the French, and was the capital of French India, before it

attained its independence. In the 1690s there was little concern with French competition. Yet

France constituted the "largest market for the textiles and spices" brought back from the East.

It was not until1700 (after many years of peace and enormous profits) that the company were

considered to be on a solid financial footing. The Companies was modelled on the Dutch, yet

the merchants feared the whole enterprise might be controlled by the King.

Rival Empires II : The activities were chiefly focused on the Coromandel coast, the company

placed its hopes on the piece goods trade. Pondicherry important "because piece goods and

other wares can be got there at first hand and cheaper than anywhere else in India". The French

East India companies, excluding Calonnes private company, were primarily political and not

economic enterprises. The Dutch bombarded Pondicherry in 1693 and the French fled to

Ceylon and after six years the French finally re-entered. Martin was adamant to return

Pondicherry to its former glory, with fortifications, trading associations, the acquisition of fine

looms. The French were plagued with bad luck with their maritime missions. Extreme financial

difficulties, incompetent directors, wars back in Europe which diverted ships and affected

communications.

Fortunes a faire : The new French Company inherited two settlements in India from its

predecessor, one of which was Pondicherry. Unlike the English with different presidencies to

control different regions of India, the French company formed a single administration unit with

the superior council based at Pondicherry. The number of French in India in 1st half of 18th

century was difficult to determine. In the 1690s estimate there were 200 French in

Pondicherry. Jesuit missionaries calculate that there were 2000 Christians in 1703 out of

population of 30,000, by 1753 there were 4000 Christians out of pop of 102,000.

Fortunes a faire I : At Pondicherry in 1727 a company of 120 men consisted of 40 topasses,

Indian Christians who served alongside Europeans. 4 companies were stationed in Pondicherry

which with their officers and a small battery of artillery numbered 364 Europeans and 160

topasses. There were traders and artisans who came in the wake of the company of its

employees, often soldiers after serving their term remained in India. Noel Jallobert was a

jeweller based in Pondicherry. Innkeepers, carpenters, wigmakers and booksellers are

mentioned, indicating the development of services inseparable from any small French town.

Missionaries, company anxious to appoint their own chaplains. Choice normally fell on the

Capucins who held the office at Pondicherry. Although Jesuits were also in Pondicherry after

being ejected from Siam in 1689, who competed for influence. Pondicherry took over supply

of piece goods preciously drawn from Gujarat. Textiles, pepper, coffee, saltpetre bulk cargo

from France but Indian textiles most in demand, coarser cloth come from Coromandel coast.

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce; architecture and planning :

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce in the french in East indies : French expansion in

India brought large numbers of troops to Pondicherry. At this time Pondicherry saw its territory

increase by some ten leagues and 80 villages. Pondicherry was the chief settlement of the

French in India. All the merchandise purchased at Karikal, Yanam and Masulipatnam is taken

to Pondicherry. The Town rose from small beginnings, it became in time large, powerful and

famous. Its streets, all quite straight and mostly very wide, were flanked by two rows of trees.

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce II : One mosque, two pagodas, two churches and

the government building, considered as the most magnificent edifice in the east, were all

noteworthy public monuments. A small citadel had been constructed in 1704 but had become

useless once permission had been given to build houses all around it. To replace this defence 3

sides of the town had been fortified with a rampart, a moat, bastions and a glacis (artificial

slope of earth), incomplete in places. The roadstead was defended by batteries.

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce III : The town, with a circumference of more then a

league, had 70,000 inhabitants, of these 4000 were Europeans or of mixed race and at most

10,000 Muslims. The remainder were Indians of whom 15,000 were Christians while others

belonged to 17 or 18 different castes. Three villages dependent on the town had a combined

population of some 10,000.

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce IV : Although the town is without a harbour, it had

the advantage of a much more commodious roadstead. Ships are able to moor near the shore,

under the protection of the cannon from the fortifications. Its territory is only infertile sand on

the coast but most of it is suitable for cultivation of rice and vegetables. Two small rivers that

flow through the land providing water which is excellent for dyes, especially blue. Three miles

from the town is a hill, 600 feet in height which acts as a landmark for mariners, an advantage

on a coast which is generally low. Colony favourably placed to receive the provisions and

merchandise of Carnatic, Mysore and Tanjore.

Voyages, settlements, wars and commerce V : Once the British took possession of Pondicherry

they shipped to Europe not just the garrison but in addition all the French in the service of the

company. They carried their revenge further, Pondicherry was destroyed, the magnificent town

was reduced to a heap of rubble. However due to its strategic location the French decided to

rebuild Pondicherry. When agents arrived on the 11th April 1765 unhappy Indians flocked

back after being scattered by war. By beginnings of 1770 there were 27,000 of Indians living

in Pondicherry who had rebuild their old homes from the ruins.

Port at Pondicherry during French settlement

Railways during French settlement

Pondi railway station Rajbhavan at Pondicherry

Overview of Pondicherry during French settlement

The settlement pattern which has different quarters for different set of people from various part of country

to settle here in pondicherry, which has been very strong and appealing.

The present settlement of Pondicherry which evidently shows that settlement remains same through course of

time, it has improved a lot with grid planning structure.

Settlement pattern implemented by French. They made initial start as grid planning before 1740.

Map of Pondicherry in 1741, after Joseph Francois Dupleixs( governor of French India)

arrival. the grid planning has improved a lot it is been spread out all over in a suttled way

.

Present conditions :

City features :

Architecture: The French built houses at the French quarter is otherwise called the

Ville Blanche.

