Solar Photovoltaics and RenewableEnergyChallenges and Solutions for Grid Integration

Antonis Marinopoulos, ABB Corporate Research PSL, AUTh, 2014-04-14

Some words about the speaker

§ Antonis Marinopoulos, PhD§ Education: Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

• 5-year Diploma in Electrical and Computer Engineering (2003)

• PhD in Power Systems – Impact of PV penetration into distribution grid (losses, powerquality) (2009)

§ Senior Scientist, ABB Corporate Research, Sweden

§ Wind power systems modeling and control (2010)

§ Transients in off-shore wind cables (2011)

§ Synchronous generator inter-turn fault protection (2010)

§ Smart grids (2010)

§ Large solar PV power systems (2011-…)

§ Future European transmission network (2010-2012)

§ Innovative substation concepts (2012-13)

§ Areas of special interest:

§ Grid integration of renewables, PV system modeling and design optimization,distributed generation, energy storage

23 April 2014 | Slide 2

© ABB Group

§ Short presentation of ABB R&D Center

§ Renewable Energy Sources and PV Systems§ Introduction to RES

§ PV system applications

§ PV system components, design and metrics

§ ABB in solar PV

§ Future PV plant designs

§ Grid Integration issues of PV§ Technical challenges and Grid Codes

§ Policy and market issues

§ ABB solutions on Grid Integration

§ Energy storage solutions

§ Future Vision

Overview of the presentation

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 3

Short presentation of ABB

A global leader in power and automation technologiesLeading market positions in main businesses

§ ~150,000 employees in more than 100countries

§ $43 billion in revenue (2013)

§ Formed in 1988 as a merger of Swiss(BBC, 1891) and Swedish (ASEA, 1883)engineering companies

§ Publicly owned company with head officein Switzerland

§ ABB R&D: More than $1.5 billion investedannually, 8,000 scientists and engineers,collaboration with 70+ Universities

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 5

Power and productivity for a better worldABB’s vision

As one of the world’s leading engineering companies, wehelp our customers to use electrical power efficiently, toincrease industrial productivity and to lower environmentalimpact in a sustainable way.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 6

How ABB is organizedFive global divisions

• Ultrahigh, highand mediumvoltage products(switchgear,capacitors, …)

• Distributionautomation

• Transformers

• Electricals,automation andcontrol for powergeneration

• Transmissionsystems andsubstations

• Networkmanagement

• Control systemsand application-specificautomationsolutions forprocessindustries

• Machines

• Motors

• Drives

• Robotics

• Contactors

• Instrumentation

• Panels

• Soft-starters

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 7

Research centers close to talent and customer base

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 8

Global Lab and Research Programs structure

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 9

MechanicsMechanics

ElectromagneticsElectromagnetics

ControlControl

SoftwareSoftware

Power electronicsPower electronics

CommunicationCommunication

MaterialsMaterials

SensorsSensors

SwitchingSwitching

ABB Corporate Research

Local LabsLocal Labs Research AreasResearch AreasResearch AreasResearch Areas

Baden-Dättwil

Västerås/Oslo

Ladenburg

Krakow

Raleigh/NC

Bangalore

Beijing/Shanghai

Global Research LabAutomation and Power Technologies

ABB Group R&D, Scandinavian Research Center

Measure

Simulation

Västerås

PhD

MSc

Lic.

BSc

HSE

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 10

n ~280 Employees (+ 50 temp)>50% PhD and above10 Adjunct Professors~50 nationalities

n Extensive Laboratory FacilitiesSupporting research and prototyping of results

n More than 12,000 m2 laboratory facilities

n In-house PowerfulComputer Simulation Capacityn For multi-physics simulations

Research focus areas in CRC Scandinavia

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 11

§ Grid connected power electronics§ Drives and power electronic

applications§ Electrical machines§ Switching apparatus§ Transformer physics§ Electrical insulation systems

§ Modeling and optimization ofindustrial processes & systems

§ Mechatronics and robotics design§ Wired and wireless

communication networks§ Embedded systems design§ Software architecture§ User Experience and interaction

§ Calculations in solid and structure mechanics§ Mechanical properties of materials of materials and components§ Earthquake simulation of complex structures§ Chemical analysis§ Corrosion and surface treatment

Automation Power

Technology support

Renewable Energy Sources and PVSystems

§ Renewable energy sources

§ PV system applications

§ PV system main components

§ PV modules and technologies,inverters, rest of Balance of Systems

§ PV system design and evaluation

§ Design and O&M issues, evaluationmetrics

§ ABB solutions on solar PV

§ Converters, transformers,switchgear, PV plants

§ Future concepts for Utility scale PVplants

RES and PV SystemsOutline

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 13

Why renewable energy?Increasing energy demand

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 14

§ Securing affordableenergy to supporteconomicdevelopment

§ The economicdevelopment ofemerging economiesdrives the increase ofenergy demand

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012

Why renewable energy?Sizeable contribution to CO2 emissions reduction

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 15

§ World energy-related CO2 savings potential by policy measureunder 450 Policy Scenario relative to Current Policies Scenario

20

25

30

35

40

2008 20352020

*Carbon capture and storage

CO2 emissions (Gt)

Current trend2020 2035

Efficiency 73% 47%

Renewables 15% 23%

Biofuels 2% 4%

Nuclear 5% 8%

CCS* 4% 17%

450 PolicyScenario

Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2012

Wind Power Hydro Power Solar Power

Geothermal Power Biomass Wave/Tidal

Renewable Energy SourcesOverview

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 16

Renewable Energy SourcesSolar Technologies

Photovoltaic (PV)• Converts solar irradiation directly into electricity typically using a

silicon based semi-conductive material• Only the absorbed irradiation generates electricity

Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)• CSP technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentrate sunlight

onto receivers that collect solar energy and convert it to heatthrough a medium i.e. water

• This thermal energy can then be used to generate electricity in asteam turbine or heat engine coupled to a generator

• CSP is applicable in high DNI regions

Concentrated Photovoltaic (CPV)• Large area of solar irradiation is focused onto the solar cell with the

help of an optical device• Requires direct solar irradiation rather than diffused irradiation, so

also beneficial in high DNI regions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 17

