Solar Photovoltaics and RenewableEnergyChallenges and Solutions for Grid Integration
Antonis Marinopoulos, ABB Corporate Research PSL, AUTh, 2014-04-14
Some words about the speaker
§ Antonis Marinopoulos, PhD§ Education: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
• 5-year Diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering (2003)
• PhD in Power Systems – Impact of PV penetration into distribution grid (losses, powerquality) (2009)
§ Senior Scientist, ABB Corporate Research, Sweden
§ Wind power systems modeling and control (2010)
§ Transients in off-shore wind cables (2011)
§ Synchronous generator inter-turn fault protection (2010)
§ Smart grids (2010)
§ Large solar PV power systems (2011-…)
§ Future European transmission network (2010-2012)
§ Innovative substation concepts (2012-13)
§ Areas of special interest:
§ Grid integration of renewables, PV system modeling and design optimization,distributed generation, energy storage
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© ABB Group
§ Short presentation of ABB R&D Center
§ Renewable Energy Sources and PV Systems§ Introduction to RES
§ PV system applications
§ PV system components, design and metrics
§ ABB in solar PV
§ Future PV plant designs
§ Grid Integration issues of PV§ Technical challenges and Grid Codes
§ Policy and market issues
§ ABB solutions on Grid Integration
§ Energy storage solutions
§ Future Vision
Overview of the presentation
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Short presentation of ABB
A global leader in power and automation technologiesLeading market positions in main businesses
§ ~150,000 employees in more than 100countries
§ $43 billion in revenue (2013)
§ Formed in 1988 as a merger of Swiss(BBC, 1891) and Swedish (ASEA, 1883)engineering companies
§ Publicly owned company with head officein Switzerland
§ ABB R&D: More than $1.5 billion investedannually, 8,000 scientists and engineers,collaboration with 70+ Universities
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Power and productivity for a better worldABB’s vision
As one of the world’s leading engineering companies, wehelp our customers to use electrical power efficiently, toincrease industrial productivity and to lower environmentalimpact in a sustainable way.
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How ABB is organizedFive global divisions
• Ultrahigh, highand mediumvoltage products(switchgear,capacitors, …)
• Distributionautomation
• Transformers
• Electricals,automation andcontrol for powergeneration
• Transmissionsystems andsubstations
• Networkmanagement
• Control systemsand application-specificautomationsolutions forprocessindustries
• Machines
• Motors
• Drives
• Robotics
• Contactors
• Instrumentation
• Panels
• Soft-starters
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Research centers close to talent and customer base
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Global Lab and Research Programs structure
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MechanicsMechanics
ElectromagneticsElectromagnetics
ControlControl
SoftwareSoftware
Power electronicsPower electronics
CommunicationCommunication
MaterialsMaterials
SensorsSensors
SwitchingSwitching
ABB Corporate Research
Local LabsLocal Labs Research AreasResearch AreasResearch AreasResearch Areas
Baden-Dättwil
Västerås/Oslo
Ladenburg
Krakow
Raleigh/NC
Bangalore
Beijing/Shanghai
Global Research LabAutomation and Power Technologies
ABB Group R&D, Scandinavian Research Center
Measure
Simulation
Västerås
PhD
MSc
Lic.
BSc
HSE
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n ~280 Employees (+ 50 temp)>50% PhD and above10 Adjunct Professors~50 nationalities
n Extensive Laboratory FacilitiesSupporting research and prototyping of results
n More than 12,000 m2 laboratory facilities
n In-house PowerfulComputer Simulation Capacityn For multi-physics simulations
Research focus areas in CRC Scandinavia
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§ Grid connected power electronics§ Drives and power electronic
applications§ Electrical machines§ Switching apparatus§ Transformer physics§ Electrical insulation systems
§ Modeling and optimization ofindustrial processes & systems
§ Mechatronics and robotics design§ Wired and wireless
communication networks§ Embedded systems design§ Software architecture§ User Experience and interaction
§ Calculations in solid and structure mechanics§ Mechanical properties of materials of materials and components§ Earthquake simulation of complex structures§ Chemical analysis§ Corrosion and surface treatment
Automation Power
Technology support
Renewable Energy Sources and PVSystems
§ Renewable energy sources
§ PV system applications
§ PV system main components
§ PV modules and technologies,inverters, rest of Balance of Systems
§ PV system design and evaluation
§ Design and O&M issues, evaluationmetrics
§ ABB solutions on solar PV
§ Converters, transformers,switchgear, PV plants
§ Future concepts for Utility scale PVplants
RES and PV SystemsOutline
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Why renewable energy?Increasing energy demand
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§ Securing affordableenergy to supporteconomicdevelopment
§ The economicdevelopment ofemerging economiesdrives the increase ofenergy demand
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012
Why renewable energy?Sizeable contribution to CO2 emissions reduction
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§ World energy-related CO2 savings potential by policy measureunder 450 Policy Scenario relative to Current Policies Scenario
20
25
30
35
40
2008 20352020
*Carbon capture and storage
CO2 emissions (Gt)
Current trend2020 2035
Efficiency 73% 47%
Renewables 15% 23%
Biofuels 2% 4%
Nuclear 5% 8%
CCS* 4% 17%
450 PolicyScenario
Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012
Wind Power Hydro Power Solar Power
Geothermal Power Biomass Wave/Tidal
Renewable Energy SourcesOverview
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Renewable Energy SourcesSolar Technologies
Photovoltaic (PV)• Converts solar irradiation directly into electricity typically using a
silicon based semi-conductive material• Only the absorbed irradiation generates electricity
Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)• CSP technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight
onto receivers that collect solar energy and convert it to heatthrough a medium i.e. water
• This thermal energy can then be used to generate electricity in asteam turbine or heat engine coupled to a generator
• CSP is applicable in high DNI regions
Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)• Large area of solar irradiation is focused onto the solar cell with the
help of an optical device• Requires direct solar irradiation rather than diffused irradiation, so
also beneficial in high DNI regions
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Renewable Energy SourcesABB in solar
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1998: ABB supplies thecontrol system for the firstDirect solar steam loop at
Plataforma solar deAlmeria, Spain
ISCC: Integrated Solar Combined CycleEPC: Engineering, Procurement and Commissioning
2011: Acquisition ofPowercorp, leader in theintegration of renewableenergies into microgrids
More than 890 MWp of PVplants installed, either asan EPC contractor or as a
balance of systemcomponent supplier
2010: ABB supplies thecontrol system for the firstof its kind Integrated SolarCombined Cycle (ISCC)plant in Kuraymat, Egypt
ABB is the largest lowvoltage component
supplier to leading invertermanufacturers
More than 500 MWac ofcentral solar inverters and
Megawatt stationsinstalled worldwide