Road plan: A typical French style; grid plan where the streets meet each other at right

angles.

Street names: Carry respective names at the French / Indian quarter like Rue Dumas

and Bharathy Street.

Furniture: Franco Pondicherrian furniture are famous for its style and finish.

Cuisine: Is known for original French cuisine with Poulet, Poisson and Crevette. It

attracts a lot of tourists during January for the Gourmet Festival.

Language: Thousands of ethnic Indians retain their French citizenship and are in

command of the language that has become part of everyday slang like; Bonjour.

Architecture and planning :

Pondicherry is a city with a rich cultural diversity, a major reason being the cross-

cultural Indo-French influence.

The boulevard town has significant architectural heritage that can be seen in its well

planned, grid-patterned layout comprising the two distinct settlements - French and

Tamil.

The Government Square is the only major green space in Pondicherry within the

boulevards, surrounded by public buildings.

The contrasting French and Tamil styles, and in many cases a harmonious blend of

the two, are a special feature of the town.

French streets were characterized by mansion-type houses with garden and courtyards

behind ornate gateways, while the Tamil streets were recognized by their tiled lean-to

verandas (thalvarams) and thinnais.

A synthesis of these two styles has resulted in a town with a unique "Franco-Tamil"

architectural identity.

Tamil quarter :

Originally the native Tamil town developed around the nucleus of a group of temples

in the northern section, and the streets were laid along the east-west axis, onto which

the back-to-back rows of houses opened.

These streetscapes with continuous wall-to-wall construction are very different in

character from the French streetscapes.

Their exterior faades mainly feature a thalvaram (street veranda with a lean-to roof

over wooden posts), which acts as a social extension of the house providing shelter

for pedestrians - and a thinnai (semi-public veranda space) with masonry benches for

visitors and pilgrims.

These talking-streets, so called because of their intimate scale and interactive

nature, are typical of vernacular Tamil architecture, and

The entire street stretch is homogeneous because of connecting elements such as lean-

to roofs, cornices (horizontals), and plasters and engaged columns (verticals) with

ornamental parapets, which define the skyline.

All houses are similar, but no two houses are exactly the same.

The thinnai marks the sensitive transition space after which the house is entered

through a finely carved wooden door.

Once inside, the mutram (a colonnaded courtyard) becomes the central family space

around which the various other spaces are functionally arranged. Some houses have

several courtyards.

French quarter :

The French quarter developed along the beach and around the present Bharathi Park,

which is surrounded by stately government buildings.

Residential villas extend on either side interspersed by institutional structures. In

general the buildings fall into two main categories.

The residential buildings are simple and varied and form the majority, and the public

buildings are set amidst large plots with fenced enclosures.

The French building models were adapted to suit local climatic conditions.

The residential street faades are usually characterised by continuous wall-to-wall

construction with high garden walls and elaborate gateways.

The faades are divided into smaller panels by the use of vertical pilasters and

horizontal cornices, and feature flat or segmental arched windows with bands and

louvered wooden shutters.

Wooden balconies over iron brackets and continuous parapets with simple ornamental

features are also common.

Most French houses were built on similar ground plans with few variations and with

full or partial street frontage.

The main faades have colonnaded porticoes to provide better protection from sun

and rain, and also act as a transition space to the garden court.

A major change from the original French model is the use of flat terraced roofs

instead of the pitched roofs of the Parisian villas.

The walled gardens form private interior courts onto which the rest of the building

spaces open.

The interiors of the houses are usually more ornate than the exterior. High ceilings,

tall arched doors and windows define the rooms, and in the case of two-storey

buildings, vaulted staircases wind upwards. Often the inclined windows shades were

made of light materials like wood or metal.

Special features :

The main faades have colonnaded porticoes to provide better protection from sun and

rain, and also act as a transition space to the garden court.

A major change from the original French model is the use of flat terraced roofs instead

of the pitched roofs of the Parisian villas.

The walled gardens form private interior courts onto which the rest of the building

spaces open.

The interiors of the houses are usually more ornate than the exterior. High ceilings, tall

arched doors and windows define the rooms, and in the case of two-storey buildings,

vaulted staircases wind upwards. Often the inclined windows shades were made of light

materials like wood or metal.

Option given to choose Indian/French nationality. Puducherry has about 50000 French

nationals of Indian origin.

Area of UT of Puducherry is 480 Sq. kms. and has a population of 9,74,345 . The ratio

of male and female is 1000 : 1001.

Major types of soil Red loam, Coastal deltaic alluvium, Red laterite. The mean

maximum temperature is 38.2OC and minimum is 24OC. Major source of rainfall is

from North-East monsoon.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

Introduction

Renaissance architecture is the architecture of the period between the early 15th and

early 17th centuries in different regions of Europe, in which there was a conscious

revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought and

material culture. Stylistically, Renaissance architecture followed Gothic architecture

and was succeeded by Baroque architecture.

The Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the

regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and

in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained. Orderly

arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches,

hemispherical domes, niches and aedicule replaced the more complex proportional

systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.

Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its innovators, the

Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany,

England, Russia and elsewhere.

Brief history

Medieval cities have narrow winding streets converging on a market square with a

cathedral and city hall. Many cities of this period display this pattern, the product of

thousands of incremental additions to the urban fabric.

However, new towns seeded throughout undeveloped regions of Europe were based

upon the familiar grid. In other case, large encircling walls were built for defense

against marauding armies; new walls enclosing more land were built as the city

expanded and outgrew its former container.