Renewable Energy SourcesABB in solar

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 18

1998: ABB supplies thecontrol system for the firstDirect solar steam loop at

Plataforma solar deAlmeria, Spain

ISCC: Integrated Solar Combined CycleEPC: Engineering, Procurement and Commissioning

2011: Acquisition ofPowercorp, leader in theintegration of renewableenergies into microgrids

More than 890 MWp of PVplants installed, either asan EPC contractor or as a

balance of systemcomponent supplier

2010: ABB supplies thecontrol system for the firstof its kind Integrated SolarCombined Cycle (ISCC)plant in Kuraymat, Egypt

ABB is the largest lowvoltage component

supplier to leading invertermanufacturers

More than 500 MWac ofcentral solar inverters and

Megawatt stationsinstalled worldwide

2013: Acquisition ofPower-One, 2nd largest

solar inverter manufacturerglobally

PV System ApplicationsOverview and Applications

PV: Utility

CSP

PV:Commercial

PV:Residential

Integration ofrenewables into the grid

Microgrids

PV:Commercial

On-gridapplications

Off-gridapplications

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 19

PV System Main ComponentsMain Components

PV

Mod

ules • Converting

sunlight to DCelectric power

• Comprising of PVcells based onsemiconductortechnology

PV

Inve

rters • Converting the

DC power of PVmodules to AC

• PerformingMPPT

• Connecting PV togrid

• Providing basicmonitoring andancillary services

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 20

PV System Main Components

Monocrystalline• Homogeneous crystal structure silicon (wafer)• Commercial module efficiency: 18-20%

Polycrystalline• Heterogeneous crystal structure silicon (wafer)• Commercial module efficiency: 14-16%

Thin-film: CIGS• Copper Indium Gallium Selenide• Commercial module efficiency: 11.5-13%

Thin-film: CdTe• Cadmium Telluride• Commercial module efficiency: 11-12.5%

Thin-film silicon• Amorphous or microcrystalline silicon deposited on a substrate• Commercial module efficiency: 6-10%

PV Cell Technology Overview

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 21

PV System Main ComponentsPV Cell Technology Development

Technology Commercial module efficiency Area needed approx. for 1 MW (m2)

Monocrystalline* 18-20% 5000 – 5560

Multicrystalline 14-16% 6250 – 7140

CIGS 11.5-12.9% 7750 – 8700

CdTe 11-12.5% 8000 – 9090

A-Si 6-10 % 10000 - 16667

* Also called Single crystal cells23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 22

Source: http://www.nrel.gov/ncpv/images/efficiency_chart.jpg

PV System Main ComponentsSolar inverter: a key component

Key functions§ Converts DC to AC from PV panels

§ Controls the PV system

§ Maximizes energy harvest from panels (MPPT)

§ Handles grid code compliance throughadvanced features

§ Performs monitoring in the PV plant and offerscommunication possibilities with the system

§ Critical to integration of solar into the grid of thefuture

Unique requirements§ Technology i.e. power electronics,

communication

§ Distinct application needs (PV)

§ Country specific grid and safety codes

§ Reliability and service

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 23

§ Current-voltage (I-V) curves show the electrical performance of a PV generator, defining themaximum power point (MPP) at the “knee point”

§ Inverter controls the PV generator so that it always operates at MPP

§ I-V curves change depending on solar irradiation and ambient temperature – Inverter controlshould dynamically track the MPP under varying irradiation and temperature conditions

§ Inverters may employ single of multiple MPPT inputs – possibility to connect PV generators ofdifferent design if multiple MPPT inputs available

§ Central vs. distributed MPPT

PV System Main ComponentsMaximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 24

PV System Main Components

Application Inverter type

Inverter selection

Mic

ro30

0W 1Ph

ase

Strin

g1

–6k

w 3Ph

ase

Strin

g>

8kW C

entr

al50

–10

00kW

Con

tain

eris

edso

lutio

n

Pow

erra

ting

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 25

Power output (Wdc)§ PV module performances measured with

peak watt ratings (Wp)

§ Determined by maximum power underStandard Test Conditions (STC):

§ Irradiation of 1000W/m2

§ Temperature 25ºC

Energy output (Wh)§ The amount of energy produced during

a certain period of time – watt hours(Wh)

§ This can be expressed as a perunit of area (Wh/m2)

§ Major parameter affecting annualPV module energy production:geographical location

PV System DesignPV Module Power and energy

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 26

PV System DesignParameters affecting PV module performance

Solar irradiation

Orientation towards the sun

Temperature

Mismatch

Shading (cloud cover, obstacles)

Soiling (dirt)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 27

PV System DesignPV Module Orientation

§ Basic definitions

1. Azimuth Angle (α): PV module surface angle towards south

2. Tilt Angle (β): PV module surface angle towards horizontal surface

3. Sun Altitude or Elevation Angle or Solar height (θ): angle between directsun rays and horizontal surface

Source: Technical Application Paper PV Plants Vol.1023 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 28

Ground mounted

§ Utility applications

§ Fixed mounting, 1-axis or 2-axistracking (rarely)

§ Free air flow for module cooling

Roof Mounted

§ Residential and commercialapplications

§ Fixed mounting

§ Free air flow for module cooling

Building Integrated

• Residential and commercialapplications

• Fixed mounting

• Poor module cooling

PV System DesignPV Module Mounting

Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield Calculation Tool

Azimuth (α) and tilt (β)angles are fixed

Angles decided duringdesign process for max

annual energyproduction or min spaceTilt angle for max energy

function of latitude

Fixed mounting

Either azimuth (α) or tilt(β) angle is fixed

With one angle (azimuthor tilt) fixed, other varied

by tracking systemAnnual energy

production ~20-30%higher than fixed

mounting

Tracking 1-axis

Both azimuth (α) or tilt(β) angles varied bytracking system to

always have sun raysperpendicular to PV

module surfaceAnnual energy

production maximized

Tracking 2-axis

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 29

§ PV module power reduced withincreased module temperature

§ Power reduction defined by powertemperature coefficient (dPt) which isnegative

§ PPV(T) = PPV,STC*[1 + dPt*(T-25)]

§ Typical dPt values for differenttechnologies (see table)

§ Amorphous Si (aSi) PV modulesexhibit less PV module reduction dueto temperature

