Federal Department of the Environment,Transport, Energy and Communications DETECFederal Office for the Environment FOEN
Lessons learned from initial operationalizations: Switzerland an the World
Making the Planetary Boundaries Concept Work, 24.4.2017, BerlinAndreas Hauser, Dr. Loa Buchli, Swiss FOEN, Prof. Hy Dao, Dr. Pascal Peduzzi, Unep-GRID
Economics section
Drawing by Sara Eisenegger, © FOEN
2Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
The policy relevance of assessing footprints against Planetary Boundaries
We have time series for a greenhouse gas footprint, a biodiversity footprint, a nitrogen footprint6 but how much of a footprint would be sustainable?
Biodiversity footprint
Howmuchis safe?
3Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Assessing footprints based on Planetary Boundaries: Results for Switzerland
4.8 109 !Climate0.16 0.3Biodiversity !
4Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Lessons learned: transfer / communication� Approach is easy to implement, clear message
� Assessment of performance beyond mere numbers• Takes account of trend (slow / rapidly deteriorating...) • and (data) confidence
� Time perspective taken into account: shares over time / population scenarios
Clearly unsafeUnsafeSafe
Drawing by Sara Eisenegger, © FOEN
5Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Lessons learnt: policy makingAssess national footprints against Planetary Boundaries. � Footprint perspective leads to a fundamentally different assessment than territorial perspective
� Need for action along the whole product chain!� Assessing footprints against Planetary Boundaries leads to a fundamentally different assessment of the magnitude of the need foraction: Absolute decoupling (- 1 %) is not enoughto stay within the limits of our planet!
6Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Assessing footprints by applying the Planetary Boundaries
Dao et al. (2015), further developing on Nykvist et al. (2014) http://pb.grid.unep.ch/
(boundary translated to yearly footprint indicators)
7Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Relevant indicators ?11
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Population trends: Country share set at one reference date, then countries have to handle the demographic changes (e.g. decreasing per capita limits in case of population increase)
8Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Footprint databasesSwitzerland (http://pb.grid.unep.ch/)Proprietary database from the Swiss Federal Office for the Environment combining
• officially published Swiss environmental data• environmental values for exports and imports based on ecoinvent 2.0
8http://www.ecoinvent.org/
9Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Footprint databasesWorld (http:/bluedot.world)
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http://www.exiobase.eu/Multi-Regional Environmentally Extended Input Output(MR EE IO) Database (2007)• 130 sectors and products• 30 emissions, 80 resources• 43 countries & rest of world
World Input-Output Tables (1995-2009)• 35 sectors, 59 products• Environmental accounts on energy, greenhouse gases, air pollutants, use of mineral and fossil resources, land use, water use • 40 countries & rest of the world
http://www.wiod.org
Phosphorus Losses, Nitrogen Losses Climate Change, Ocean Acidification, Land-cover Anthropisation, Biodiversity Loss
10Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Performance
FootprintsLimits
Performance(sustainability)Scores
t CO2eqt CO2eqt CO2ppmW/m2°C
GHG emissionsCO2 emissions
CO2 concentrationsRadiative forcing
Temperature change
Carbon footprint
Footprint / Limit
Score + trend + uncertainty
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11Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
ScoresExample: Climate ChangeIndicator: GHG emissions
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The limit is calculated for the period 2015-2100 (85 years, zero emissions after 2100)At current footprint the Swiss limit is reached in 4 years
12Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
World’s regionsUNEP-GRID’s World-wide assessment (40 regions/countries):
13Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Main lessons� Data available on an international level (e.g. Exiobase, WIOD)� Approach is feasible.� Need to “translate” the Planetary Boundaries into indicators that can be measured with footprint data� Allocation: Fundamental difference between yearly limits and limits over time� Evaluation of performances: Start with simple scores (e.g. footprint / limit), but consider also trends and uncertainties
14Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Further development of the approach• Further develop database:spatial, thematic and temporal resolution
� take into account of regional boundaries� better understand causes and drivers
• How to handle negative limits? • Both global and national performance need to be considered for evaluating the risks and priorities
15Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Appendix
16Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Switzerland: Efficiency leader?