During the Renaissance, architects began to systematically study the shaping of urban

space, as though the city itself were a piece of architecture that could be given an

aesthetically pleasing and functional order.

Many of the great public spaces of Rome and other Italian cities date from this era.

Parts of old cities were rebuilt to create elegant squares, long street vistas, and

symmetrical building arrangements.

Responding to advances in firearms during the fifteenth century, new city walls were

designed with large earthworks to deflect artillery, and star-shaped points to provide

defenders with sweeping lines of fire.

Spanish colonial cities in the New World were built according to rules codified in the

Laws of the Indies of 1573, specifying an orderly grid of streets with a central plaza,

defensive wall, and uniform building style.

Baroque city is associated with the emergence of great nation-states between 1600 and

1750. Ambitious monarchs constructed new palaces, courts, and bureaucratic offices.

The grand scale was sought in urban public spaces: long avenues, radial street networks,

monumental squares, geometric parks and gardens. Versailles is a clear expression of

this city-building model; Washington, D.C. is an example from the United States.

Baroque principles of urban design were used by Baron Haussmann in his celebrated

restructuring of Paris between 1853 and 1870. Haussmann carved broad new

thoroughfares through the tangled web of old Parisian streets, linking major sub centers

of the city with one another in a pattern which has served as a model for many other

modernization plans.

Example:- venice

Venice is one of the foremost cities of the Italian Renaissance

Venice (Italian: Venezia) Located In Northern Italy On The Adriatic Sea

The City Is Really A Cluster Of 118 Islands -In A Marshy Venetian Lagoon Along The

Adriatic Sea.

Islands Are Connected By Bridges And Land Areas That Constitute The City Of

Venice.

Population : 271,251

History/Significance of the Navy

Venice gained control of the Adriatic Sea - established out posts, and became a staging

area of the Crusades

In 1275 the Venetian, Marco Polo reached Beijing-opening a trade route between

Europe and the far east.

Venice was successful city because the leaders created a powerful Navy

The navy was able to gain control of the trade routes of the Mediterranean Sea

The Venetians maintained hundreds of merchant ships, warships and thousands of

sailors.

The cities navy made it impossible to attack Venice

Other names for venice are

La Dominante (The Leader)

Serenissima (The Most Serene)

The City Of Water

The City Of Bridges

The City Of Light and The City Of Romance

Transporatation as city planning focus

150 Canals, 400 Bridges Built are on an Archipelago of 118 Islands. The Canals Serve The

Function Of Roads.

Forms Of Transportation Are Either On The Water By Water Taxi (Gondola) Or On Foot

Along The Many Streets On The Various Islands.

Cars Have No Place In Venice

In The 20th Century, A Causeway Was Developed That Led To Train Service From Europe

To Venice.

Its City Plan Is Parallel With The Emergence Of A Strong City-state.Strict Zoning Is Present

And Land Use Is Divided Into Several Functions. Separation Of Public Space From Private

Space.

The Centre Is Usually Public And Commercial. In Venice, The Centre Is The Piazza San

Marco.

All Of The Roads In Venice, It Should Be Mentioned, Radiate Out From The Piazza (The

Public Square) Which Defines The Centre Of The City.

The Architecture Of Venice Differs From Many European Cities. In Normal Cities, The

Facades Of The Buildings Face The Road, But In Venice, These Face The Canals And

Waterways.

Many Of These Facades Are Impressive In Architectural Design. Most Houses In Venice

Are Three Storey Buildings.

The Six Districts That Mark The Cultural Spaces Of Venice.

1.Cannaregio---Northerly District.

The Name Is Derived From The Canne(canes Or Reeds) That Grew Here Centuries Ago.The

Waterway is the Entry Point For Most Visitors To Venice. Over A Third Of The Population

Of The City (40,000) Lives In This District. The Famous Marco Polo And His Family Lived

Here.

2.SanPolo

One Of The Liveliest Districts In The City With Its Market Stalls, Small Shops, And Local

Bars.

Traditionally a market area, A Commercial Center For Bankers And Brokers. The Rialto

Bridge (From Rivo Alto High Bank) Is A Major Entrance Way Into Venice Over The Grand

Canal

3.SanMarco

The Home Of The Political And The Judicial Centres Of Venice.

Home To The Spanish And Austrian Embassies.

4.Dorsoduro

The Settlement Was Founded By Fishermen formed during The First Half Of The Millennium.

5SantaCroce

This District Lies North Of San Polo. Both Santa Croce And San Polo Are Traversed By The

Grand Canal.

6.Castello

The Largest District In The City, The Name Of This District Comes From The 8th Century

Fortress That Once Stood There. The Industrial Hub Of The District Was The Arsenal

Some Of Cultural Landscapes Of The Venetian Archipelago:

1.Murano

This island is a renowned glass-making center. In 1291, glass making furnaces were removed

from Venice to protect the city against fire hazards. The island is a miniature Venice in many

ways. It is self-governed and mints its own coins. The population is about 30,000.

2.Burano

The people of Burano are lace makers and fisherman. The waterways are lined with brightly

painted houses.

3.Mazzorbo

This island is linked to Burano by a foot bridge. It is an island of orchards and gardens.

4.SanMichele

The island of serves as the cemetery for Venice. Is the largest island in the Venetian lagoon but

it is also sparsely populated.

5.Giudecca

This island is full of palaces and gardens. built to celebrate the end of the plague. .

6.SanServolo

This is one of the original monastery islands of Venice. The Benedictine monks established

themselves in this locate in the 8th century.