§ cSi modules are the most sensitive

PV System DesignImpact of temperature on PV module power

PV Module technology Power Temperature CoefficientdPt(%/oC)

cSi (both poly and mono-Si) -0,45CIGS -0,38CdTe -0,25aSi -0,2

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 30

§ PV modules

§ Convert solar radiation into electricity

§ Combiner box

§ In large scale installations, multiple strings of modulesare connected through combiner box which can providesurge protection, current and voltage protection andmonitoring

§ DC switch

§ Allows for separation between the solar generator andinverter for maintenance or repair work

§ Inverter

§ Used to convert the DC electricity generate by the PVmodules to AC electricity used by most appliances

§ Transformer

§ Used to step up the voltage to the high voltage requiredby the grid

§ AC switch

§ Required to separate the grid from PV system duringfaults or maintenance

PV System DesignGeneral layout of PV system

Source: http://www.greenrhinoenergy.com/solar/technologies/pv_systems.php

Combiner Box

Combiner Box

Combiner Box

DC Switch DC Switch

DC Switch

AC Switch AC Switch

AC Switch

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 31

Central Inverters(single MPPT)Most suited for utilityPV plantsMore efficient andeconomicHigh impact onproduction in case offailureCentralized MPPTimposes uniform PVarray designIncreased DC cabling

String InvertersMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsLower impact onproduction in case offailureMPPT for each stringallows for differentstring designs perMPPT (i.e. orientation,number of modules)Increased AC cabling

Multi MPPT invertersMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsMulti MPPT allows fordifferent string/arraydesigns per MPPT (i.e.orientation, number ofmodules)

Module InvertersMostly suited forresidential PV plantswhere shading is anissueModule level MPPTallows for completefreedom of PV moduleorientationMismatch losseseliminatedLess efficient andeconomicSignificantly increasedAC cabling

Power OptimizersModule converterscombined with string orcentral inverterMostly suited forresidential/commercialPV plantsModule level MPPTallows for completefreedom of PV moduleorientationMismatch losseseliminatedExploit high efficiencyof larger inverters

PV System DesignPV System Configuration

§ Inverter selected based on most suitable configuration

Source: Technical Application Paper PV Plants Vol.10

Source: The German Energy Society, “Planning and InstallingPhotovoltaic Systems”

Source:http://www.solaredge.com/groups/powerbox-power-optimizer

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 32

PV System DesignPV Inverter

§ Inverter I-V operating region (bottom graph) definedby

§ Max current (Imax)

§ Max power (defining slope of inverter regionwhere I<Imax)

§ Min and Max MPP voltage (UDCmin, UDCmax)

§ If PV array curve outside of inverter operatingregion, inverter moves operating point along PVarray I-V curves (left graph)

Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield Calculation Tool

Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Konstantinos Papastergiou,Staffan Norrga, “Solar PV Array-inverter Matching ConsideringImpact Of Environmental Conditions”, 37th IEEE PVSC, 2011

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 33

PV System DesignPV Array Dimensioning

Basic rule

•PV array MPP points throughout the year within inverter I-V operating region (greenarea top graph)

Ns

•Max number of modules per string (Ns,max) calculated based on inverter maxvoltage

•Min number of modules per string (Ns,min) calculated based on inverter min MPPvoltage

•Optimum Ns calculated based on maximum annual energy (bottom graph)

Np

•Number of strings in parallel calculated based on Ns and desired inverter DC/ACratio = [PV STC power] / [Inverter nominal AC power]

• Inverter DC/AC ratios 100-120% can be typically used•Larger DC/AC ratios may induce losses due to PV power higher than inverter power,thus inverter curtailing power and PV array not operating at MPP

OptimalDesign

•Optimal design defined based on desired criteria•Criteria may include performance and economics

Source: ABB Solar Inverter PVSize 2 Yield CalculationTool

Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Konstantinos Papastergiou,Staffan Norrga, “Solar PV Array-inverter Matching ConsideringImpact Of Environmental Conditions”, 37th IEEE PVSC, 2011

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 34

§ PV modules even from samemanufacturer may exhibit slightdifferences in electrical characteristics

§ This mismatch results in different I-Vcurves

§ I-V curves of series and parallelconnected PV modules exhibitdeformation due to mismatch

§ PV generator power with mismatchlower than corresponding of PVgenerator with identical modules

§ Mismatch can be mitigated by sortingPV modules based on ISC,STC, distributedMPPT and virtually eliminated withMPPT for each module

PV System DesignPV Module Mismatch

Source: Panagiotis Bakas, Antonis Marinopoulos, Bengt Stridh, “Impact of PV Module Mismatch on the PV Array Energy Yield andComparison of Module, String and Central MPPT”, 38th IEEE PVSC, 201223 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 35

§ Bypass diodes used to mitigatethe impact of shading

§ Bypass diodes used for seriesconnection of PV cells andmodules

§ Top graph:

§ Black curve: PV modulecurve without shading

§ Red curve: PV module curvewith shading but withoutbypass diode

§ Green curve: PV modulecurve with shading but withbypass diode

PV System DesignShading

Impact of shading onstring

Reduction of producedcurrent in some

modules

Current of all modulesin string should be

equal

Reduction of currentof non shaded

modules to equalize

PV string current andthus power, defined byshaded PV modules

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 36

PV System DesignImportant aspects on PV system design

PV SystemConfiguration

PV InverterSelection

PV ArrayDesign

DC sidecabling

Minimizationof losses

Calculation ofannual energy

production

Economiccalculations

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 37

PV System MetricsMetrics Overview

LCOE

• Levelized Cost Of Electricity (Euro/kWh): PV system lifecycle cost (initial costplus operational cost) divided by the total lifecycle energy produced.

