First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of
road connected most major cities.
Slide 5
Cumberland (National Road), 1811(completed 1850s)
Slide 6
Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s
Slide 7
Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817(completed in 1825)
Slide 8
The Canal Systems By 1840, canals connect all major lakes and
rivers east of Mississippi.By 1840, canals connect all major lakes
and rivers east of Mississippi. Lower food prices in the East.Lower
food prices in the East. More immigrants settling in the West.More
immigrants settling in the West. Result: Stronger economic ties
between two sections.Result: Stronger economic ties between two
sections.
Slide 9
Principal Canals in 1840
Slide 10
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont
Slide 11
Inland Freight Rates
Slide 12
Clipper Ships (Navy & Freight)
Slide 13
The Iron Horse Wins! (1830) Late 1820s 13 miles of track built
by B & O railroad By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000
mi.]
Slide 14
The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No.
RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.
Slide 15
Slide 16
Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing
to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800
41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357
Slide 17
Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a
slave!
Slide 18
Eli Whitneys Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle (during
War of 1812)
Slide 19
Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated
flour mill
Slide 20
John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)
Slide 21
Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831
Slide 22
Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 Telegraph
Slide 23
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Slide 24
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine
Slide 25
Slide 26
Corporations for Raising Capital General Incorporation Law (NY
1848) passed in New York to raise capital (money) by selling shares
of stock. Laissez faire BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism!
Owners of a corporation only risk initial investment. This
facilitates large sums of capital raised for factories, canals, and
RR.
Slide 27
Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of
all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston top 4%
owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over
50% of the wealth. v Social Mobility (moving upward in income level
and social status) The gap between rich and poor was widening!
Slide 28
Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System) Stole British
secrets on cotton- spinning machines.Stole British secrets on
cotton- spinning machines. War of 1812, Embargo Act stimulate
domestic mfg.War of 1812, Embargo Act stimulate domestic mfg.
Protective Tariff helps mfg. prosper.Protective Tariff helps mfg.
prosper.
Slide 29
Why New England? Abundant waterpowerAbundant waterpower
Excellent seaports for shipping goodsExcellent seaports for
shipping goods Plentiful capital available for investingPlentiful
capital available for investing Decline of farming in North = +
labor supplyDecline of farming in North = + labor supply NY, NJ
& PA follow NEs lead.NY, NJ & PA follow NEs lead. Factory
system encourages banking and insuranceFactory system encourages
banking and insurance
Slide 30
The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowells town - 1814
Slide 31
Lowell in 1850
Slide 32
Early Textile Loom
Slide 33
New England Textile Centers: 1830s
Slide 34
New England Dominance in Textiles
Slide 35
Lowell Girls What was their typical profile?
Slide 36
Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?
Slide 37
Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
Slide 38
The Early Union Movement Workingmans Party (1829) * Founded by
Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early trade (or
craft) unions were usually local, social, and weak starting in
1790s. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Goals of Unions: Reduced the
workday to 10 hours, better pay, and better working conditions.
Obstacles: replacement workers (immigrants), state laws against
unions, economic depressions
Slide 39
Slide 40
Regional Specialization EAST Industrial SOUTH Cotton &
Slavery WEST The Nations Breadbasket
Slide 41
American Population Centers in 1820
Slide 42
American Population Centers in 1860
Slide 43
Population Growth 1800-25 population doubles. Then
again.1800-25 population doubles. Then again. High birthrateHigh
birthrate UK and German migration after 1830.UK and German
migration after 1830. Non-whites decline from 20% to 15% of total
pop. Why?Non-whites decline from 20% to 15% of total pop. Why? By
1830s, 1/3 of pop. live west of Alleghenies (PA) mountainsBy 1830s,
1/3 of pop. live west of Alleghenies (PA) mountains
Slide 44
National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?
Slide 45
Know- Nothing Party: The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner Know- Nothing Party: The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled
Banner
Slide 46
Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860
Slide 47
Slide 48
Overall The Market Economy led to a growing interdependence
among people.The Market Economy led to a growing interdependence
among people. Farmers fed city workers.Farmers fed city workers.
City workers provided mass-produced goods.City workers provided
mass-produced goods. Standard of living increased for mostStandard
of living increased for most Fast-changing economy presented
challenges and problems.Fast-changing economy presented challenges
and problems.
Slide 49
Women Women worked less and less next to husband.Women worked
less and less next to husband. City work: domestic service or
teaching.City work: domestic service or teaching. Factory jobs not
as common.Factory jobs not as common. Working women tended to be
single, and would leave job to marry.Working women tended to be
single, and would leave job to marry. Gaining more control over
lives (marriage), though legal restrictions remained
(voting).Gaining more control over lives (marriage), though legal
restrictions remained (voting).
Slide 50
Slavery Most thought slavery would end after 1808 ban.Most
thought slavery would end after 1808 ban. Cotton industry and
westward expansion (AL & MS) kept it alive.Cotton industry and
westward expansion (AL & MS) kept it alive. KING COTTON will
have a profound effect on the nation!KING COTTON will have a
profound effect on the nation!