2013: Acquisition ofPower-One, 2nd largest
solar inverter manufacturerglobally
PV System ApplicationsOverview and Applications
PV: Utility
CSP
PV:Commercial
PV:Residential
Integration ofrenewables into the grid
Microgrids
PV:Commercial
On-gridapplications
Off-gridapplications
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PV System Main ComponentsMain Components
PV
Mod
ules • Converting
sunlight to DCelectric power
• Comprising of PVcells based onsemiconductortechnology
PV
Inve
rters • Converting the
DC power of PVmodules to AC
• PerformingMPPT
• Connecting PV togrid
• Providing basicmonitoring andancillary services
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PV System Main Components
Monocrystalline• Homogeneous crystal structure silicon (wafer)• Commercial module efficiency: 18-20%
Polycrystalline• Heterogeneous crystal structure silicon (wafer)• Commercial module efficiency: 14-16%
Thin-film: CIGS• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide• Commercial module efficiency: 11.5-13%
Thin-film: CdTe• Cadmium Telluride• Commercial module efficiency: 11-12.5%
Thin-film silicon• Amorphous or microcrystalline silicon deposited on a substrate• Commercial module efficiency: 6-10%
PV Cell Technology Overview
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PV System Main ComponentsPV Cell Technology Development
Technology Commercial module efficiency Area needed approx. for 1 MW (m2)
Monocrystalline* 18-20% 5000 – 5560
Multicrystalline 14-16% 6250 – 7140
CIGS 11.5-12.9% 7750 – 8700
CdTe 11-12.5% 8000 – 9090
A-Si 6-10 % 10000 - 16667
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Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg
PV System Main ComponentsSolar inverter: a key component
Key functions§ Converts DC to AC from PV panels
§ Controls the PV system
§ Maximizes energy harvest from panels (MPPT)
§ Handles grid code compliance throughadvanced features
§ Performs monitoring in the PV plant and offerscommunication possibilities with the system
§ Critical to integration of solar into the grid of thefuture
Unique requirements§ Technology i.e. power electronics,
communication
§ Distinct application needs (PV)
§ Country specific grid and safety codes
§ Reliability and service
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§ Current-voltage (I-V) curves show the electrical performance of a PV generator, defining themaximum power point (MPP) at the “knee point”
§ Inverter controls the PV generator so that it always operates at MPP
§ I-V curves change depending on solar irradiation and ambient temperature – Inverter controlshould dynamically track the MPP under varying irradiation and temperature conditions
§ Inverters may employ single of multiple MPPT inputs – possibility to connect PV generators ofdifferent design if multiple MPPT inputs available
§ Central vs. distributed MPPT
PV System Main ComponentsMaximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
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PV System Main Components
Application Inverter type
Inverter selection
Mic
ro30
0W 1Ph
ase
Strin
g1
–6k
w 3Ph
ase
Strin
g>
8kW C
entr
al50
–10
00kW
Con
tain
eris
edso
lutio
n
Pow
erra
ting
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Power output (Wdc)§ PV module performances measured with
peak watt ratings (Wp)
§ Determined by maximum power underStandard Test Conditions (STC):
§ Irradiation of 1000W/m2
§ Temperature 25ºC
Energy output (Wh)§ The amount of energy produced during
a certain period of time – watt hours(Wh)
§ This can be expressed as a perunit of area (Wh/m2)
§ Major parameter affecting annualPV module energy production:geographical location
PV System DesignPV Module Power and energy
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PV System DesignParameters affecting PV module performance
Solar irradiation
Orientation towards the sun
Temperature
Mismatch
Shading (cloud cover, obstacles)
Soiling (dirt)
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PV System DesignPV Module Orientation
§ Basic definitions
1. Azimuth Angle (α): PV module surface angle towards south
2. Tilt Angle (β): PV module surface angle towards horizontal surface
3. Sun Altitude or Elevation Angle or Solar height (θ): angle between directsun rays and horizontal surface
Source: Technical Application Paper PV Plants Vol.1023 April 2014
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Ground mounted
§ Utility applications
§ Fixed mounting, 1-axis or 2-axistracking (rarely)
§ Free air flow for module cooling
Roof Mounted
§ Residential and commercialapplications
§ Fixed mounting
§ Free air flow for module cooling
Building Integrated
• Residential and commercialapplications
• Fixed mounting
• Poor module cooling
PV System DesignPV Module Mounting
Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield Calculation Tool
Azimuth (α) and tilt (β)angles are fixed
Angles decided duringdesign process for max
annual energyproduction or min spaceTilt angle for max energy
function of latitude
Fixed mounting
Either azimuth (α) or tilt(β) angle is fixed
With one angle (azimuthor tilt) fixed, other varied
by tracking systemAnnual energy
production ~20-30%higher than fixed
mounting
Tracking 1-axis
Both azimuth (α) or tilt(β) angles varied bytracking system to
always have sun raysperpendicular to PV
module surfaceAnnual energy
production maximized
Tracking 2-axis
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§ PV module power reduced withincreased module temperature
§ Power reduction defined by powertemperature coefficient (dPt) which isnegative
§ PPV(T) = PPV,STC*[1 + dPt*(T-25)]
§ Typical dPt values for differenttechnologies (see table)
§ Amorphous Si (aSi) PV modulesexhibit less PV module reduction dueto temperature
§ cSi modules are the most sensitive
PV System DesignImpact of temperature on PV module power
PV Module technology Power Temperature CoefficientdPt(%/oC)
cSi (both poly and mono-Si) -0,45CIGS -0,38CdTe -0,25aSi -0,2
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§ PV modules
§ Convert solar radiation into electricity
§ Combiner box
§ In large scale installations, multiple strings of modulesare connected through combiner box which can providesurge protection, current and voltage protection andmonitoring
§ DC switch
§ Allows for separation between the solar generator andinverter for maintenance or repair work
§ Inverter
§ Used to convert the DC electricity generate by the PVmodules to AC electricity used by most appliances
§ Transformer
§ Used to step up the voltage to the high voltage requiredby the grid
§ AC switch
§ Required to separate the grid from PV system duringfaults or maintenance
PV System DesignGeneral layout of PV system
Source: http://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/solar/technologies/pv_systems.php
Combiner Box
Combiner Box
Combiner Box
DC Switch DC Switch
DC Switch
AC Switch AC Switch
AC Switch
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Central Inverters(single MPPT)Most suited for utilityPV plantsMore efficient andeconomicHigh impact onproduction in case offailureCentralized MPPTimposes uniform PVarray designIncreased DC cabling
String InvertersMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsLower impact onproduction in case offailureMPPT for each stringallows for differentstring designs perMPPT (i.e. orientation,number of modules)Increased AC cabling
Multi MPPT invertersMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsMulti MPPT allows fordifferent string/arraydesigns per MPPT (i.e.orientation, number ofmodules)
Module InvertersMostly suited forresidential PV plantswhere shading is anissueModule level MPPTallows for completefreedom of PV moduleorientationMismatch losseseliminatedLess efficient andeconomicSignificantly increasedAC cabling