• LCOE = ∑∑

• Allows for the comparison of PV technology with other energy sources

CF• Capacity factor: ratio of actual energy production divided by the potential

energy production if plant was operating continuously at its power rating• CF = [Annual Energy Produced] / [PV Plant Power Rating]*8760• Allows for the comparison of PV technology with other energy sources

Yf• Energy Yield (kWh/kW) = [Annual Energy Produced] / [PV Plant Power Rating]• Allows the comparison of different PV systems in different locations

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 38

§ LCOE =

§ Economic assessment of the cost of powergenerated by a system including all costs per unitof generated energy (MWh) over the lifetime of theasset

§ Only way to compare technologies with differentoperating characteristics

§ Discounted cash flow analysis – Net present valuemethod

§ Calculates expenses, incomes and generatedenergy discounting them to the same referencepoint

PV System MetricsLCOE

Example: Cumulative discounted cash flowcomparison for solar in the US

Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 39

LCOE = ∑

∑

LCOE = ∑ + +

(1 + )

∑ (1 + )

§ = investment expenditure in the year t

§ = operations and maintenance expenditure in the year t

§ = fuel expenditure in the year t

§ = electricity generation in the year t

§ = discount rate (cost of capital)

§ = economic life of the system

Cost streams

§ CAPEX

§ OPEX

§ Taxes, depreciation

§ Transmission/integration costs

§ Land lease

§ Calculation should not includeincentives as a revenue stream

PV System MetricsLCOE

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 40

PV System MetricsLCOE comparison Q1 2012 – Q1 2013, $/MWh

0 100 200 300 400 500

CHPCoal fired

Natural gas CCGTNuclear

Small hydroLarge hydro

Geothermal - flash plantWind - onshore

Municipal solid wasteLandfill gas

Biomass - incinerationGeothermal - binary plant

Biomass - gasificationPV - c-Si tracking

PV - thin filmBiomass - anaerobic digestion

PV - c-SiSTEG - tower & heliostat w/storage

STEG - parabolic troughWind - offshore

Fuel cellsSTEG - parabolic trough + storage

STEG - tower & heliostatSTEG - LFRMarine - tidal

Marine - wave

LCOE BNEF EU Carbon Forecast Q1 2013 Central Scenario Q1 2012 Central Scenario

-24%

-4%

-+17%

+5%-

+14%

-29%

-1%

-

-

$1,058 +9%$861 +10%

+2%+9%

-

+3%

+1%

-10%-28%

-

-

+6%

+2%

-14%

-

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance. Note: Carbon forecasts from the Bloomberg New Energy Finance European Carbon Modelwith an average price to 2030 of $48/mt. Coal and natural gas prices from the US EIA and BNEF. Percentage change representschange from Q1 2012

§ Solar PV competitive with other generating technologies

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 41

PV System MetricsGrid Parity

Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance, May 2012

§ Grid parity: LCOE of PV systems equalizing with market energy price§ PV reaching grid parity thanks to declining system costs and higher retail

electricity prices

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 42

PV System O&MRemote operations and maintenance

Solar field data acquisition

Inverters

Combiner boxes

Energy meters

Sensors•Field sensors for dataacquisition

•In-site weather station

Monitoring and control

Data logging• Including dataacquisition hardwaresuch as

•Network adapters•Cable router / gateway,etc.

SCADA*•Real-time control andcommunications

Proprietaryservers

Remote Operations andmaintenance

Remote monitoringportal•Web interfacecentralizing plantproduction data andstatus information

Asset management•Plant portfolio andfinancial management

•Real-time plantoperations andmaintenance

Residential applications

Additional requirements for utility-scaleapplications

*SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system

• PV System O&M (Operation and Maintenance) contributes to minimization of undesired failures andmaximization of PV plant availability and production

• Remote monitoring reduces O&M cost by avoiding the unnecessary presence of experts on field

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 43

ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolutions for Various Applications

PV: Utility

CSP

PV:Commercial

PV:Residential

Integration ofrenewables into the grid

O&M Service

Microgrids

PV: PhotovoltaicsCSP: Concentrating Solar Power

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 44

ABB Solutions on Solar PVClient requirements define solution scope

PVModules* Trackers

DCCabling

ProtectorsInverters

Transfor-mationCenter*

GridConnection

EPC: Engineering, procurement and constructionBoS: Balance of systemEBoP: Electrical balance of plant

* PV modules not part of ABB’s scope of supply** Voltage level is stepped up to grid level.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 45

ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolar Inverters

Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 46

ABB Solutions on Solar PVSolar Inverters

Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters

AB

B/P

ower

-One

Sol

arIn

verte

rs Residential /CommercialApplications

AB

B/P

ower

-One

Sol

arIn

verte

rs Solar Invertersfor Residential/ CommercialApplications A

BB

/Pow

er-O

neS

olar

Inve

rters Utility

Applications

AB

B/P

ower

-One

Sol

arIn

verte

rs Solar Invertersfor UtilityApplications

PVS800

Aurora Core / Plus /Ultra

PVS800-IS

Aurora Station

Aurora MICRO

PVS300

Aurora Uno (1-phase)

Aurora Trio (3-phase)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 47

ABB Solutions on Solar PVSoftware Tool for PV Plant Design and Yield Prediction

Simple PV SystemConfiguration andDimensioning

PV System Performance andEnergy Yield Prediction

Database of ABB inverters andTransformers

Database of ~6500 PVModules

Database of weather data for~400 sites worldwide

Source: ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters

PVSize 2 Software Tool

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 48

§ Allows checks on any plant, at any time of the day with acomputer or other internet enabled device

§ Data can be monitored, configured or analysed to ensuresecurity of plant performance and maximized return oninvestment

§ Monitoring devices can be located in combiner boxes allowinghigher precision (string monitoring)

ABB Solutions on Solar PVRemote Monitoring

Source: ABB Inverter Brochure, ABB Solar Inverters, ABB/Power-One Solar Inverters

Aurora Vision

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 49

ABB Reference Plants

PV Reference: Totana, Spain1 MWp in operation since 2008 (1st for ABB)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 51

Totana PV Plant

Location: Murcia, Spain

Size: 1 MWp, 1 Axis tracker

Customer: Global capitalfinance

ABB Scope: Turnkey

Commissioning:

§ PAC: September 2008

§ Status: Connected to grid

Customer needMaximize the performance and reliability of the solar plant

Get the plant in operation in less than 6 months

ABB responseABB delivers the complete solar plant in consortium with a mechanical partner

ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overall performance of the PVsolar plant

ABB scope:

Supply: DC & AC cabinets, unit transformers, switchgears, equipment housing, systemoptimization, plant automation

Installation: All supplied equipment, PV modules, security system, cabling, ground &civil works

Partner scope: PV modules.