7.San Giorgio Maggiore

There is a Benedictine monastery and a church on this island that goes back to the 9th

century.

8.Santa Maria della Grazia

It was a shelter for pilgrims on the way to the Holy Lands. Later, it became a monastery

island.

9.Lido

This island forms a natural barrier between Venice and the open sea. There are little or no

inhabitants.

10.Le Vignole

This island guards the entrance to the lagoon.

11.San Lazzaro degli Armeni

It is a green monastery island that once served as an asylum for lepers.

12.Torcello

This was once an important Roman town. Its lagoon is choked with mud flats and marshes. It

is now an abandoned island.

Lagoons of Venice (in brief)

Venice lies within a lagoon that is surrounded by other islands.

Each has its own history and its own points of interest.

Murano is among the most interesting of these islands.

It is known for glass making. Burano is noted for its delicate laces.

San Michele serves as the cemetery for the region.

The City-state Of Venice

The City-state Of Venice

Venice And Florence Were Two Centres Of Power And Wealth That Became The

Cradle Of The Renaissance. Florence, The City Of Flowers, Did Well In Textiles And

Banking. Equally Important Was Venice.

In The 5th Century, People Settled On A Group Of Islands On The North-eastern Edge

Of The Italian Peninsula Where Shipbuilding Was The Primary Industry.

By The 13th Century, The City Became Rich N Most Prosperous In Europe By

Collecting Taxes On All Merchandise Brought Into Its Harbour. Built Huge Warships

That Protected The Valuable Cargo Of Its Merchant Ships From Pirate Raids. Vastness

In Wealth From Trade.

Naming Venice

The First Postmaster Was Darwin Curry.The Curry And Higel Families Chose The Name

Venice For Their Community Post Office, Located In Southside.

The Settlement Of Venice Occurred Slowly Venice Remained A Small Fishing Resort And

Farming Community Through The First Part Of The 1920s.

First Settlers, In The 1870s,

Richard Roberts and his orange grove near beach,.Sold A Portion Of His Holdings To Frank

Higel in 1884 The Higel Family Established A Citrus Operation Involving The Production Of

Several Lines Of Canned Citrus Items. For The Next 30 Years, The Higel Family Members

Were Boat Builders, Fishermen, Grove Caretakers And Contractors.

A City Is Born!

On June 10, 1926, The First Street In Venice Opened. By Mid-june, The First Phase Was

Complete With 6 Miles Of Graded Streets And A Mile Of 7-foot-wide Sidewalks And Gutters.

The Key Feature Of The Venice Plan Designated Venice Avenue As A 200-foot Boulevard

With A 100-foot Parkway In The Centres Terminating In A Plaza On The Beach.It Was The

Gateway To Venice Beach.

Early Developments By Landowners And Business People !

1911, Bertha Honore Palmer (Mrs. Potter Palmer), A Chicago Businesswoman

Venice-sarasota Company

1925, Dr. Fred H. Albee, A Well-known Orthopedic Surgeon

John Nolen, A World-renowned City Planner

Brotherhood Of Locomotive Engineers

1926, George A. Fuller, A Contractor

The New York Architectural Firm Of Walker And Gillette, As Supervising Architects

Prentiss French, Landscape Architect.

"Floating City" Of Romance And Gondolas,

It is Slowly Sinking Into Its Watery Foundations.The Influence Of Natural Causes Of The

Sinking,

Due To Compaction Of The Sediments On Which The City Is Built, Versus Man-made Ones,

Such As Building Restoration.

Pumping Of Groundwater From Beneath Venice Was Causing The City To Setatle Into The

Earth. The Pumping And Its Effects Have Long Since Stopped, But The City Continues To

Sink.

It's More "Underwater" Than "Above The Water" Due To The Phenomenon Of "Acqua Alta

"Acqua Alta" (Literally Means High Water In Italian), Occurs During High And Spring Tide.

Flooding Of The Most Low-lying Areas Of Venice, Or, In More Severe Cases, Up To 96% Of

The City.

Architecture

Venice Is Unique, Creating A Community With Character.Buildings Had To Be Constructed

In The Northern Italian Renaissance Architectural Style.

The Venice Standards Included

The Use Of Sloping Roofs With Colored Tile And Smooth Stucco

Awning Colors Were Regulated

Houses, Were Generally Painted White Or Light Tones

Window And Door Placements Were Also Regulated

The Setting Of The Building Was Also Reviewed Including Setback, Orientation And

Relationship To Neighbouring Building

Schools And Children Make A Community

By January 1927,

128,065 Feet Of Sidewalks

14,195 Feet Of Storm-water Pipes

83,563 Cubic Feet Of Paving

5 Miles Of Electric Lines

2 Miles Of Street Lights

21 Miles Of Drainage Ditches

Were Completed.

Government Is Formed In December 1926. On May 9, 1927, The State Legislature

Changed The Designation Of Venice From Town To City.

INDUSTRIAL SETTLEMENT

Large scale industrial development created huge employment opportunities which boosted the

population growth around them. Settlements sprang up around these industries or planned

settlements were started around them. One such example is the Neyveli township.

During the late 18th and 19th centuries, many cities in Britain such as Glasgow, London

andManchester also began to expand rapidly as industries were set up, initially on the edge of

the town. People were attracted into these settlements for work and zones of housing grew up

near the factories and industrial areas. The Industrial Revolution during the 19th century

allowed Glasgow to grow rapidly.