Power OptimizersModule converterscombined with string orcentral inverterMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsModule level MPPTallows for completefreedom of PV moduleorientationMismatch losseseliminatedExploit high efficiencyof larger inverters
PV System DesignPV System Configuration
§ Inverter selected based on most suitable configuration
Source: Technical Application Paper PV Plants Vol.10
Source: The German Energy Society, “Planning and InstallingPhotovoltaic Systems”
Source:http://www.solaredge.com/groups/powerbox-power-optimizer
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PV System DesignPV Inverter
§ Inverter I-V operating region (bottom graph) definedby
§ Max current (Imax)
§ Max power (defining slope of inverter regionwhere I<Imax)
§ Min and Max MPP voltage (UDCmin, UDCmax)
§ If PV array curve outside of inverter operatingregion, inverter moves operating point along PVarray I-V curves (left graph)
Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield Calculation Tool
Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Konstantinos Papastergiou,Staffan Norrga, “Solar PV Array-inverter Matching ConsideringImpact Of Environmental Conditions”, 37th IEEE PVSC, 2011
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PV System DesignPV Array Dimensioning
Basic rule
•PV array MPP points throughout the year within inverter I-V operating region (greenarea top graph)
Ns
•Max number of modules per string (Ns,max) calculated based on inverter maxvoltage
•Min number of modules per string (Ns,min) calculated based on inverter min MPPvoltage
•Optimum Ns calculated based on maximum annual energy (bottom graph)
Np
•Number of strings in parallel calculated based on Ns and desired inverter DC/ACratio = [PV STC power] / [Inverter nominal AC power]
• Inverter DC/AC ratios 100-120% can be typically used•Larger DC/AC ratios may induce losses due to PV power higher than inverter power,thus inverter curtailing power and PV array not operating at MPP
OptimalDesign
•Optimal design defined based on desired criteria•Criteria may include performance and economics
Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield CalculationTool
Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Konstantinos Papastergiou,Staffan Norrga, “Solar PV Array-inverter Matching ConsideringImpact Of Environmental Conditions”, 37th IEEE PVSC, 2011
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§ PV modules even from samemanufacturer may exhibit slightdifferences in electrical characteristics
§ This mismatch results in different I-Vcurves
§ I-V curves of series and parallelconnected PV modules exhibitdeformation due to mismatch
§ PV generator power with mismatchlower than corresponding of PVgenerator with identical modules
§ Mismatch can be mitigated by sortingPV modules based on ISC,STC, distributedMPPT and virtually eliminated withMPPT for each module
PV System DesignPV Module Mismatch
Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Antonis Marinopoulos, Bengt Stridh, “Impact of PV Module Mismatch on the PV Array Energy Yield andComparison of Module, String and Central MPPT”, 38th IEEE PVSC, 201223 April 2014
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§ Bypass diodes used to mitigatethe impact of shading
§ Bypass diodes used for seriesconnection of PV cells andmodules
§ Top graph:
§ Black curve: PV modulecurve without shading
§ Red curve: PV module curvewith shading but withoutbypass diode
§ Green curve: PV modulecurve with shading but withbypass diode
PV System DesignShading
Impact of shading onstring
Reduction of producedcurrent in some
modules
Current of all modulesin string should be
equal
Reduction of currentof non shaded
modules to equalize
PV string current andthus power, defined byshaded PV modules
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PV System DesignImportant aspects on PV system design
PV SystemConfiguration
PV InverterSelection
PV ArrayDesign
DC sidecabling
Minimizationof losses
Calculation ofannual energy
production
Economiccalculations
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PV System MetricsMetrics Overview
LCOE
• Levelized Cost Of Electricity (Euro/kWh): PV system lifecycle cost (initial costplus operational cost) divided by the total lifecycle energy produced.
• LCOE = ∑∑
• Allows for the comparison of PV technology with other energy sources
CF• Capacity factor: ratio of actual energy production divided by the potential
energy production if plant was operating continuously at its power rating• CF = [Annual Energy Produced] / [PV Plant Power Rating]*8760• Allows for the comparison of PV technology with other energy sources
Yf• Energy Yield (kWh/kW) = [Annual Energy Produced] / [PV Plant Power Rating]• Allows the comparison of different PV systems in different locations
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§ LCOE =
§ Economic assessment of the cost of powergenerated by a system including all costs per unitof generated energy (MWh) over the lifetime of theasset
§ Only way to compare technologies with differentoperating characteristics
§ Discounted cash flow analysis – Net present valuemethod
§ Calculates expenses, incomes and generatedenergy discounting them to the same referencepoint
PV System MetricsLCOE
Example: Cumulative discounted cash flowcomparison for solar in the US
Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science23 April 2014
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LCOE = ∑
∑
LCOE = ∑ + +
(1 + )
∑ (1 + )
§ = investment expenditure in the year t
§ = operations and maintenance expenditure in the year t
§ = fuel expenditure in the year t
§ = electricity generation in the year t
§ = discount rate (cost of capital)
§ = economic life of the system
Cost streams
§ CAPEX
§ OPEX
§ Taxes, depreciation
§ Transmission/integration costs
§ Land lease
§ Calculation should not includeincentives as a revenue stream
PV System MetricsLCOE
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PV System MetricsLCOE comparison Q1 2012 – Q1 2013, $/MWh
0 100 200 300 400 500
CHPCoal fired
Natural gas CCGTNuclear
Small hydroLarge hydro
Geothermal - flash plantWind - onshore
Municipal solid wasteLandfill gas
Biomass - incinerationGeothermal - binary plant
Biomass - gasificationPV - c-Si tracking
PV - thin filmBiomass - anaerobic digestion
PV - c-SiSTEG - tower & heliostat w/storage
STEG - parabolic troughWind - offshore
Fuel cellsSTEG - parabolic trough + storage
STEG - tower & heliostatSTEG - LFRMarine - tidal
Marine - wave
LCOE BNEF EU Carbon Forecast Q1 2013 Central Scenario Q1 2012 Central Scenario
-24%
-4%
-+17%
+5%-
+14%
-29%
-1%
-
-
$1,058 +9%$861 +10%
+2%+9%
-
+3%
+1%
-10%-28%
-
-
+6%
+2%
-14%
-
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: Carbon forecasts from the Bloomberg New Energy Finance European Carbon Modelwith an average price to 2030 of $48/mt. Coal and natural gas prices from the US EIA and BNEF. Percentage change representschange from Q1 2012
§ Solar PV competitive with other generating technologies
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PV System MetricsGrid Parity
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, May 2012
§ Grid parity: LCOE of PV systems equalizing with market energy price§ PV reaching grid parity thanks to declining system costs and higher retail
electricity prices
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PV System O&MRemote operations and maintenance
Solar field data acquisition
Inverters
Combiner boxes
Energy meters
Sensors•Field sensors for dataacquisition
•In-site weather station
Monitoring and control
Data logging• Including dataacquisition hardwaresuch as
•Network adapters•Cable router / gateway,etc.