Customer benefitReliable and efficient PV solar plant. Performance Ratio (PR) > 80%

Optimized operation, control and maintenance of PV solar plant (sun tracking, systemoptimization, control and protection, etc.)

Totana produces 2.2 GWh per year – displaces 2200 tons of greenhouse gas emissionsannually

Client met the deadline and qualified for the Spanish feed-in tariff

PV Reference: La Robla, Spain13.3 MWp in operation since 2010

La Robla PV Plant (Spain)Size: 20.2 MWp, 1-axis trackingCustomer: GA SolarABB Scope: EPCYear of commissioning:EPC: 2010

La Robla PV Plant

Location: Leon, Spain

Size: 13.3 MWp, 1 Axis tracker

Customer: Gestamp Solar

ABB Scope: Turnkey

Commissioning:

§ PAC: May 2010

§ Status: Connected to grid

Commissioning

Customer need

Maximize the performance and reliability of the solar plant

Plant in operation in 3 months

ABB response

ABB delivered the complete solar plant in consortium with a module manufacturer

ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overall performance of the PVsolar plant

ABB scope:

Supply: Substation, DC cabinets, AC cabinets, unit transformers, switchgears,equipment housing, system optimization, control and SCADA.

Turnkey installation, ground & civil works: Inverters, trackers, PV modules,transformers and switchgears, cabinets, housing, system optimization, control,SCADA, security system, cabling, etc.

Customer benefit

Reliable and efficient PV solar plant. Performance Ratio (PR) > 80%

Optimized operation, control and maintenance of PV solar plant (sun tracking, systemoptimization, control and protection, etc.)

La Robla produces 22.6 GWh per year – displaces 11,500 tons of greenhouse gas emissionsannually

Client kept the deadline and qualified for Spanish feed-in tariff for solar plant

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 52

PV Reference: La Sugarella, Italy24.2 MWp in operation since 2010

Location: La Sugarella, Italy

Size: 24.2 MWp, 1 axis tracker

Customer: Phenix Renewable

ABB Scope: EPC

Year of commissioning:

EPC:2010

Customer needFirst class automation and electrical systemsMaximize plant performance and reliability

ABB responseABB delivered the complete solar plant in consortium with a module

manufacturer

ABB applied an efficiency improvement system to maximize the overallperformance of the PV solar plant

ABB scope:

Supply: Substation, DC cabinets, AC cabinets, unit transformers,switchgears, equipment housing, system optimization, control andSCADA.

Turnkey installation, ground & civil works: Inverters, trackers, PVmodules, transformers and switchgears, cabinets, housing,system optimization, control, SCADA, security system, cabling,etc

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 53

PV Reference: Poveda, Bulgaria50 MWp, in operation since 2012

Poveda PV Plant

Location: Poveda, Bulgaria

Size: 50 MWp, fixed

Customer: Helios Projects AD

ABB Scope: EBoP

Commissioning

§ PAC: June 2012

§ Status: Connected to grid

Customer needFirst class electrical systems from ABB

Short construction schedule

Expertise in substation and grid connection

ABB responseABB delivers an EBoP* solution to the customer

ABB scope:

Supply: String monitoring boxes, inverters, DC & AC cabinets,transformers, switchgears, cabling, equipment housing, protectionequipment, MV connection line, substation, overhead line for gridconnection, plant automation

Installation: All supplied equipment

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 54 * Excluding design

63 PV plants totaling more than 890 MWp all over the world(Algeria, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan,

Mexico, Romania, South Africa, Spain, Thailand, USA)

Service contracts for 27 plants totaling 280 MWp(Bulgaria, Italy, Romania, South Africa, Spain, UK)

Starting activities in many countries(Chile, Jordan, Morocco, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UK, Ukraine …)

© ABB GroupApril 23, 2014 | Slide 55

ABB turnkey PV power plant solutionsLast update May 2013

Future concepts for Utilityscale PV Systems

PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 57

§ Global PV installed capacity is increasingrapidly, faster than it was estimated

§ Increase rate of utility scale installationsis higher than the rest

§ Hundreds of utility scale PV power plants(5-100MW) operating

§ 15-20 very large scale PV power plants(>100MW) already in operation in US,China, India, Germany, France, Ukraine

§ Current largest PV power plant:320MWp, Longyangxia Hydro-solar PVStation, China (1.28GW hydro powerstation to smooth PV output)

§ Currently, 5 PV power plants >1000MWunder development

PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 58

Main challenges

§ Cost reduction of Balance of Systems driven by extra-low price of PV modules

§ PV park optimal design, efficiency in the complete chain, minimization of cabling,configuration and size of PV arrays

§ Grid integration issues

§ Use of energy storage

§ Ancillary services, eg. grid stabilization

§ LCOE, grid parity, competitiveness again conventional plants

§ Financing, bankability

PV System LayoutVery Large Scale PV Plants

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 59

Energy storage integratedat AC or DC side

Energy storage connectedin parallel at grid interface

Energy storagenear load centeror or

Design ofPV solar

field

New convertertopologies for

PVMV collection

grid (AC or DC)

Energystorage

integration

§ Techno-economic Evaluation of Complete PV Systemwith Embedded Energy Storage

Optimization for low cost / high efficiency

PV System LayoutFuturistic Scenarios for Very Large Scale PV Plants

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 60

§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 800kW, PV unit 1-5 MW§ MVAC 20kV§ Central inverter 800kW, 98.6% peak efficiency,

and 98.4% Euro efficiency (97-98.2% at 10%load)

§ PV array 100kW, PV unit 10-14 MW§ MVAC 12kV (up to 36kV similar to wind)§ Cascaded H-bridge (modeled with maximum

efficiency up to 99%)§ Isolation required either in the H-bridge or by

using extra component

Current configuration with central inverters Configuration with cascaded DC-AC inverters

Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, K. Papastergiou, “Overview Of Alternative System ConfigurationsFor Very Large Scale PV Power Plants,” 27th European PV Solar Energy Conference (EUPVSEC 2012)

PV System LayoutFuturistic Scenarios for Very Large Scale PV Plants

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 61

Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, K. Papastergiou, “Overview Of Alternative System ConfigurationsFor Very Large Scale PV Power Plants,” 27th European PV Solar Energy Conference (EUPVSEC 2012)

