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APUSH Key Concept 4.2 Part I Mr. Buttell

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ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

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First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

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Cumberland (National Road), 1811(completed 1850s)

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Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

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Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817(completed in 1825)

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The Canal Systems By 1840, canals connect all major lakes and rivers east of Mississippi.By 1840, canals connect all major lakes and rivers east of Mississippi. Lower food prices in the East.Lower food prices in the East. More immigrants settling in the West.More immigrants settling in the West. Result: Stronger economic ties between two sections.Result: Stronger economic ties between two sections.

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Principal Canals in 1840

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Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

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Inland Freight Rates

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Clipper Ships (Navy & Freight)

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The Iron Horse Wins! (1830) Late 1820s 13 miles of track built by B & O railroad By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 mi.]

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The Railroad Revolution, 1850s p Immigrant labor built the No. RRs. p Slave labor built the So. RRs.

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Resourcefulness & Experimentation p Americans were willing to try anything. p They were first copiers, then innovators. 1800 41 patents were approved. 1860 4,357

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Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1791 Actually invented by a slave!

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Eli Whitneys Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle (during War of 1812)

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Oliver Evans First prototype of the locomotive First automated flour mill

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John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

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Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

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Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 Telegraph

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Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

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Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine

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Corporations for Raising Capital General Incorporation Law (NY 1848) passed in New York to raise capital (money) by selling shares of stock. Laissez faire BUT, govt. did much to assist capitalism! Owners of a corporation only risk initial investment. This facilitates large sums of capital raised for factories, canals, and RR.

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Distribution of Wealth v During the American Revolution, 45% of all wealth in the top 10% of the population. v 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. v 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. v Social Mobility (moving upward in income level and social status) The gap between rich and poor was widening!

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Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System) Stole British secrets on cotton- spinning machines.Stole British secrets on cotton- spinning machines. War of 1812, Embargo Act stimulate domestic mfg.War of 1812, Embargo Act stimulate domestic mfg. Protective Tariff helps mfg. prosper.Protective Tariff helps mfg. prosper.

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Why New England? Abundant waterpowerAbundant waterpower Excellent seaports for shipping goodsExcellent seaports for shipping goods Plentiful capital available for investingPlentiful capital available for investing Decline of farming in North = + labor supplyDecline of farming in North = + labor supply NY, NJ & PA follow NEs lead.NY, NJ & PA follow NEs lead. Factory system encourages banking and insuranceFactory system encourages banking and insurance

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The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowells town - 1814

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Lowell in 1850

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Early Textile Loom

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New England Textile Centers: 1830s

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New England Dominance in Textiles

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Lowell Girls What was their typical profile?

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Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

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Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

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The Early Union Movement Workingmans Party (1829) * Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City. Early trade (or craft) unions were usually local, social, and weak starting in 1790s. Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842). Goals of Unions: Reduced the workday to 10 hours, better pay, and better working conditions. Obstacles: replacement workers (immigrants), state laws against unions, economic depressions

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Regional Specialization EAST Industrial SOUTH Cotton & Slavery WEST The Nations Breadbasket

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American Population Centers in 1820

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American Population Centers in 1860

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Population Growth 1800-25 population doubles. Then again.1800-25 population doubles. Then again. High birthrateHigh birthrate UK and German migration after 1830.UK and German migration after 1830. Non-whites decline from 20% to 15% of total pop. Why?Non-whites decline from 20% to 15% of total pop. Why? By 1830s, 1/3 of pop. live west of Alleghenies (PA) mountainsBy 1830s, 1/3 of pop. live west of Alleghenies (PA) mountains

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National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860 Why now?

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Know- Nothing Party: The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner Know- Nothing Party: The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner

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Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

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Overall The Market Economy led to a growing interdependence among people.The Market Economy led to a growing interdependence among people. Farmers fed city workers.Farmers fed city workers. City workers provided mass-produced goods.City workers provided mass-produced goods. Standard of living increased for mostStandard of living increased for most Fast-changing economy presented challenges and problems.Fast-changing economy presented challenges and problems.

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Women Women worked less and less next to husband.Women worked less and less next to husband. City work: domestic service or teaching.City work: domestic service or teaching. Factory jobs not as common.Factory jobs not as common. Working women tended to be single, and would leave job to marry.Working women tended to be single, and would leave job to marry. Gaining more control over lives (marriage), though legal restrictions remained (voting).Gaining more control over lives (marriage), though legal restrictions remained (voting).

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Slavery Most thought slavery would end after 1808 ban.Most thought slavery would end after 1808 ban. Cotton industry and westward expansion (AL & MS) kept it alive.Cotton industry and westward expansion (AL & MS) kept it alive. KING COTTON will have a profound effect on the nation!KING COTTON will have a profound effect on the nation!