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Page 1: Fluid Mechanics - KOCWcontents.kocw.net/KOCW/document/2014/hanyang/... · in a pipe (Bernoulli’s equation) (1) (1'): apply Bernoulli equaion across streamlines ... Although there

Fluid Mechanics

Lecture #10

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Review• Streamline

–A curve that is instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of a flow.

• Streamwise acceleration21 ( )

2s s s s

ssdv dv dv d vdsa vdt ds dt ds ds

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For constant density fluids

2

constant along the same streamline2

p Vgz

Bernoulli's Equation

2

constant across the streamlines p Vgz dnR

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Stagnation PointThe point on the solid body at which the velocity is zero

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Stagnation Pressure• A pressure is increased when the velocity becomes small.

• A stagnation point is where the velocity becomes zero and the pressure is maximized. 2

2p V z C

g

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1 m/sV

20.01 mA

Force ?F

2 21 1

12 2

22 2p V p Vz z

g g

2 21 00 0 02(9.8) 9,800 2(9.8)

p

2 21 00 0 02(9.8) 2

pg

500 Pap

5 NF

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Flow Rate (Discharge)• The measure of “how much a fluid flows”• Defined as the volume per time.• Unit: m3/s• Volume/Time = (Area) x (Length / Time)

= (Area) x (Velocity)• Q=VA

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Example I• Determine the velocity at (2).

D

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D 0 hV1

2

2g 00

V22

2g

11

2 21 2 2

22 2V Vz z

gp

gp

2 21 2 (1)

2 2V Vh

g g

One more equation required:2 2

1 2 (24 4

)V VDQ d

2Solve for V .

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V2 2gh

1 (d / D)4

2If , 2VD d gh

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DO IT YOUR SELF

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Example II• Manometer is a device to measure pressure difference. Find the h.

Given Q(flowrate), A1, A2, SG.

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Fluid is static within the tube (hydrostatic pressure)

There is a flow from left to right in a pipe (Bernoulli’s equation)

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(1) (1') : apply Bernoulli equaion across streamlines

(1')

(2 ')

1 12 2

1 111

p V p Vz dn z dnR R

1 12

1

21

11p V p Vz dn z dn

11 11( )p p z z

2 2 2 2Similarly, ( )p p z z

Although there is a flow in between (1) and (1 ),the above equation tells the pressure distribution is hydrostatic.

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Find the relation between p1 and p2.p1 (z2 z1) (l h) (SG)hl p2

1 2 1 2(1 )p z z SG h p

1 2 2 1 (1 )p p z z SG h

(1')

(2 ')

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Apply Bernoulli Equation2 2

1 1 2 21 22 2

p V p Vz zg g

1 21

22

2 21( / ) ( / )

2 2p Q A p Q Az z

g g

1 22

2

2 2112

1 12

p p Qz zg A A

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Solve equations

1 2 2 1 (1 )p p z z SG h 1 22

2

2 2112

1 12

p p Qz zg A A

2 1 2 1 22 1

2

21 1(1 )

21 Qz z SG h z z

g A A

1

2

2 22

1 12 (1 )

Qhg SG A A

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DO IT YOUR SELF

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Example III (Flow rate measurement)If one can measure p2‐p1, the flow rate Q can be calculated. Find Q in terms of p1, p2, A1, A2.

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1 1 2 2Q V A V A

2 21 1 2 2

2 2p V p V

g g

2 2

221

1 222 2

p pQ QgA gA

2

2 21 2

21

1 12

p pQg A A

1 22 12 2

21

21 ( )A AQ pA A

p

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Example IV (siphon)Calculate the flow rate through the siphon and the  pressure at A.

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2 21 1 2 2

1 2 between (1)----(2)2 2

p V p Vz zg g

(1)

(2)

220 3 0 0 0

2 9.8V

2 7.66 m/sV

2 2 32 (0.0(7.66 m/s) m4) 0.1 m /s

4Q V A

2 21 1

1 between (1)----(A)2 2

A AA

p V p Vz zg g

0 3 0 0 0Ap

29.4 kPaAp

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Example V (Sluice Gate)

Calculate the flow rate through the sluice gate.

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p1

z1

V12

2g

p2

z2

V22

2gV1z1B V2z2B

Q z2B2g(z1 z2 )1 (z1 / z2 )2