§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 1-2MW, PV unit up to 50MW§ MVDC up to 20-40kV§ Isolated DC/DC converter with maximum

efficiency close to 98.9%

§ LVDC 400-800V§ PV array 1-2 MW, PV unit up to 20MW§ MVDC up to 20kV§ Isolated DC/DC converter with maximum

efficiency close to 98.9%

Configuration with cascaded isolated DC-DC Configuration with parallel isolated DC-DC

Future PV System LayoutEvaluation method

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 62Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems

including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

Start

LocationSelection

Weather Model

Irradiation andtemperature

database

Longitude, Latitude

Monthly weather data

Irradiation Model

Hourly values of global horizontal irradiationand ambient temperature

PV panels database(*PVSyst)

Panelorientationor tracking

PV paneltype

MPP interpolationusing look-up tables MPP data

Hourly values of global irradiationon panel surface

Calculation(multiplication)

PV arrayconfigurationM x N matrix

Hourly values of Ipv, Upv

Converter lossdatabase (*alsoexternal data)

ConvertertypeConverter Model Losses

Hourly values of Iarray, Uarray

Hourly values of Pconv, Ploss

Energy Calculation∫dt

Results database

End

Annual Energy Yield

Calculation

Cable andTransformerCalculation

ConverterTopology

Hourly values of Poutput

CollectionGrid Layout

Hourly values of Ptot

LCOE Calculation Financial andcost data

= investment expenditure in the year t= operations and maintenance expenditure in the year t= electricity generation in the year t= discount rate (cost of capital)= economic life of the system

Future PV System LayoutInitial evaluation

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 63Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems

including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

1 GW PV power plant4 alternative system configurationsFixed/tracking PV modules, cSi and CdTe10 different locationsMeteorological data from MeteonormCalculation of LCOE

Country Location name Latitude (decimal) Longitude (decimal) Annual Solar Irradiance(kWh/m2)

Yearly Average AmbientTemperature (oC)

Germany Pocking 48,98 13,35 1104 8

Brazil Sao Paolo -23,46 -46,65 1445 20

Italy Napoli 38,69 18,87 1531 16

China Ordos 38,83 112,09 1653 7

Spain Totana 37,98 1,13 1742 17

China-Tibet Lhasa 30,13 91,19 1773 2

Australia Mildura Airport -34,21 142,06 1898 17

India New Delhi 28,6 77,17 1963 25

US Tucson 33,5 112,17 2076 20

Algeria Tamanrasset 22,92 5,48 2367 21

Future PV System LayoutPreliminary results

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 64Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems

including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

• LCOE of alternative configurations, in % difference from the LCOE of the baseline currentconfiguration with central inverters

Future PV System LayoutSome conclusions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 65Source: A. Marinopoulos, P. Bakas, “Techno-economic evaluation of alternative configurations for very large scale PV power systems

including energy storage,” 2014 Ninth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

§ Low PV module prices have increased the significance of the BoS cost, thus puttinga pressure for efficiency increase in the whole chain, from the PV module to thegrid.

§ For utility scale PV plants innovative plant design concepts may be needed.

§ For remote PV plants, GW power might be better to be transmitted via DC, thus all-DC PV plants may be an alternative.

§ In general, central inverters may not always be the most competitive solution forvery large scale PV parks. Alternative configurations with high efficiencycomponents could result in more competitive systems for different locations.

§ Cost and reliability benefits need to be identified to evaluate new configurations in amore fair way. It is also important to consider the simplicity of installation, O&Μ, etc.when searching for the optimal design.

Grid Integration issues of PV

§ Renewables in the electricity grid§ Technical issues

§ Main technical challenges§ Grid codes review§ Main grid code requirements (frequency support, PQ, voltage, ramp rate)

§ Policy and market issues§ ABB solutions on integration

§ Substations§ HVDC§ FACTS§ Energy storage§ Smart grids§ Microgrids (Powercorp)

Grid integrationOverview

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 67

Traditional view of electricity grid

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 68

Evolution of grid designFuture grids

What will characterize future grids?

§ Centralized and distributed powergeneration

§ Intermittent renewable powergeneration

§ Consumers become also producers

§ Multi-directional power flow

§ Load adapted to production

§ Operation based more on real-timedata

§ The future grid will focus on theintegration of renewable generation,reliability and efficiency. Energystorage technologies can support thegrid, smoothing the output of RES andproviding flexibility, reserves and otherancillary services.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 69

§ Renewable power generation creates new challenges for grid operators

§ Renewables will be connected in different levels (e.g. from residential scaleto Utility scale PV)

§ Networks need to become more flexible at the generation, transmissionand distribution levels of the grid

Integrating renewable energy

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 70

Grid integration of PV

PV System characteristicsvs. Conventional sources•Non - dispatchable•Variable, stochastic•Only fuel is sunlight•Silent•Large area requirement•Low capacity factor•Power electronics interface•Low short-circuit current•Zero inertia•Etc.

PV advantages•Environmental friendly (no CO2emissions, sustainable)

•Virtually free operation cost•Available in global scale, even inremote areas

•Modular•Easy to build and operate•Etc.

PV Integration challenges•Risk for stability•Security of supply•Voltage issues•Feeder overload•Losses•Islanding•Etc.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 71

PV powergeneration:

intermittent, notcentrally controlled,stochastic, location

not planned, lowcapacity factor but

high volatility

Power system:designed for unilateral

power flow,(component ratings

and protection),stability margins,

reserves, N-1 criterionfor security

Need to tackletechnicalissues to

ensure reliablegrid operation

Technical challenges of PV integration

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 72

Transmission gridSecurity of supplyLine overloading

Stability (for high penetration)Tripping due to frequency deviation (50.2Hz problem)Different pre-event flows -> different stability margins

Less stable weaker grid ->Active/reactive power reserve scheduling

Distribution gridOvervoltages in long feeders

Losses (globally decrease, locally may increase)Voltage imbalance (1-ph large generation)

Voltage fluctuationsProtection failures

Islanding

Main issues in T&D grids

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 73

GermanyOldest grid codes, TSO and DSO side, continuous updated (BDEW, E.ON, VDN)

SpainMostly based on German grid codes (REE)

ItalyTSO and DSO level, updated in 2012 (CEI standard and Terna)

European UnionSince 2012 common grid codes from ENTSO-E (law pending), Cenelec guidelines for DSO

ChinaTSO and DSO level, GB/T 19964-2012 and GB/T 29319-2012 (State Grid China)

S. AfricaSince 2012 for TSO and DSO level, strict due to weak network (NERSA)

USA2012 Interconnection Requirements for Variable Generation, TSO level (NERC)

Puerto Rico2012 Technical Requirements for Interconnection of PV, 10% ramp-rate limitation (PREPA)

Grid interconnection codes

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 74

Grid codes and inverter requirements

DE

DE,ES, IT,

CN

ENTSO-E,US, CN,

IN?