SCADA*•Real-time control andcommunications
Proprietaryservers
Remote Operations andmaintenance
Remote monitoringportal•Web interfacecentralizing plantproduction data andstatus information
Asset management•Plant portfolio andfinancial management
•Real-time plantoperations andmaintenance
Residential applications
Additional requirements for utility-scaleapplications
*SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system
• PV System O&M (Operation and Maintenance) contributes to minimization of undesired failures andmaximization of PV plant availability and production
• Remote monitoring reduces O&M cost by avoiding the unnecessary presence of experts on field
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ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolutions for Various Applications
PV: Utility
CSP
PV:Commercial
PV:Residential
Integration ofrenewables into the grid
O&M Service
Microgrids
PV: PhotovoltaicsCSP: Concentrating Solar Power
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ABB Solutions on Solar PVClient requirements define solution scope
PVModules* Trackers
DCCabling
ProtectorsInverters
Transfor-mationCenter*
GridConnection
EPC: Engineering, procurement and constructionBoS: Balance of systemEBoP: Electrical balance of plant
* PV modules not part of ABB’s scope of supply** Voltage level is stepped up to grid level.
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ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolar Inverters
Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters23 April 2014
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ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolar Inverters
Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters
AB
B/P
ower
-One
Sol
arIn
verte
rs Residential /CommercialApplications
AB
B/P
ower
-One
Sol
arIn
verte
rs Solar Invertersfor Residential/ CommercialApplications A
BB
/Pow
er-O
neS
olar
Inve
rters Utility
Applications
AB
B/P
ower
-One
Sol
arIn
verte
rs Solar Invertersfor UtilityApplications
PVS800
Aurora Core / Plus /Ultra
PVS800-IS
Aurora Station
Aurora MICRO
PVS300
Aurora Uno (1-phase)
Aurora Trio (3-phase)
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ABB Solutions on Solar PVSoftware Tool for PV Plant Design and Yield Prediction
Simple PV SystemConfiguration andDimensioning
PV System Performance andEnergy Yield Prediction
Database of ABB inverters andTransformers
Database of ~6500 PVModules
Database of weather data for~400 sites worldwide
Source: ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters
PVSize 2 Software Tool
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§ Allows checks on any plant, at any time of the day with acomputer or other internet enabled device
§ Data can be monitored, configured or analysed to ensuresecurity of plant performance and maximized return oninvestment
§ Monitoring devices can be located in combiner boxes allowinghigher precision (string monitoring)
ABB Solutions on Solar PVRemote Monitoring
Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters
Aurora Vision
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ABB Reference Plants
PV Reference: Totana, Spain1 MWp in operation since 2008 (1st for ABB)
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Totana PV Plant
Location: Murcia, Spain
Size: 1 MWp, 1 Axis tracker
Customer: Global capitalfinance
ABB Scope: Turnkey
Commissioning:
§ PAC: September 2008
§ Status: Connected to grid
Customer needMaximize the performance and reliability of the solar plant
Get the plant in operation in less than 6 months
ABB responseABB delivers the complete solar plant in consortium with a mechanical partner
ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overall performance of the PVsolar plant
ABB scope:
Supply: DC & AC cabinets, unit transformers, switchgears, equipment housing, systemoptimization, plant automation
Installation: All supplied equipment, PV modules, security system, cabling, ground &civil works
Partner scope: PV modules.
Customer benefitReliable and efficient PV solar plant. Performance Ratio (PR) > 80%
Optimized operation, control and maintenance of PV solar plant (sun tracking, systemoptimization, control and protection, etc.)
Totana produces 2.2 GWh per year – displaces 2200 tons of greenhouse gas emissionsannually
Client met the deadline and qualified for the Spanish feed-in tariff
PV Reference: La Robla, Spain13.3 MWp in operation since 2010
La Robla PV Plant (Spain)Size: 20.2 MWp, 1-axis trackingCustomer: GA SolarABB Scope: EPCYear of commissioning:EPC: 2010
La Robla PV Plant
Location: Leon, Spain
Size: 13.3 MWp, 1 Axis tracker
Customer: Gestamp Solar
ABB Scope: Turnkey
Commissioning:
§ PAC: May 2010
§ Status: Connected to grid
Commissioning
Customer need
Maximize the performance and reliability of the solar plant
Plant in operation in 3 months
ABB response
ABB delivered the complete solar plant in consortium with a module manufacturer
ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overall performance of the PVsolar plant
ABB scope:
Supply: Substation, DC cabinets, AC cabinets, unit transformers, switchgears,equipment housing, system optimization, control and SCADA.
Turnkey installation, ground & civil works: Inverters, trackers, PV modules,transformers and switchgears, cabinets, housing, system optimization, control,SCADA, security system, cabling, etc.
Customer benefit
Reliable and efficient PV solar plant. Performance Ratio (PR) > 80%
Optimized operation, control and maintenance of PV solar plant (sun tracking, systemoptimization, control and protection, etc.)
La Robla produces 22.6 GWh per year – displaces 11,500 tons of greenhouse gas emissionsannually
Client kept the deadline and qualified for Spanish feed-in tariff for solar plant
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PV Reference: La Sugarella, Italy24.2 MWp in operation since 2010
Location: La Sugarella, Italy
Size: 24.2 MWp, 1 axis tracker
Customer: Phenix Renewable
ABB Scope: EPC
Year of commissioning:
EPC:2010
Customer needFirst class automation and electrical systemsMaximize plant performance and reliability
ABB responseABB delivered the complete solar plant in consortium with a module
manufacturer
ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overallperformance of the PV solar plant
ABB scope:
Supply: Substation, DC cabinets, AC cabinets, unit transformers,switchgears, equipment housing, system optimization, control andSCADA.