The Industrial zone has a key relationship with contemporary settlement. Industrial activities

require a workforce; sometimes this will be drawn to a new area by the promise of work, or the

industry will develop near to an existing centre of population. The Industrial Settlements and

Planned Industrial Settlements zones are settlements that specifically developed alongside

local industries. Such settlements were mainly related to coal mining, the iron, glass, wool,

linen and steel industries played significant parts in their expansion.

NEYVELI TOWNSHIP

Neyveli is a mining and power generation township in Cuddalore district in

the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is 62 kilometres (39 mi) inland from Bay of Bengal, west

of Pondicherryand 197 kilometres (122 mi) south of Chennai, located 8 kilometres (5.0 mi)

west of Vadalur. The Neyveli Township was developed after mining of lignite started under

the Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) in 1956 some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the

original Neyveli Village . Today the Township covers 53 square kilometres provide around

18,000 houses for the employees.

The Township of Neyveli is one of the modern, well-planned townships in India, and can be

compared to the likes of Chandigarh, New York. The township was in fact planned just like

the city of Chandigarh, New York City with the township being sub-divided into 'blocks'. There

are 32 blocks in total. Each block is 1000 m by 700 m in size. The main roads of Neyveli

Township dividing each of the blocks by double-lane modern roads are constructed with

rubberised top layer. The housing quarters are around 15,000 in number and vary between

hostel-type buildings with 6 apartments to individual two-floor single cottage type quarters.

The houses were originally constructed using concrete, while newer buildings are constructed

using 'hollow blocks' cast from flyash which is a by-product of lignite. The technique is being

used as an initiative to re-use the by-products of lignite effectively.

Neyveli Township can be termed as one of the modern industrial townships of India, with

round-the-clock, water and electricity facilities. It also uses well-maintained, underground

sanitation system, unlike some of the other cities in Tamil Nadu. At the dawn of the new

millennium, the overhead communication cables were replaced by the underground cable

communication system, with state-of-the-art optical cables. Neyveli Township has its own

telecom system, complete with company-owned telephone exchanges, for faster

communication between employees of the township.

Neyveli also have 2,000 temporary Housing quarters near Neyveli Railway station namely M.K

Colony, G.K Colony, Sainik Quarters, J.E Quarters & Thandavankuppam Colony . It is 7 km

south of Township & NLC Employees working in Mine-2 stay here as it is just 1.5 km away.

These housing colonies are also administered by Township Administration (TA)

There many Villages around Neyveli Township like, Neyveli (Old Neyveli),

Mandharakuppam, Gangaikondan, Periyakurichi, Veppankurichi, Vadakkuvellur,

Therkkuvellur, Valaimadevi, Ameri, Melpaathi, Kelpaathi, Thenpaathi, Thenkuthu, Uthangal,

Oomangalam, A.Kuravankuppam, Uyyakondaraavi, Pudukuppam, Irruppu, Dhedeerkuppam,

Pazhaya Koorapettai, Sepalanatham, Thandavankuppam, Koonakurichi, Thoppulikuppam,

Romapuri, Athipattu, Aandarkollai, Paapanampattu, Elavarasampattu, Velludaiyanpattu etc.

These Villages not just share PINCODES of Neyveli but also the primary reason behind

success of NLC by giving their precious Homes, lands, livelihood and the Name Neyveli to the

NLC's Mines, Thermal Power Stations and Township.

GLASGOW

The city of Glasgow was founded in the 6th century when Saint Mungo established a church

on the north side of the river, near to the present day Glasgow Cathedral. The manufacturing

of iron, steel and textiles became common and these were soon followed by shipbuilding along

the river.By the end of the 19th century Glasgow was producing most of the ships in the world.

During this period Glasgows population also grew at an incredible rate.

Most cities in the developed world have distinctive areas or zones of land use. One way of

illustrating this is the Concentric Ring Model. As the city expands, newer buildings are built

further away from the city centre and oldest part of town.

People were attracted into these settlements for work and zones of housing grew up near the

factories and industrial areas. Through the twentieth century, cities across Britain continued to

grow outwards. Improvements in public transport (trams, trains and buses) and the huge

increase in car ownership since the 1950s meant that people did not have to live right next to

their workplace. Glasgow has a lot of similarities with the ring model. All the different zones

shown in the previous images can beidentified within Glasgow. There are also differences.

Glasgow was a major industrial city and as a result has a very large inner city area where the

factories and shipyards were located. Glasgows inner city does not form a nice ring around

the CBD because much of the industry was based near the River Clyde.

(II) STRUCTURE AND FORM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS :

Linear

Grid

Clustered

Circular/ radial

Linear and nucleated type settlement

LINEAR : Linear type is a pattern of settlement that describes a group of buildings arranged

along a main thoroughfare or a coast.Linear settlements can also be formed where growth is

restricted by hills,valleys or rivers.

NUCLEATED :Nucleated type is a pattern of settlement where a group of buildings are

clustered around a central element ex:a bridge ,market square etc.

Tirunelveli is an example of linear and nucleated type of settlements. Tirunelveli is a district

of Tamilnadu, It is located at the southernmost tip of the Deccan plateau, its headquarters being

Tirunelveli town, one of the major towns in Tamilnadu. The city is located on the west bank of

the thamirabarani river . The Tamirabarani River divides the city into the Tirunelveli quarter

and the Palayamkottai area Tirunelveli is believed to be an ancient settlement.

The word Tirunelveli is derived from three Tamil words: thiru, nel and veli, meaning "sacred

paddy hedge.The city has been referred in the 7th century Saiva canonical work Tevaram by

Thirugnanasambandhar as "Thirunelveli".The inscriptions in the Nellaiappar temple indicate

the Hindu god Shiva as Vrihivritesvara descended in the form of a hedge and a roof to save the

paddy crop of a devotee.

