Purposive Communication - PHL CHED Connect

Purposive CommunicationPrepared by:

JOHN PAUL C. VALLENTEAssistant Professor

[email protected]

PART ONE:

Fundamental Concepts on Language

Objectives

• To describe the nature of language

• To explain the various functions of language

I. What is Language?

• Language can only be called language if:

a) it has a system of rules (grammar)

b) a sound system (phonology)

c) a vocabulary (lexicon)

Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English in multilingual

contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

I. What is Language? ...

I. What is Language? ...

• Language vs. Dialect

Dialect is a regional variety of language distinguished by features of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language*

*Definition from Merriam Webster Dictionary

II. What are the Functions of Language?

• Haliday (1975) identifies seven functions of language that childrendemonstrate in their early years. The first four functions—instrumental, regulatory, interactional, and personal—help thechild to address his/her physical, emotional, and social needs. Onthe other hand, the next three functions—heuristic, imaginative,and representational—help the child to adapt to his/herenvironment.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language.

London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)

II. What are the Functions of Language? ...



• According to Roman Jakobson, we can classify the functions oflanguage into six factors, which are necessary for successfulcommunication:

1. Context

2. Addresser

3. Addressee

4. Contact

5. Common Code

6. Message

ELCOMBLUS (2019). Functions of language by Roman Jakobson. Retrieved from

https://elcomblus.com/functions-of-language-by-roman-jakobson/



• A message is sent by the addresser (a sender, or enunciator) to theaddressee (a receiver, or enunciatee). The message cannot beunderstood outside of a context. A code should be common fullyor at least partially to the addresser and addressee. A contact whichis physical channel and psychological connection between addresserand addressee is necessary for both of them to enter and stay incommunication.





• Each of the six factors has a different function of language. Thediversity in these functions is a result of a different hierarchicalorder of functions. The functions are:

1. Referential Function

2. Emotive Function

3. Conative Function

4. Phatic Function

5. Metalingual Function

6. Poetic Function







Referential Function

denotative, cognitive function

which is oriented toward the

context

most obvious function of

language

Example

The earth is round.

Water boils at 100 degrees.





Emotive Function

also known as expressive

function that focuses on the

addresser

to express emotions although

no information is orally

provided

Example

Yuck!

Ouch!

Oh!

*interjections





Conative Function

an orientation toward

addressee

finds its purest grammatical

expression in evocative and

imperative sentences

Example

Drink!

Go away.

Don’t do that.





Phatic Function

sets for contact establishes,

prolongs, or discontinues the

communication

purpose is to maintain contact

with the person we are talking

to

Example

Hello!

Are you listening?

Do you hear me?





Metalingual Function

Code performs the metalingual

function which is used

whenever the addresser and the

addressee need to check

whether they use the same code

Example

What do you mean by “krill”?

What is plucked?





Poetic Function

orientation toward message and the focus on the message

for its own sake

linguistics cannot limit itself

just to the field of poetry

Example

when we say “horrible Harry”

instead of “terrible Harry” or

“dreadful Harry”



PART TWO:

Fundamental Concepts on Communication

• To discuss the fundamental concepts on communication

• To describe the different components of the communication process

• To explain the various types of communication models introduced by experts

• To identify the causes of communication breakdown

• To discuss the ways of achieving successful communication


I. What is Communication?

• the process of meaning-making through a channel or medium

• communicares – to share or make ideas common

• exchange of ideas, concepts, and views between and among people wherevarious contexts come into play

• communication process is a dynamic process that begins with theconceptualizing of ideas by the sender who then transmits the message througha channel to the receiver, who in turn gives the feedback in the form of somemessage or signal within the given time frame.



Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018). Purposive

communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

II. What are the Components of Communication Process?

• Source : the sender who carefully crafts the message

• Message : the meaning shared between the sender and the receiver

• Channel : means by which a message is conveyed; may also betermed as the medium

• Receiver : person who receives, comprehends, and interprets thetransmitted message



Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos, A. C.,

Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B. (2018). Purposive

communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

II. What are the Components of Communication Process? ...

• Feedback : essential to confirm recipient understanding; maybe written,spoken or acted out

• Environment : place, feeling, mood, mindset, and condition of both thesender and the receiver; physical setup of a location wherecommunication takes place, including objects surrounding the sender andthe receiver

• Interference : barrier or noise that prevents effective communication






II. What are the Components of Communication Process? ...

III. What are Samples of Communication Models?

III. What are Samples of Communication Models? ...

• Ineffective and unsuccessful communication happens due to several reasons:

lack of proficiency in the language of communication

frequent use of idioms, jargons, or unfamiliar terms

stage fright

lack of sufficient knowledge on the topic/subject

lack of opportunity for clarification or further explanation

IV. What Causes Communication Breakdown?






• General Principles

Know your purpose, audience, and topic

Assess your context and feedback

• According to Osborn (2009), there are 9Cs of effective oral and writtencommunication.

V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication?






1. Clarity – avoid the use of idioms, jargons, euphemisms, andunfamiliar terms that will make your speech or writingincomprehensible

2. Concreteness – messages must be supported by facts, such asresearch data, statistics, or figures

3. Courtesy – be polite in terms of approach and manner ofaddressing an individual




V. How Do We Achieve Successful Communication? ...

4. Correctness – avoid glaring mistakes in grammar as these obscurethe meaning of a message

5. Consideration – message must be geared towards the audience;the sender of the message must consider the interests, age,ethnicity, and level of education of his/her audience

6. Creativity – ability to craft interesting messages in terms ofsentence structure and word choice





7. Conciseness – avoid using lengthy expressions and words that mayconfuse the recipient of the message; be simple and direct

8. Cultural Sensitivity – gender equality and cultural sensitivityshould be important standards for effective communication

9. Captivating – strive to make messages interesting to commandmore attention and better responses from the audience





References

Madrunio, M. R. & Martin, I. P. (2018). Purposive communication: Using English inmultilingual contexts. Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1975). Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development oflanguage. London: Edward Arnold. (New York: Elsevier, 1977)



Suarez, C. A., Perfecto, M. R. G., Canilao, M. L. E. N., & Paez, D. B. I. (2018).Purposive communication in English. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila UniversityPress.

Wakat, G. S., Caroy, A. A., Paulino, F. B., Jose, M. J., Ordonio, M. R. M., Palangyos,A. C., Palangyos, S. M., Dizon, E. G. J., Dela Cruz, A. E., & Sao-an, M. B.(2018). Purposive communication. Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

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