Turnkey installation, ground & civil works: Inverters, trackers, PVmodules, transformers and switchgears, cabinets, housing,system optimization, control, SCADA, security system, cabling,etc
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 53
PV Reference: Poveda, Bulgaria50 MWp, in operation since 2012
Poveda PV Plant
Location: Poveda, Bulgaria
Size: 50 MWp, fixed
Customer: Helios Projects AD
ABB Scope: EBoP
Commissioning
§ PAC: June 2012
§ Status: Connected to grid
Customer needFirst class electrical systems from ABB
Short construction schedule
Expertise in substation and grid connection
ABB responseABB delivers an EBoP* solution to the customer
ABB scope:
Supply: String monitoring boxes, inverters, DC & AC cabinets,transformers, switchgears, cabling, equipment housing, protectionequipment, MV connection line, substation, overhead line for gridconnection, plant automation
Installation: All supplied equipment
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 54 * Excluding design
63 PV plants totaling more than 890 MWp all over the world(Algeria, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan,
Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, USA)
Service contracts for 27 plants totaling 280 MWp(Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, South Africa, Spain, UK)
Starting activities in many countries(Chile, Jordan, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UK, Ukraine …)
© ABB GroupApril 23, 2014 | Slide 55
ABB turnkey PV power plant solutionsLast update May 2013
Future concepts for Utilityscale PV Systems
PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants
23 April 2014
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| Slide 57
§ Global PV installed capacity is increasingrapidly, faster than it was estimated
§ Increase rate of utility scale installationsis higher than the rest
§ Hundreds of utility scale PV power plants(5-100MW) operating
§ 15-20 very large scale PV power plants(>100MW) already in operation in US,China, India, Germany, France, Ukraine
§ Current largest PV power plant:320MWp, Longyangxia Hydro-solar PVStation, China (1.28GW hydro powerstation to smooth PV output)
§ Currently, 5 PV power plants >1000MWunder development
PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants
23 April 2014
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| Slide 58
Main challenges
§ Cost reduction of Balance of Systems driven by extra-low price of PV modules
§ PV park optimal design, efficiency in the complete chain, minimization of cabling,configuration and size of PV arrays
§ Grid integration issues
§ Use of energy storage
§ Ancillary services, eg. grid stabilization
§ LCOE, grid parity, competitiveness again conventional plants
§ Financing, bankability
PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 59
Energy storage integratedat AC or DC side
Energy storage connectedin parallel at grid interface
Energy storagenear load centeror or
Design ofPV solar
field
New convertertopologies for
PVMV collection
grid (AC or DC)
Energystorage
integration
§ Techno-economic Evaluation of Complete PV Systemwith Embedded Energy Storage
Optimization for low cost / high efficiency
PV System LayoutFuturistic Scenarios for Very Large Scale PV Plants
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 60
§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 800kW, PV unit 1-5 MW§ MVAC 20kV§ Central inverter 800kW, 98.6% peak efficiency,
and 98.4% Euro efficiency (97-98.2% at 10%load)
§ PV array 100kW, PV unit 10-14 MW§ MVAC 12kV (up to 36kV similar to wind)§ Cascaded H-bridge (modeled with maximum
efficiency up to 99%)§ Isolation required either in the H-bridge or by
using extra component
Current configuration with central inverters Configuration with cascaded DC-AC inverters
Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, K. Papastergiou, “Overview Of Alternative System ConfigurationsFor Very Large Scale PV Power Plants,” 27th European PV Solar Energy Conference (EUPVSEC 2012)
PV System LayoutFuturistic Scenarios for Very Large Scale PV Plants
23 April 2014
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| Slide 61
Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, K. Papastergiou, “Overview Of Alternative System ConfigurationsFor Very Large Scale PV Power Plants,” 27th European PV Solar Energy Conference (EUPVSEC 2012)
§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 1-2MW, PV unit up to 50MW§ MVDC up to 20-40kV§ Isolated DC/DC converter with maximum
efficiency close to 98.9%
§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 1-2 MW, PV unit up to 20MW§ MVDC up to 20kV§ Isolated DC/DC converter with maximum
efficiency close to 98.9%
Configuration with cascaded isolated DC-DC Configuration with parallel isolated DC-DC
Future PV System LayoutEvaluation method
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 62Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems
including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
Start
LocationSelection
Weather Model
Irradiation andtemperature
database
Longitude, Latitude
Monthly weather data
Irradiation Model
Hourly values of global horizontal irradiationand ambient temperature
PV panels database(*PVSyst)
Panelorientationor tracking
PV paneltype
MPP interpolationusing look-up tables MPP data
Hourly values of global irradiationon panel surface
Calculation(multiplication)
PV arrayconfigurationM x N matrix
Hourly values of Ipv, Upv
Converter lossdatabase (*alsoexternal data)
ConvertertypeConverter Model Losses
Hourly values of Iarray, Uarray
Hourly values of Pconv, Ploss
Energy Calculation∫dt
Results database
End
Annual Energy Yield
Calculation
Cable andTransformerCalculation
ConverterTopology
Hourly values of Poutput
CollectionGrid Layout
Hourly values of Ptot
LCOE Calculation Financial andcost data
= investment expenditure in the year t= operations and maintenance expenditure in the year t= electricity generation in the year t= discount rate (cost of capital)= economic life of the system
Future PV System LayoutInitial evaluation
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 63Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems
including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
1 GW PV power plant4 alternative system configurationsFixed/tracking PV modules, cSi and CdTe10 different locationsMeteorological data from MeteonormCalculation of LCOE
Country Location name Latitude (decimal) Longitude (decimal) Annual Solar Irradiance(kWh/m2)
Yearly Average AmbientTemperature (oC)
Germany Pocking 48,98 13,35 1104 8
Brazil Sao Paolo -23,46 -46,65 1445 20
Italy Napoli 38,69 18,87 1531 16
China Ordos 38,83 112,09 1653 7
Spain Totana 37,98 1,13 1742 17
China-Tibet Lhasa 30,13 91,19 1773 2
Australia Mildura Airport -34,21 142,06 1898 17
India New Delhi 28,6 77,17 1963 25
US Tucson 33,5 112,17 2076 20
Algeria Tamanrasset 22,92 5,48 2367 21
Future PV System LayoutPreliminary results
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 64Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems
including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
• LCOE of alternative configurations, in % difference from the LCOE of the baseline currentconfiguration with central inverters
Future PV System LayoutSome conclusions
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 65Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems
including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)
§ Low PV module prices have increased the significance of the BoS cost, thus puttinga pressure for efficiency increase in the whole chain, from the PV module to thegrid.
