Socialization• The process of
learning how to participate in a group
• Begins at infancy
• Agents of socialization
–Family–Peers–Media–Religion–Education–Work
Looking Glass Self
• An image of yourself based on what you believe others think of you
• People shape themselves based on other people's perception, which leads the people to reinforce other people's perspectives on themselves
Self Concept• An image of yourself as having an identity
separate from others
• Contains three parts: 1. Self-esteem it is where one makes judgments
about his or her self-worth.
2. Stability refers to the organization and continuity of one's self-concept.
3. Self-efficacy is self-confidence. It is specifically connected with one's abilities, unlike self-esteem
Social Exchange
• A voluntary action performed in the expectation of getting a reward in return
• Social exchange theory states all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives.
• If I help my mom she will give me gas money
Coercion
• Interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave a particular way
Group Think• Self deceptive thinking that is based on
conformity to group beliefs and created by group pressure to conform
Group/”Cliques”
• Composed of people who share several features
• Usually begins in early adolescence• Usually consist of five or six people who are
homogeneous in age, gender, race, social status, and socioeconomic background
• During late adolescence, the clique typically dissolves into associated sets of couples, which then remain the primary social unit into and throughout adulthood.
Features of a group
• Frequent contact with each other
• Similar ways of thinking feeling and behavior
• Similar reaction to one another’s behavior
• One or more interests or goals
Social Aggregate• People temporarily in the same place at
the same time but do not interact or share the same characteristics
Mechanical Solidarity• People feel connected through similar work,
educational and religious training, and lifestyle
Organic Solidarity• Social cohesion based upon the dependence
individuals have on each other in more advanced societies
• Although individuals perform different tasks and often have different values and interest, the order and very solidarity of society depends on their reliance on each other to perform their specified tasks
Status
• A position a person occupies within a social structure
Social Stratification• Division of large numbers of people according to
power, property, gender and prestige.• This applies to nations, societies, sexes and other
groups
Social Class• Segment of society whose members hold similar
amounts of resources and share values, norms, and identifiable lifestyles
• Based on money and material things
Prestige• Recognition, respect, and
admiration attached to social positions
• Jobs that pay more, require more education, entail more abstract thought, offer greater autonomy
• Job prestige brings power- Elite- the top people in corporations, military, politics that make nations major decisions
• Different occupations have different levels of prestige
Relative Poverty
• Measure of poverty based on the economic disparity between those at the bottom of society and the rest of society
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