Previous +Latin America,

S. Africa ->global

No special requirements

Anti islanding

Low voltage ride-through, reactive powersupport during fault

Zero voltage ride-through,dynamic grid supportduring normal + fault,frequency response

Fully controllable,“conventional generation”,grid frequency control

1990? 1990-2008 now future

Implications forconversiontechnology

2008-2012

Fullycontrollable

inverter (P,Q) +Energystorage

Active Inverterwith FRT,

control for Qand active

power response

Passive inverter

Concepts, including MV/LVsubstation, for decentralizedremote control (withcommunication) and local controlapproaches (withoutcommunication) (Source: IEEEP&E Magazine, vol.2, 2013)

now

future

past

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 75

Examples of grid code requirements

Voltage support in network faults(E.ON., Germany, 2006)

Active power reduction withoverfrequency (BDEW, Germany, 2007)

Fault ride-through profile of a PowerPark Module (ENTSOE, 2012)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 76

Examples of grid code requirements

Reactive power control function(S. Africa, 2012)

Voltage control function (S. Africa, 2012)

Frequency response requirement(S. Africa, 2012)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 77

Example list of technical solutions for DN

Source: PV GRID project23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 78

• Political and market decisions needed to restore investor confidence, remove bottlenecks and create areliable framework for PV remuneration

PV competitiveness vs. Integration challenges

• Feed-in tariffs, tax incentives, green certificates

Regional/local support mechanisms

• Who should pay for necessary network reinforcements

Network reinforcements

• Increasing PV and self-consumption in DN reduces utilities revenues, but with constant or increasing cost-> price increase -> PV more competitive -> increasing PV -> …

”Utility death spiral”

• Many technical solutions are not provided by the regulations (storage, SCADA and PV inverter control,active power control, DR by local price signals, metering)

TSO/DSO regulatory framework

• When and how PV curtailment is enforced (except emergency reasons)

Rules for curtailment

Policy issues of PV integration

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 79

• New market schemes that promote energy storage in grid scale in order to increase PVpenetration

Grid scale Energy Storage

• How to charge/remunerate residential customers, net-metering

Self consumption of residential/commercial PV

• Frequency regulation, voltage support, inertia emulation, energy shifting, reactive support(nighttime operation)

Provisions for ancillary services

• Weekly, day-ahead, intra-day, hourly, forecast

Energy Market

• How to define PV competitiveness vs. “grid” electricity

PV parity

Market issues of PV integration

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 80

PV parity will play a significant role

Source: PV Parity project

§ Dynamic grid parity

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 81

Ancillary services by PV

Source: REserviceS project23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 82

ABB solutions for PV gridintegration

Integration of renewables into the gridNew challenges require a transition to a smarter grid

Challenges ABB solutionRemote bulk generation

Areas with the best solar resources are often situated inremote locations. Tapping into these resources will requireefficient ways to transport energy over long distances.

Substations

HVDC

FACTS

BESS

Ventyx software solutions

Distributed generation

Power generation is now commonly found on the distributionlevel such as residential and commercial PV installations.Increasing levels of distribution level generation will requirenew approaches to regulate and manage this energy.

BESS

Ventyx software solutions

Active voltage regulation

Volatile generation

With increasing levels of renewable energies on the grid,power production is increasingly volatile. Taking advantage ofhigh penetration of renewable energies will require gridstabilization and more efficient ways to cope with volatility.

BESS

Ventyx software solutions

PowerStore flywheel (μ-grids)

HVDC: High voltage direct currentFACTS: Flexible alternating current transmission systemsBESS: Battery energy storage systems23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 84

Benefits§ Delivery secured by ABB to be in line with

national regulations and requirements§ Optimized economical and technical

solutions§ Low design and execution risk with ABB as

product and system supplier

Gas insulated substations specificbenefits

§ Less space requirements - especially incongested city areas

§ Lower corrosion and impact from pollution,as well as salt, sand or snow

§ Lower operation & maintenance costs

Integration of renewables into the gridSubstations

Substations help connect solarpower to the MV grid.

ABB has more than 100 years ofexperience in building andupgrading air and gas insulatedsubstations around the world.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 85

Benefits§ Enables bulk power transmission from

renewable energy generation in remotelocations

§ Lower transmission losses thanconventional alternating current (AC)transmission

§ Fewer transmission lines neededcompared to AC, saving both money andland

§ Fully controlled transmission preventinggrid instabilities from spreading

Integration of renewables into the gridHigh voltage direct current (HVDC)

HVDC systems convert ACgeneration to DC fortransmission over long distancesand reconvert DC to be fed intothe AC grid.

The highest transmissionefficiency over long distances isobtained by using HVDC.

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 86

FACTS control the power flowthrough AC transmission lines inorder to increase power transfercapacity and mitigatedisturbances.

In some cases power systemtransmission capacity can bedoubled.

Series compensationBenefits§ Active power flow control§ Improved voltage control and reactive

power balance§ Line loss optimization by load flow control§ Increased dynamic behavior (system

stability)

Shunt compensationBenefits§ Dynamic reactive power support§ Increase of active power transfer§ Improvement of voltage quality at load side

Integration of renewables into the gridFlexible AC transmission systems (FACTS)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 87

ABB solution§ Consulting and grid studies§ Turnkey battery energy storage facilities§ Pre-designed energy storage modules§ Standalone energy storage converters§ Designed independently of battery

technology

Benefits§ Solutions fit every grid application –

across a range of power ratings, voltagelevels and discharge times

§ Enhance power quality§ Capacity firming – eliminate rapid voltage

and power swings on the grid§ Load leveling and peak demand shaving§ Voltage support

Integration of renewables into the gridBattery energy storage solutions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 88Source: ABB Energy Storage Solutions

§ Balancing power is a critical issue whenlarge amounts of intermittent renewablegeneration is integrated to the generationmix.