§ For utility scale PV plants innovative plant design concepts may be needed.
§ For remote PV plants, GW power might be better to be transmitted via DC, thus all-DC PV plants may be an alternative.
§ In general, central inverters may not always be the most competitive solution forvery large scale PV parks. Alternative configurations with high efficiencycomponents could result in more competitive systems for different locations.
§ Cost and reliability benefits need to be identified to evaluate new configurations in amore fair way. It is also important to consider the simplicity of installation, O&Μ, etc.when searching for the optimal design.
Grid Integration issues of PV
§ Renewables in the electricity grid§ Technical issues
§ Main technical challenges§ Grid codes review§ Main grid code requirements (frequency support, PQ, voltage, ramp rate)
§ Policy and market issues§ ABB solutions on integration
§ Substations§ HVDC§ FACTS§ Energy storage§ Smart grids§ Microgrids (Powercorp)
Grid integrationOverview
23 April 2014
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| Slide 67
Traditional view of electricity grid
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 68
Evolution of grid designFuture grids
What will characterize future grids?
§ Centralized and distributed powergeneration
§ Intermittent renewable powergeneration
§ Consumers become also producers
§ Multi-directional power flow
§ Load adapted to production
§ Operation based more on real-timedata
§ The future grid will focus on theintegration of renewable generation,reliability and efficiency. Energystorage technologies can support thegrid, smoothing the output of RES andproviding flexibility, reserves and otherancillary services.
23 April 2014
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| Slide 69
§ Renewable power generation creates new challenges for grid operators
§ Renewables will be connected in different levels (e.g. from residential scaleto Utility scale PV)
§ Networks need to become more flexible at the generation, transmissionand distribution levels of the grid
Integrating renewable energy
23 April 2014
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| Slide 70
Grid integration of PV
PV System characteristicsvs. Conventional sources•Non - dispatchable•Variable, stochastic•Only fuel is sunlight•Silent•Large area requirement•Low capacity factor•Power electronics interface•Low short-circuit current•Zero inertia•Etc.
PV advantages•Environmental friendly (no CO2emissions, sustainable)
•Virtually free operation cost•Available in global scale, even inremote areas
•Modular•Easy to build and operate•Etc.
PV Integration challenges•Risk for stability•Security of supply•Voltage issues•Feeder overload•Losses•Islanding•Etc.
23 April 2014
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| Slide 71
PV powergeneration:
intermittent, notcentrally controlled,stochastic, location
not planned, lowcapacity factor but
high volatility
Power system:designed for unilateral
power flow,(component ratings
and protection),stability margins,
reserves, N-1 criterionfor security
Need to tackletechnicalissues to
ensure reliablegrid operation
Technical challenges of PV integration
23 April 2014
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| Slide 72
Transmission gridSecurity of supplyLine overloading
Stability (for high penetration)Tripping due to frequency deviation (50.2Hz problem)Different pre-event flows -> different stability margins
Less stable weaker grid ->Active/reactive power reserve scheduling
Distribution gridOvervoltages in long feeders
Losses (globally decrease, locally may increase)Voltage imbalance (1-ph large generation)
Voltage fluctuationsProtection failures
Islanding
Main issues in T&D grids
23 April 2014
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| Slide 73
GermanyOldest grid codes, TSO and DSO side, continuous updated (BDEW, E.ON, VDN)
SpainMostly based on German grid codes (REE)
ItalyTSO and DSO level, updated in 2012 (CEI standard and Terna)
European UnionSince 2012 common grid codes from ENTSO-E (law pending), Cenelec guidelines for DSO
ChinaTSO and DSO level, GB/T 19964-2012 and GB/T 29319-2012 (State Grid China)
S. AfricaSince 2012 for TSO and DSO level, strict due to weak network (NERSA)
USA2012 Interconnection Requirements for Variable Generation, TSO level (NERC)
Puerto Rico2012 Technical Requirements for Interconnection of PV, 10% ramp-rate limitation (PREPA)
Grid interconnection codes
23 April 2014
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| Slide 74
Grid codes and inverter requirements
DE
DE,ES, IT,
CN
ENTSO-E,US, CN,
IN?
Previous +Latin America,
S. Africa ->global
No special requirements
Anti islanding
Low voltage ride-through, reactive powersupport during fault
Zero voltage ride-through,dynamic grid supportduring normal + fault,frequency response
Fully controllable,“conventional generation”,grid frequency control
1990? 1990-2008 now future
Implications forconversiontechnology
2008-2012
Fullycontrollable
inverter (P,Q) +Energystorage
Active Inverterwith FRT,
control for Qand active
power response
Passive inverter
Concepts, including MV/LVsubstation, for decentralizedremote control (withcommunication) and local controlapproaches (withoutcommunication) (Source: IEEEP&E Magazine, vol.2, 2013)
now
future
past
23 April 2014
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Examples of grid code requirements
Voltage support in network faults(E.ON., Germany, 2006)
Active power reduction withoverfrequency (BDEW, Germany, 2007)
Fault ride-through profile of a PowerPark Module (ENTSOE, 2012)
23 April 2014
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| Slide 76
Examples of grid code requirements
Reactive power control function(S. Africa, 2012)
Voltage control function (S. Africa, 2012)
Frequency response requirement(S. Africa, 2012)
23 April 2014
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| Slide 77
Example list of technical solutions for DN
Source: PV GRID project23 April 2014
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| Slide 78
• Political and market decisions needed to restore investor confidence, remove bottlenecks and create areliable framework for PV remuneration
PV competitiveness vs. Integration challenges
• Feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, green certificates
Regional/local support mechanisms
• Who should pay for necessary network reinforcements
Network reinforcements
• Increasing PV and self-consumption in DN reduces utilities revenues, but with constant or increasing cost-> price increase -> PV more competitive -> increasing PV -> …
”Utility death spiral”
• Many technical solutions are not provided by the regulations (storage, SCADA and PV inverter control,active power control, DR by local price signals, metering)
TSO/DSO regulatory framework
• When and how PV curtailment is enforced (except emergency reasons)
Rules for curtailment
Policy issues of PV integration
23 April 2014
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| Slide 79
• New market schemes that promote energy storage in grid scale in order to increase PVpenetration
Grid scale Energy Storage
• How to charge/remunerate residential customers, net-metering
Self consumption of residential/commercial PV
• Frequency regulation, voltage support, inertia emulation, energy shifting, reactive support(nighttime operation)
Provisions for ancillary services
• Weekly, day-ahead, intra-day, hourly, forecast
Energy Market
• How to define PV competitiveness vs. “grid” electricity
PV parity
Market issues of PV integration
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 80
PV parity will play a significant role
Source: PV Parity project
§ Dynamic grid parity
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 81
Ancillary services by PV
Source: REserviceS project23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 82
ABB solutions for PV gridintegration
Integration of renewables into the gridNew challenges require a transition to a smarter grid
Challenges ABB solutionRemote bulk generation
Areas with the best solar resources are often situated inremote locations. Tapping into these resources will requireefficient ways to transport energy over long distances.
