Fluid Mechanics - · PDF file in a pipe (Bernoulli’s equation) (1) (1'): apply Bernoulli...
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Fluid Mechanics
Lecture #10
Review • Streamline
–A curve that is instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of a flow.
• Streamwise acceleration 21 ( )
2 s s s s
ss dv dv dv d vdsa v dt ds dt ds ds
For constant density fluids
2
constant along the same streamline 2
p Vgz
Bernoulli's Equation
2
constant across the streamlines p Vgz dn R
Stagnation Point The point on the solid body at which the velocity is zero
Stagnation Pressure • A pressure is increased when the velocity becomes small.
• A stagnation point is where the velocity becomes zero and the pressure is maximized. 2
2 p V z C
g
1 m/sV
20.01 mA
Force ?F
2 2 1 1
1 2 2
22 2 p V p Vz z
g g
2 21 00 0 0 2(9.8) 9,800 2(9.8)
p
2 21 00 0 0 2(9.8) 2
p g
500 Pap
5 NF
Flow Rate (Discharge) • The measure of “how much a fluid flows” • Defined as the volume per time. • Unit: m3/s • Volume/Time = (Area) x (Length / Time)
= (Area) x (Velocity) • Q=VA
Example I • Determine the velocity at (2).
D
D 0 h V1
2
2g 00
V2 2
2g
1 1
2 2 1 2 2
22 2 V Vz z
g p
g p
2 2 1 2 (1)
2 2 V Vh
g g
One more equation required: 2 2
1 2 (24 4 )V VDQ d
2Solve for V .
V2 2gh
1 (d / D)4
2If , 2VD d gh
DO IT YOUR SELF
Example II • Manometer is a device to measure pressure difference. Find the h.
Given Q(flowrate), A1, A2, SG.
Fluid is static within the tube (hydrostatic pressure)
There is a flow from left to right in a pipe (Bernoulli’s equation)
(1) (1') : apply Bernoulli equaion across streamlines
(1')
(2 ')
1 1 2 2
1 1 11
p V p Vz dn z dn R R
1 1 2
1
2 1
1 1p V p Vz dn z dn
11 11( )p p z z
2 2 2 2Similarly, ( )p p z z
Although there is a flow in between (1) and (1 ), the above equation tells the pressure distribution is hydrostatic.
Find the relation between p1 and p2. p1 (z2 z1) (l h) (SG)hl p2
1 2 1 2(1 )p z z SG h p
1 2 2 1 (1 )p p z z SG h
(1')
(2 ')
Apply Bernoulli Equation 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 22 2
p V p Vz z g g
1 2 1
2 2
2 2 1( / ) ( / )
2 2 p Q A p Q Az z
g g
1 2 2
2
2 21 12
1 1 2
p p Qz z g A A
Solve equations
1 2 2 1 (1 )p p z z SG h 1 2 2 2
2 21 12
1 1 2
p p Qz z g A A
2 1 2 1 2 2 1
2
2 1 1(1 )
2 1 Qz z SG h z z
g A A
1
2
2 2 2
1 1 2 (1 )
Qh g SG A A
DO IT YOUR SELF
Example III (Flow rate measurement) If one can measure p2‐p1, the flow rate Q can be calculated. Find Q in terms of p1, p2, A1, A2.
1 1 2 2Q V A V A
2 2 1 1 2 2
2 2 p V p V
g g
2 2
2 21
1 2 22 2
p pQ Q gA gA
2
2 2 1 2
21
1 1 2
p pQ g A A
1 2 2 12 2
21
21 ( )A AQ p A A
p
Example IV (siphon) Calculate the flow rate through the siphon and the pressure at A.
2 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 between (1)----(2)2 2 p V p Vz z
g g
(1)
(2)
2 20 3 0 0 0
2 9.8 V
2 7.66 m/sV
2 2 3 2 (0.0(7.66 m/s) m4) 0.1 m /s4
Q V A
2 2 1 1
1 between (1)----(A)2 2 A A
A p V p Vz z
g g 0 3 0 0 0Ap
29.4 kPaAp
Example V (Sluice Gate)
Calculate the flow rate through the sluice gate.
p1 z1
V1 2
2g
p2 z2
V2 2
2g V1z1B V2z2B
Q z2B 2g(z1 z2 ) 1 (z1 / z2 )
2