Tirunelveli

Tirunelveli has been called as:

Venuvana "forest of bamboohindu legends

Thenpandiyanadu early pandiyas

Mudikonda Cholamandalam --cholas

Tirunelveli Seemai -britishers

GEOGRAPHY:

.POPULATION-473,637

ELEVATION -47 metres (154 ft).

CLIMATE-hot and humid

SOIL-friable, red and sandy.The arid, desert-like regional pattern is seen only in

Tirunelveli District, and is known as Palai in Tamil literature.

Tirunelveli is the only area which is said to have all the five types of lands found in the sangam

literature.

RAINFALL-The average annual rainfall is 680

SOURCE OF IRRIGATION- . The river chitthar and thamirabarani are the major

source of irrigation, and is fed by the northeast and southwest monsoons. The major

lakes in the city are Nainar Lake and Udayarpetti Lake.

LINKAGE-Twenty-two kilometres of highway are maintained by the State Highways

Department and thirty kilometres by the National Highways Department ,a bridge

across the Tamirabarani River, connecting Tirunelveli to Palayamkottai.The city is

located onNH 7 between madurai and kanyakumari.Tirunelveli is also connected by

major highways.

DELINEATION OF TIRUNELVELI-

palayamkottai,sankarankovil,ambasamudhram,Nanguneri,radhapuram,tenkasi,shenkot

ai,alangulam,sivagiri,Veerakeralampudhur

HIERARCHY OF RULE:

pandiyas-304232 bce

ashoka-mahavamsa and the brihat-samhita (inscribed in the writings of

megasthenes.

cholas-rajendhra chola 1064ce until 13th century

pandiyas-kulasekara pandiyan-12681308

vijayangara rulers and marava chieftains-16th century.

the maravars -western foothills

the telugas and the kannadigas -black-soil-rich eastern portion

the city was rebuilt about 1560

chanda sahib-17401754

nawabs- mid-18th century

polygarhs by kattabomman-1797

british rule-1801

REASON FOR SETTLEMENT AND MIGRATION AROUND TIRUNELVELI

Good trade connections over road and sea

Strategic location connecting east and west

River source for irrigation and settlement

Religious shrines and the occupation based on religious activities

Inscriptions from the eighth to the 14th centuries (during the rule of the Pandyas,

Cholas and later Tenkasi Pandyas) indicate the growth of Tirunelveli as a centre of

economic growth which developed around the Nellaiappar temple. The drier parts

of the province also flourished during the rule of the Vijayanagara kings.

From 1550 until the early modern era, migration to the city from other parts of the

state was common and the urban regions became hubs of manufacturing and

commerce. Tirunelveli was a strategic point, connecting the eastern and western

parts of the peninsula, as well as a trading centre. Records of sea and overland trade

between 1700 and 1850 indicate close trading connections with SRILANKA and.

KERALA During the 1840s, cotton produced in the region was in demand for

British mills.

The city was a Hindu centre, but mass conversion was conducted by missionaries

in the regions of Tirunelveli, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari and Travancore. A set of

villages in the community of Shanars were converted to Christianity, and the

temples were converted into religious schools.The first conversion took place in

1784. Despite stiff resistance from landlords in the region, mass conversions

continued until the 19th century.The proportion of Christians in Tirunelveli is larger

than any other province in India.

TO THE SOUTH OF TIRUNELVELI JILLA-AROUND NELLAIYAPPAR

GANDHIMADHI AMMANTEMPLE:

Valavu is a Old Tamil word. It is still used in Kerala, Tamilnadu to indicate Group

living or urban colony or living in a common compound. Vellala Pillais traditionally

lived around the Temples, in small vazhavu homes, or in big independent houses

forming a compound pattern.

VaLavu settlement system is a Unique system of Tirunelveli Saiva Pillai

community. No where else in india it is to be found. Still followed in the Tirunelveli

Town, this is an age old indifference given to the Vasthu Housing System, to suit

the needs of the Urban homing system, perhaps only equalled by the latest

Apartment homing complex.

EXTENSION OF TIRUNELVELI

TIRUNELVELI MAIN

SIVAGIRI

RADHAPURAM

PAPANASAM

NUCLEATED SETTLEMENT

LINEAR SETTLEMENT

Map showing the settlements around the temples of gandhimadhi amman and

nellaiyappar temple.

This housing system was formed around the temple ponds,lakes,main roads around

the temple structures etc and they can be compared with "Bul Bulaiyah" of Northern

(esp. Lucknow) and the maze of the Tanjore Maharaja's Aranmanai or the

ziggurats/maze of the Europe.

The Valavu settlement system followed no patterns. It is born out of natural urbanization

and full utilization of the land.The entry of a VaLavu is from a 'Mudukku' a by-lane, from

the main road. Mostly the homes are built around the Shiva Temple of the Town. In this

case, the Nellaiappar - Kandhimathi amman temple. This ensures that the people who

worked at the temple, treasury, govt offices, bazaar, santhai, market, banks and the rice

fields all are just a walking distance from the home. So commuting is fast and enriching.

ADVANTAGES

1 .Emotionally close well knit-close network of people : The VaLavu system is only caste

based, not class based. So all kinds of people from lower middle class, middle class to upper

class people freely, closely lived together. This faded the class differences and a 'brotherly'

attitude to help each other.

2. Security: Economical and Social : In any VaLavu system of houses, through out the night

one can enter the dark mudukku's and darker sandhu's without the fear of being robbed.