Substations
HVDC
FACTS
BESS
Ventyx software solutions
Distributed generation
Power generation is now commonly found on the distributionlevel such as residential and commercial PV installations.Increasing levels of distribution level generation will requirenew approaches to regulate and manage this energy.
BESS
Ventyx software solutions
Active voltage regulation
Volatile generation
With increasing levels of renewable energies on the grid,power production is increasingly volatile. Taking advantage ofhigh penetration of renewable energies will require gridstabilization and more efficient ways to cope with volatility.
BESS
Ventyx software solutions
PowerStore flywheel (μ-grids)
HVDC: High voltage direct currentFACTS: Flexible alternating current transmission systemsBESS: Battery energy storage systems23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 84
Benefits§ Delivery secured by ABB to be in line with
national regulations and requirements§ Optimized economical and technical
solutions§ Low design and execution risk with ABB as
product and system supplier
Gas insulated substations specificbenefits
§ Less space requirements - especially incongested city areas
§ Lower corrosion and impact from pollution,as well as salt, sand or snow
§ Lower operation & maintenance costs
Integration of renewables into the gridSubstations
Substations help connect solarpower to the MV grid.
ABB has more than 100 years ofexperience in building andupgrading air and gas insulatedsubstations around the world.
23 April 2014
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| Slide 85
Benefits§ Enables bulk power transmission from
renewable energy generation in remotelocations
§ Lower transmission losses thanconventional alternating current (AC)transmission
§ Fewer transmission lines neededcompared to AC, saving both money andland
§ Fully controlled transmission preventinggrid instabilities from spreading
Integration of renewables into the gridHigh voltage direct current (HVDC)
HVDC systems convert ACgeneration to DC fortransmission over long distancesand reconvert DC to be fed intothe AC grid.
The highest transmissionefficiency over long distances isobtained by using HVDC.
23 April 2014
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| Slide 86
FACTS control the power flowthrough AC transmission lines inorder to increase power transfercapacity and mitigatedisturbances.
In some cases power systemtransmission capacity can bedoubled.
Series compensationBenefits§ Active power flow control§ Improved voltage control and reactive
power balance§ Line loss optimization by load flow control§ Increased dynamic behavior (system
stability)
Shunt compensationBenefits§ Dynamic reactive power support§ Increase of active power transfer§ Improvement of voltage quality at load side
Integration of renewables into the gridFlexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)
23 April 2014
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| Slide 87
ABB solution§ Consulting and grid studies§ Turnkey battery energy storage facilities§ Pre-designed energy storage modules§ Standalone energy storage converters§ Designed independently of battery
technology
Benefits§ Solutions fit every grid application –
across a range of power ratings, voltagelevels and discharge times
§ Enhance power quality§ Capacity firming – eliminate rapid voltage
and power swings on the grid§ Load leveling and peak demand shaving§ Voltage support
Integration of renewables into the gridBattery energy storage solutions
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 88Source: ABB Energy Storage Solutions
§ Balancing power is a critical issue whenlarge amounts of intermittent renewablegeneration is integrated to the generationmix.
§ Energy storage compensates mismatchesbetween generation and demand and alsocontributes to maintain grid stability
Integration of renewables into the gridBattery energy storage converters portfolio
Technology selection based on target application & project parametersConverter modules: Solutions including the equipment required to connect batteries
to the gridEnergy storage modules: Integrated solutions including batteries and conversion
equipment
MV - HV range~10MW – 70MW rating
LV range~25kW – 300kW rating
LV - MV range~200kW – 30MW rating
Optimized convertersTypical grid connection levels
Opt
imum
batte
ryse
lect
ion
ESI PCS 100 DynaPeaQ
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 89
Power-One’s residentialenergy storage systemREACT (Renewable
Energy Accumulator andConversion Technology).Consists of a 4.6kW 1-phinverter and Li-ion battery2kWh. Expendable up to6kWh. Expected in the
market in 2014
Packaged energy storagesystem using ABB ESI orPCS100 energy storagesystem converters
Features§ Individual modules up to 4 MW with a range
of battery technology options§ Connected to the grid at medium (1 to
40.5 kV) or low voltage (< 1000 V)§ Electrical, protective, monitoring and battery
equipment in preconfigured and tested unit
Benefits§ Optimal product selection combining ABB
products and customer interfacerequirements
§ Proven track record of containerizedsolutions in many severe environments
§ Global service coverage with a high level ofengineering capabilities
Integration of renewables into the gridEnergy storage modules – integrated converter andbattery systems
23 April 2014
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| Slide 90
Dynamic grid level energystorage system based on Li-ionbatteries and ABB’s advancedpower electronics.
Features§ Stores energy and injects it into the grid
when needed, from 10 up to 70 MW power§ For medium or high voltage applications
(> 40.5 kV)§ Based on industry-leading, proven FACTS
technology and ABB quality§ Performs active filtering when needed
Benefits§ Allows a significant increase in renewable
penetration, by mitigating fluctuating powersupply into the grid
§ Provision of ancillary services for existingnetworks
§ Fully integrated and tested system
Integration of renewables into the gridDynaPeaQ® - SVC light with energy storage®
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 91
Examples of energy storage with renewablesPeak shaving application
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 92
§ The aims for theapplication of PeakShaving is
1. bring down an electricitycustomer’s Power Fee, or
2. deferral of T&D upgrades /increase grid utilization
§ How much the peakpower can be reduced bya BESS is limited byØ BESS energy storage
capacity
Ø Maximum charge anddischarge powers for theBESS
Ø Load characteristics (howmuch energy the peaks hold)
Peak shavingReal customer case
23 April 2014
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| Slide 93
BESS installed at LV substationlevel in western Sweden
§ Located in a distribution grid withlarge penetration of renewables
§ Electric vehicle fast chargingplanned
§ 100 kVA ABB PQF inverter
§ 75 kW / 75 kWh rated batterycapacity
§ Active/reactive powercompensation
§ Active filtering of harmonics
§ 1 year of recorded load dataavailable
0 6 12 18 24
100
200
300
400FEAB "optimal" peak shaving, Monday
Time (hr)
Load
(kW
)LoadShaved load
• 75 kWh• 75 kW• 100% utilization• Nightly recharging
These peaks do not exceedthe shave level, hence theyaren’t shaved
Examples of energy storage with renewablesRamp rate control
23 April 2014
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| Slide 94
§ Ramp rate limited outputof a wind farm, the greenarea represents theenergy absorbed by thebattery while the blackrepresents the energywhich is released from it
Battery charging to achievemaximum ramp-up imposedby Grid Codes
Battery discharging toachieve maximum ramp-downimposed by Grid Codes
Source:D. Lee; R.Baldick; Limiting Ramp Rate of Wind Power Output using a Battery Based on the Variance Gamma Process, InternationalConference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’12) Santiago de Compostela (Spain), 28th to 30th March, 2012
Examples of energy storage with renewablesEnergy shifting for revenue optimization