EEA (2016) «More from less»
GDP / DMC
� Score reflects to a large extent Switzerland’s high share of the third sectorMaterial Footprint (RMC)Switzerland:17 t / capitaEU-27:14 t /capitaSource: FSO (2016)
17Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Critical footprints, relevant areasClearly unsafe
ClimateChange Ocean Acidification Biodiversity Loss Nitrogen LossesRelevant areas of consum-ption
Nutrition Housing Mobility Housing Mobility (Nutrition)
Nutrition (Housing) Nutrition (incl. animal feed)Relevant economicsectors
Construction services,Chemical products, Wholesale and retail trade, Energy sectorAgriculture and food industry
Agriculture
Cross: information technology, financial services, commodity tradingRelevant product groups
Imported electricity Animal food, coffee, cocoa, buildings, palm oil, etc.
Animal foods, hotels, restaurants
18Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
International Framework
Sustainable consumption and production patternsSDG 12.2 By 2030 achieve sustainable management and efficient use of natural resources
GrowthSDG 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation
19Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Policy entry points in SwitzerlandIndicators to measure the progress towards a green economy in Switzerland
Carbon footprintSwiss Statistics,MONET
20Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Possible further steps� Guidance to define targets and goals for businesses and sectors� Asses national / Europe’s Footprints against the context of Planetary Boundaries� Stimulate the debate on the responsibility of countries to reduce their greenhouse gas footprint, biodiversity footprint etc.� Develop a vision for critical systems (sustainable food, housing and transportation)
21Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
1. Are Planetary Boundaries truly global ?2. Can the relevant indicators be computed for the World and for Switzerland ?3. How to allocate a fair share of the global limits to each country ?4. How to assess performances ?21
22Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Selected indicators
• Linked to human activities (economy), e.g. GHG emissions• Might be different from Rockström & Nykvist, e.g. Land Cover• Key indicators at country scale (may be derived from subnational data, e.g. Land Cover, Biodiversity Loss)
23Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Cumulated historical impactsCumulative emissions from fossil-fuel and cement (1870–2012) North America and Europe responsible for most cumulative emissions, but Asia growing fast Source: CDIAC Data; Le Quéré et al 2013; Global Carbon Project 2013
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24Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Share of area? Share of World population? Rights? Responsibilities? Capacities?Past? Future?Territorial specificities ?All people equal?equivalence scales (cf. OECD) : economic needs change with household size?allow more for people below poverty / development thresholds?
Fair shares of the global limits ?1/887 (0.113%)of World pop. (2013)
25Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Equal share principleyearly limits
� Per capita value calculated at a reference year� Fixed country limit over years� Changing per capita limit over years
Limits over time� Per capita value calculatedover a reference period� Changing country limit over years� Fixed per capita limit over years
Reference year : 2010 Reference period : 1990-2100
26Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
X 0.125% (demographic shareof Switzerlandin the World in 1990)
Climate change calculations
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“the remaining cumulative emissions (including land cover changes) for a 50% chance to stay below a 2°C increase by 2100 compared with pre-industrial level”
1473GtCO2eq2421GtCO2eq1316GtCO2eq
… in 1990 … in 2010 … in 2015/784’800 mio(pop. 2015-2100)=1.7tCO2eq/cap/year
0.52GtCO2eq3.03GtCO2eq
IPCC AR5
Scale:1 GtCO2eq =World
Scale:1 GtCO2eq =
Switzerland
Remaining budget (until 2100) …
- Swiss emissions1990-2015 (footprint)
+ Worldemissions1990-2010- Worldemissions2010-2015
/896 mio(pop. 2015-2100)=0.6tCO2eq/cap/year
27Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Global impacts |Geospatial data
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Land Cover Anthropisation and Biodiversity Loss: GlobCover (Envisat/MERIS) + urban areas (MODIS)
28Planetary Boundaries and the Green Economy: Switzerland | Making the Planetary Concept Work Conference Berlin, 24.4.2017Swiss Federal Office for the Environment, Andreas Hauser, Loa Buchli, UNEP-GRID / University of Geneva: Hy Dao, Pascal Peduzzi
Synthesis of performances BL: Biodiversity LossCC: Climate ChangeLA: Land Cover AnthropisationNL: Nitrogen Losses, OA: Ocean AcidificationPL: Phosphorus Losses (Swiss performance unknown due to lack of data).
For the four other Planetary Boundaries - Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, Atmospheric Aerosol Loading, Freshwater Use and Chemical Pollution -there is no evidence of global overshoots, their global performances are considered in the green zones. The Swiss performances of these Planetary Boundaries have not been assessed.
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