Because it is rare to find thieves in that area, second even the thieves will not dare to do their

job as all the people are just a call away, they cant escape.

3. Fast commuting by walk or by cycle :Commuting to the offices, banks, markets, temple,

cinema theatres, river, book shop, pan shop, vegetable shop, grocery store, temple, Teppakulam

is much easier in this pattern.

4.Easy Networking, Friendly atmosphere : Everybody mostly knew the private lives of

others, this brought less privacy, but more transparency. This helped solve problems, very

rarely created problems also..

DISADVANTAGES OF VALAVU SYSTEM

1. No Privacy or very less privacy

2. More Copy cats

3. Jealousy, groupism, revenge taking by close people/relatives.

4. Health problems, hygienic problems reported

5. Vasthu system is more good and better than this crowded living system.

Gangaikondan is a panchayat town in Tirunelveli. It is located about 20 KM north

of thirunelveli on the way to Madurai on NH7 .presently, it is the industrial hub of

Tirunelveli.

Gaingakondan is said "to have been originally one of those innumerable gifts made to

Brahmans," probably by the king Rajendra Chola.

The local account is that first Brahmans were settled by the king to serve the temple,

then

Konars (herdsmen) to supply milk for the gods

Pillais to keep the accounts

musicians to serve the gods

Nellayappar kovil & kulam bharathi

yar street

Vani Chettiars to make oil

Thevars to guard the place and

Pallars to provide labour all in separate hamlets.

The main street of Gangaikondan proper is the Brahman street which leads up to the

Perumal temple. The big, but now sadly dilapidated Kailasanatha temple, which has

inscriptions going back to the ninth century, lies a little to the west. There seems always

to have been a Brahman "street," rather than a distinct, spatially

separated agraharam (or area occupied by Brahmans alone), such as was typical of

villages in Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu.

It was said in 1916 that: "The Brahmans live in one street exclusively. On either side of

the eastern part of the street live the Pillaimars, the Kshatriyas, the pipers, etc.This

proves that there was a community based settlement separationin this part of

thirunelveli.

The street is now occupied by people of different castes, as well as, still, by a few

Brahmans some of them natives of Gangaikondan who have returned after careers that

took them outside, and others who have come from outside.

A century ago Gangaikondan was still a Brahman village in which the members of this

caste community owned most of the irrigated wetlands.

In the 1930s, though the numbers of Brahman households had by then declined. By the

second half of the twentieth century Gangaikondan was a "Brahman village" no more,

and it is now dominated by Thevars and by Pallars, in 1916, together they made up 40

per cent or so of the households of the village, they now account for more than two-

thirds.

The area profile of the Tirunelveli district clearly shows that there is great potential for

economic development. This district is endowed with large varieties of natural

resources.

Tirunelveli district, blessed with the perennial Tamirabharani river and its tributaries,

is believed to be a favourable spot for human settlement in the prehistoric periods.

Archaeological excavations done by Alexander Rea in 1899 and the Archaeological

survey of India in recent years at Aditchanallur, a hamlet situated on Tamirabharani

basin, and excavation of ancient port of Korkai, have exposed how megalithic period

or an earlier period of human civilization had got deep roots in this district.

CLUSTERED SETTLEMENTS:

These settlements have closely built up area. Therefore in such settlements all the

dwellings are concentrated in one central sites and these inhabited area is distinct and

separated from the farms and pastures. Maximum settlements of our country comes

under this category. They are spread over almost every part of the country.

These settlements are distributed over the entire northern Indo-Ganga plain (from

Punjab in the north-west to West Bengal in the east), Orissa coast, basins of Mahanadi

in Chhattisgarh, coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh, cauvery delta of Tamil Nadu,

Maidaus of Karnataka, lower Assam and Tripura, in the valleys of Siwaliks etc.

Sometimes people live in compact settlement for security or defence purpose.

The greatest example of this type is in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh and

Uttar Pradesh. In Rajasthan people live in compact settlement because of the scarce

availability of cultivable land and water body. Therefore, they want to make maximum

use of available natural resources.

Such settlements generally range from a cluster of about thirty to hundreds of dwelling

of different forms, size and functions. On an average their size various from 500 to

2,500 persons in sparsely populated parts of Rajasthan to more than 10,000 persons in

Ganga plain.

Very often these settlements have a definite pattern due to closely built area and

intervening street patterns. As many as 11 patterns are identified. There are Five major

patterns.

These patterns are:

Linear pattern

Rectangular pattern

Circular pattern

Square pattern

Radial pattern

(i) Linear Pattern : It is commonly found along main roads, railways,streams, etc. It may have

a single row of houses arranged along the main artery. For example rural settlements found

along the sea coast, river valley, mountain ranges etc.

(ii) Rectangular Pattern : This is a very common type which develops around the rectangular

shape of agricultural fields as it is common to find a system of land measurement based on

square units. Village paths and cart tracks also confirm to the rectangular field patterns and run

through the village in north-south and east-west directions. Accessibility to farms and fields

and connectivity to other settlements lead to rectangular shape of settlements. The settlements

of coastal Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh and either side of Aravali hills, etc. may be cited

for examples.

(iii) Square Pattern: This is basically a varient of rectangular type. Such a pattern is associated

with villages lying at the crossing of cart tracks or roads and also related to features restricting

the extension of the village outside a square space. These features may include an old boundary

wall, thick orchards, a road or a pond.