23 April 2014
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| Slide 95
1. During high price periods BESS is dischargedto increase the energy output.
2. During low price periods a percentage of thePV energy is stored in BESS.
3. During average price period ESS is idle, i.e.all PV energy is given to PCC.
Results from MATLAB simulations
PVpower
Powerat PCC
Energystored
The active voltage regulatorallows for innovative and efficientintegration of distributedgeneration along distributionfeeders
Fast, seamless and accuratevoltage regulator for mediumvoltage (< 33 kV) and low voltage(<1 kV) distribution grids.
Benefits§ Regulation of
§ stationary under- and over-voltages,§ voltages sags and§ voltage imbalances
§ High efficiency of the system >99%
§ Easy implementation
§ Capability to connect to existing electricalinfrastructure.
§ Installation next to an existing secondarysubstation, or supplied as an integratedpart of a new substation.
§ Sizing suits to different distribution trans-former sizes such as 250 kVA, 400 kVAand 630 kVA.
Integration of renewables into the gridActive voltage regulation
23 April 2014
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| Slide 96
Software solutionsVentyx Software providesvaluable insight into renewableenergy markets by providing amethodology and set of softwareapplications for understanding ofmarket structure and priceformation
Features§ Forecasting future resource expansions
(generation, transmission and distribution)based on the evolution of energy andenvironmental policies
§ Modeling alternative policy sets, in bothgrid capacity expansion and operations
§ Identifying costs and composition of thepower system taking into considerationtransmission and reliability requirements
§ Forecasting the required power resourcesin a certain region which will affectelectricity prices
§ Capturing short term risk and uncertaintyassociated with weather induced volatility
Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions
23 April 2014
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| Slide 97
Solar power forecastingSolar power forecasting is anintegral part of any utilities,independent power producer,developer and system operatortechnology portfolio.
Features§ Provides operational data for broad ranges
of installed solar capacity, including large-scale solar generation facilities anddistributed solar installations.
Benefits§ Reducing the uncertainty of day ahead solar
power generation commitments
§ Minimizing system balancing andoperational costs
Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 98
Demand responsemanagement system
Ventyx Software offers an off-the-shelf solution for managingsignificant amounts of energycoming from multiple resourcesas if they were a single resource;a virtual power plant (VPP).
Features§ Mapping site consumption, generation,
storage§ Load forecasting at each of the mapped
network levels and nodes§ Managing program rules, relationships,
eligibility criteria§ VPP setup and management§ Aggregation / Disaggregation of resources§ Optimizing the entire portfolio based on
economic and/or environmental criteria
§ Reporting and analysis on program success,customer enrollment rates, VPPperformance, ROI calculation
Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions
23 April 2014
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| Slide 99
Demand responsemanagement system
Benefits§ Shaves demand peaks easing pressure on
distribution networks§ Helps prevent outages and failures§ Optimizes economic decisions related to
generating, buying or reducing electricityconsumption
§ Relieves network of congestion associatedwith high levels of renewable energyproduction
§ Minimize effects of intermittent renewableenergy
§ Optimizes energy storage usage§ Allows the system to appropriately react to
grid outages, failures and plannedmaintenance
Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 100
Renewable energy integration into μgrids - challengesManaging power output fluctuations
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 101
§ Inherent volatility of renewable energycan compromise grid stability
§ The renewable energy integrationsolution must address requirementstraditionally fulfilled by dieselgeneration (base load)
§ Frequency and voltage control
§ Sufficient spinning reserve
§ Sufficient active and reactive powersupply
§ Peak shaving and load levelling
§ Load sharing between generators
§ Fault current provision
§ Renewable energy generation capacityshould be sized to maximize ROI andfuel savings
ROI: Return on investment
ABB Microgrid solution
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 102
RE + enables high penetration, up to100%, into diesel microgrids§ Expertise in engineering and consulting
ü 25+ years of microgrid experience and systemdesign optimization
§ Intelligent control and management of allinterconnections
ü Microgrid Plus system
ü Dedicated controllers
§ Grid stabilizationü PowerStore™
Additional expertise and capabilities§ Renewable energy generation
ü Solar PV plant/farms turnkey solutions
ü Wind farm integration
RE+: Renewable Energy +
PowerStore Loads
Dieselgenerators
Renewableenergy generation
MicrogridPlus system
MicrogridPlus system
RE+
ABB
Grid stabilizationPowerStore™ flywheel system
MG
440Vac60-120Hz
440Vac50/60Hz
ReactivePower
RealPower
RealPower
FixedFrequency
VariableFrequency
2.9T1,800 -
3,600 RPM
VirtualGenerator
FlywheelInverter
§ Stabilizes frequency and voltagefluctuations
§ Heavy-duty application: dynamic powerinjection and absorption in milliseconds
§ Maximizes fuel savings through highestpossible renewable penetration
§ Proven track record
§ 3,000 kW installed and 2,100 kW undercommissioning
Flywheel
Converters
23 April 2014
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| Slide 103
§ Maximize renewable energy penetration and fuel savings
§ Optimum loading and spinning reserve in fossil fuel generators
§ Distributed control logic enhances reliability and scalability for futureexpansions
ABB RE+: Renewable microgrid controller, RMC 600Efficient and reliable power management
Solarfarm Windfarm
Fossil Fuel Power Station
Communicationnetwork
Load Grid Stabilization
Control centre
RenewableMicrogrid Controller
(RMC600)
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 104
Future vision
~100% Renewable Energy
ABB1992
Super Grid and Smart Grids
www.grid4eu.eu
DESERTEC2006
23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 106
ABB solutions for Renewables integration in T&D grids
Thank you very much for yourattention!
For more information:www.abb.com/solar
Questions?23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 107
ABB solar solutionsiPad App
link to application23 April 2014
© ABB Group
| Slide 109
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