PART ONE:
Fundamental Concepts on Language
Objectives
• To describe the nature of language
• To explain the various functions of language
I. What is Language?
• Language can only be called language if:
a) it has a system of rules (grammar)
b) a sound system (phonology)
c) a vocabulary (lexicon)
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
I. What is Language? ...
I. What is Language? ...
• Language vs. Dialect
Dialect is a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language*
*Definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary
II. What are the Functions of Language?
• Haliday (1975) identifies seven functions of language that childrendemonstrate in their early years. The first four functions—instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal—help thechild to address his/her physical, emotional, and social needs. Onthe other hand, the next three functions—heuristic, imaginative,and representational—help the child to adapt to his/herenvironment.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.
London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
• According to Roman Jakobson, we can classify the functions oflanguage into six factors, which are necessary for successfulcommunication:
1. Context
2. Addresser
3. Addressee
4. Contact
5. Common Code
6. Message
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
• A message is sent by the addresser (a sender, or enunciator) to theaddressee (a receiver, or enunciatee). The message cannot beunderstood outside of a context. A code should be common fullyor at least partially to the addresser and addressee. A contact whichis physical channel and psychological connection between addresserand addressee is necessary for both of them to enter and stay incommunication.
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
• Each of the six factors has a different function of language. Thediversity in these functions is a result of a different hierarchicalorder of functions. The functions are:
1. Referential Function
2. Emotive Function
3. Conative Function
4. Phatic Function
5. Metalingual Function
6. Poetic Function
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Referential Function
denotative, cognitive function
which is oriented toward the
context
most obvious function of
language
Example
The earth is round.
Water boils at 100 degrees.
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Emotive Function
also known as expressive
function that focuses on the
addresser
to express emotions although
no information is orally
provided
Example
Yuck!
Ouch!
Oh!
*interjections
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Conative Function
an orientation toward
addressee
finds its purest grammatical
expression in evocative and
imperative sentences
Example
Drink!
Go away.
Don’t do that.
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Phatic Function
sets for contact establishes,
prolongs, or discontinues the
communication
purpose is to maintain contact
with the person we are talking
to
Example
Hello!
Are you listening?
Do you hear me?
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Metalingual Function
Code performs the metalingual
function which is used
whenever the addresser and the
addressee need to check
whether they use the same code
Example
What do you mean by “krill”?
What is plucked?
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Poetic Function
orientation toward message and the focus on the message
for its own sake
linguistics cannot limit itself
just to the field of poetry
Example
when we say “horrible Harry”
instead of “terrible Harry” or
“dreadful Harry”
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
PART TWO:
Fundamental Concepts on Communication
• To discuss the fundamental concepts on communication
• To describe the different components of the communication process
• To explain the various types of communication models introduced by experts
• To identify the causes of communication breakdown
• To discuss the ways of achieving successful communication
II. What are the Functions of Language? ...
I. What is Communication?
• the process of meaning-making through a channel or medium
• communicares – to share or make ideas common
• exchange of ideas, concepts, and views between and among people wherevarious contexts come into play
• communication process is a dynamic process that begins with theconceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message througha channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of somemessage or signal within the given time frame.
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive
communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
II. What are the Components of Communication Process?
• Source : the sender who carefully crafts the message
• Message : the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver
• Channel : means by which a message is conveyed; may also betermed as the medium
• Receiver : person who receives, comprehends, and interprets thetransmitted message
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
II. What are the Components of Communication Process? ...
• Feedback : essential to confirm recipient understanding; maybe written,spoken or acted out
• Environment : place, feeling, mood, mindset, and condition of both thesender and the receiver; physical setup of a location wherecommunication takes place, including objects surrounding the sender andthe receiver
• Interference : barrier or noise that prevents effective communication
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual
contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
II. What are the Components of Communication Process? ...
III. What are Samples of Communication Models?
III. What are Samples of Communication Models? ...
III. What are Samples of Communication Models? ...
III. What are Samples of Communication Models? ...
• Ineffective and unsuccessful communication happens due to several reasons:
lack of proficiency in the language of communication
frequent use of idioms, jargons, or unfamiliar terms
stage fright
lack of sufficient knowledge on the topic/subject
lack of opportunity for clarification or further explanation
IV. What Causes Communication Breakdown?
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive
communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
• General Principles
Know your purpose, audience, and topic
Assess your context and feedback
• According to Osborn (2009), there are 9Cs of effective oral and writtencommunication.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication?
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive
communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
1. Clarity – avoid the use of idioms, jargons, euphemisms, andunfamiliar terms that will make your speech or writingincomprehensible
2. Concreteness – messages must be supported by facts, such asresearch data, statistics, or figures
3. Courtesy – be polite in terms of approach and manner ofaddressing an individual
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication? ...
4. Correctness – avoid glaring mistakes in grammar as these obscurethe meaning of a message
5. Consideration – message must be geared towards the audience;the sender of the message must consider the interests, age,ethnicity, and level of education of his/her audience
6. Creativity – ability to craft interesting messages in terms ofsentence structure and word choice
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication? ...
7. Conciseness – avoid using lengthy expressions and words that mayconfuse the recipient of the message; be simple and direct
8. Cultural Sensitivity – gender equality and cultural sensitivityshould be important standards for effective communication
9. Captivating – strive to make messages interesting to commandmore attention and better responses from the audience
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,
Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive
communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication? ...
References
Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English inmultilingual contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development oflanguage. London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)
ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from
https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/
Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila UniversityPress.
Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos,A. C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B.(2018). Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.
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