(iv) Circular Pattern : In the upper Doab and Trans Yamuna districts, Malwa region, Punjab

and Gujarat, large villages are characterized by a very high degree of compactness. The outer

walls of dwellings adjoin each other and present a continuous front so that when viewed from

outside, the villages look like a walled and fortified enclosure pierced by a few openings. The

round form was a natural outcome.

EXAMPLE: CALCUTTA

Calcutta, Bengali Kalikata, is the capital city of West Bengal, in India (after 1912). it

was the former capital (1772 -1912) of British India. the city boasts being the nation's

largest metropolitan in area.

Calcutta is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly river, an arm of the Ganges,

about 96 miles (154 km) Upstream from its mouth at the head of the bay of Bengal. This

river port is the most important urban center of eastern India.

REASON FOR URBANISATION :-

Indian scholars like Sunil Kumar Munshi (1989), Tapan Banerjee and Kalyan Roy

(1990) have pointed out that Kolkata, one of the finest example of Indias colonial port

city shows remarkable variation in urban growth across the city core (old city) and the

periphery (new city).

Indian planners and policy makers consider Kolkata as a unique case where colonial

legacy still burdens the citys urban growth and land use pattern.

Though immediately after the Independence proper city planning has been introduced

in Kolkata like many other Indian cities, but still the city has not yet achieved uniform

urban growth and a complete well-planned spatial transformation.

The urban settlement of Kolkata is a clustered pattern can be defined in to three definite

regions, which can be broadly distinguished according to history, socio-economic

culture, and architectural character.

NORTH KOLKATA : neighborhood of elite Bengalis, crafts men, artisans and

traders.

.

CENTRAL KOLKATA: Central Kolkata is mostly covered between esplanade and the park street and is stretched till the lower circular road as its limits.

North Kolkata lies to the north of esplanade

(public pathway) on the eastern banks the

river.

North Kolkata has low height buildings

with maximum of ground coverage.

Streets in north Kolkata can be categorized

into three types, they are roads, lanes and

by-lanes

North Kolkata has the least number of

public open 'spaces.

Central Kolkata is mostly covered between

esplanade and the park street and is stretched till

the lower circular road as its limits.

It is the administrative and the commercial

district of the city.

Monumental scale in proportion.

Main roads are wide carriage ways and are laid

straight, which act as vistas.

Even the lanes in these areas where mostly the

Europeans have settled are wide

enough for vehicular movements.

SOUTH KOLKATA: The only directions Calcutta could grow were east and south. north was already congested and west was the river. as far as east is concerned the scope

to expand was again limited due to the wetlands.The only direction open for growth

was south.

Plan form of the buildings were mostly

symmetrical. Residences in south Calcutta had

large setbacks on all sides.

Building materials mainly used was brick and

lime-surk l Wooden beams were used for

structural support.

Densification along the major roads like,

rashbeharl avenue. Lansdowne road, hazra

road, gariahat road and asutosh mukherjee

road.

There was lesser elaboration and

ornamentation of buildings.

Decreasing plot sizes due to fall in economic

condition of people led to very less setbacks.

Courtyard houses with long corridors gave way

to smaller houses with lesser setbacks.

No new planning and development schemes

were formulated for south Calcutta. Greater

part of planning activities was confined to the

central Calcutta.

CIRCULAR PATTERN:

Along the curvature of river or road there is arrangement of the houses in somewhat circular

manner then circular pattern get develop.

For e.g.,Mandavgaon,Bhatkudgaon,Rajapur, Kanhoor and Jeur.

In the upper Doab and Trans Yamuna districts,Malwa region, Punjab and Gujarat, large

villages are characterized bya very high degree of compactness. The outer walls of dwellings

adjoin each other and present a continuous front so that when viewed from outside, the villages

look like a walled and fortified enclosure pierced by a few openings. The round form was a

natural outcome of maximum aggregation for the purpose of defence during the past.

E.g., for Circular pattern NEW DELHI

Lutyens Delhi

I has been referred to as "the greatest British architect and the designer of new Delhi, which is also known as "Lutyens' Delhi. I designed the Viceroy's House now known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan, India gate and so on.

CONNAUGHT PLACE

I am defined by broadly: Paths Nodes Districts Landmarks Edges Element inter relationships

GOVERNMENT COMPLX BUNGLOW ZONE COMMERCIAL DISTRICT

The new city contains both the Parliament buildings and government offices (many

designed by Herbert Baker) and was built distinctively of the local red sandstone

using the traditional Mughal style.

When composing the plans for New Delhi, Lutyens planned for the new city to lie

southwest of the walled city of Shahjahanbad. His plans for the city also laid out the

street plan for New Delhi consisting of wide tree-lined avenues.

Lutyens laid out the central administrative area of the city. At the heart of the city

was the impressive Rashtrapati Bhawan, formerly known as Viceroy's House, located

on the top of Raisina Hill.

Lutyens had initially designed Delhi with all the streets crossing at right angles, much like in New York. However, Lord Hardinge told him of the dust storms that sweep the landscape in these parts, insisting on roundabouts, hedges and trees to break their force, giving him the plans of Rome, Paris and Washington to study and apply to Delhi.

The

initial

design

of New

Delhi

Features 1.The plan reflects Lutyens transcendent fervour for geometric symmetry, which is expressed through amazing sequences of triangle and hexagons, through sightlines and axes.

2. Lutyens plan is also remarkable for the generous green spaces, lawns, watercourses, flower and fruit-bearing trees, and the integration with the parks developed around monuments. 3. The attempt was to include all natural and historical wonders in the new city.

Image source: http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1158/changing-image-of-lutyens-delhi