§ Energy storage compensates mismatchesbetween generation and demand and alsocontributes to maintain grid stability

Integration of renewables into the gridBattery energy storage converters portfolio

Technology selection based on target application & project parametersConverter modules: Solutions including the equipment required to connect batteries

to the gridEnergy storage modules: Integrated solutions including batteries and conversion

equipment

MV - HV range~10MW – 70MW rating

LV range~25kW – 300kW rating

LV - MV range~200kW – 30MW rating

Optimized convertersTypical grid connection levels

Opt

imum

batte

ryse

lect

ion

ESI PCS 100 DynaPeaQ

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 89

Power-One’s residentialenergy storage systemREACT (Renewable

Energy Accumulator andConversion Technology).Consists of a 4.6kW 1-phinverter and Li-ion battery2kWh. Expendable up to6kWh. Expected in the

market in 2014

Packaged energy storagesystem using ABB ESI orPCS100 energy storagesystem converters

Features§ Individual modules up to 4 MW with a range

of battery technology options§ Connected to the grid at medium (1 to

40.5 kV) or low voltage (< 1000 V)§ Electrical, protective, monitoring and battery

equipment in preconfigured and tested unit

Benefits§ Optimal product selection combining ABB

products and customer interfacerequirements

§ Proven track record of containerizedsolutions in many severe environments

§ Global service coverage with a high level ofengineering capabilities

Integration of renewables into the gridEnergy storage modules – integrated converter andbattery systems

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 90

Dynamic grid level energystorage system based on Li-ionbatteries and ABB’s advancedpower electronics.

Features§ Stores energy and injects it into the grid

when needed, from 10 up to 70 MW power§ For medium or high voltage applications

(> 40.5 kV)§ Based on industry-leading, proven FACTS

technology and ABB quality§ Performs active filtering when needed

Benefits§ Allows a significant increase in renewable

penetration, by mitigating fluctuating powersupply into the grid

§ Provision of ancillary services for existingnetworks

§ Fully integrated and tested system

Integration of renewables into the gridDynaPeaQ® - SVC light with energy storage®

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 91

Examples of energy storage with renewablesPeak shaving application

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 92

§ The aims for theapplication of PeakShaving is

1. bring down an electricitycustomer’s Power Fee, or

2. deferral of T&D upgrades /increase grid utilization

§ How much the peakpower can be reduced bya BESS is limited byØ BESS energy storage

capacity

Ø Maximum charge anddischarge powers for theBESS

Ø Load characteristics (howmuch energy the peaks hold)

Peak shavingReal customer case

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 93

BESS installed at LV substationlevel in western Sweden

§ Located in a distribution grid withlarge penetration of renewables

§ Electric vehicle fast chargingplanned

§ 100 kVA ABB PQF inverter

§ 75 kW / 75 kWh rated batterycapacity

§ Active/reactive powercompensation

§ Active filtering of harmonics

§ 1 year of recorded load dataavailable

0 6 12 18 24

100

200

300

400FEAB "optimal" peak shaving, Monday

Time (hr)

Load

(kW

)LoadShaved load

• 75 kWh• 75 kW• 100% utilization• Nightly recharging

These peaks do not exceedthe shave level, hence theyaren’t shaved

Examples of energy storage with renewablesRamp rate control

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 94

§ Ramp rate limited outputof a wind farm, the greenarea represents theenergy absorbed by thebattery while the blackrepresents the energywhich is released from it

Battery charging to achievemaximum ramp-up imposedby Grid Codes

Battery discharging toachieve maximum ramp-downimposed by Grid Codes

Source:D. Lee; R.Baldick; Limiting Ramp Rate of Wind Power Output using a Battery Based on the Variance Gamma Process, InternationalConference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’12) Santiago de Compostela (Spain), 28th to 30th March, 2012

Examples of energy storage with renewablesEnergy shifting for revenue optimization

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 95

1. During high price periods BESS is dischargedto increase the energy output.

2. During low price periods a percentage of thePV energy is stored in BESS.

3. During average price period ESS is idle, i.e.all PV energy is given to PCC.

Results from MATLAB simulations

PVpower

Powerat PCC

Energystored

The active voltage regulatorallows for innovative and efficientintegration of distributedgeneration along distributionfeeders

Fast, seamless and accuratevoltage regulator for mediumvoltage (< 33 kV) and low voltage(<1 kV) distribution grids.

Benefits§ Regulation of

§ stationary under- and over-voltages,§ voltages sags and§ voltage imbalances

§ High efficiency of the system >99%

§ Easy implementation

§ Capability to connect to existing electricalinfrastructure.

§ Installation next to an existing secondarysubstation, or supplied as an integratedpart of a new substation.

§ Sizing suits to different distribution trans-former sizes such as 250 kVA, 400 kVAand 630 kVA.

Integration of renewables into the gridActive voltage regulation

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 96

Software solutionsVentyx Software providesvaluable insight into renewableenergy markets by providing amethodology and set of softwareapplications for understanding ofmarket structure and priceformation

Features§ Forecasting future resource expansions

(generation, transmission and distribution)based on the evolution of energy andenvironmental policies

§ Modeling alternative policy sets, in bothgrid capacity expansion and operations

§ Identifying costs and composition of thepower system taking into considerationtransmission and reliability requirements

§ Forecasting the required power resourcesin a certain region which will affectelectricity prices

§ Capturing short term risk and uncertaintyassociated with weather induced volatility

Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 97

Solar power forecastingSolar power forecasting is anintegral part of any utilities,independent power producer,developer and system operatortechnology portfolio.

Features§ Provides operational data for broad ranges

of installed solar capacity, including large-scale solar generation facilities anddistributed solar installations.

Benefits§ Reducing the uncertainty of day ahead solar

power generation commitments

§ Minimizing system balancing andoperational costs

Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 98

Demand responsemanagement system

Ventyx Software offers an off-the-shelf solution for managingsignificant amounts of energycoming from multiple resourcesas if they were a single resource;a virtual power plant (VPP).

Features§ Mapping site consumption, generation,

storage§ Load forecasting at each of the mapped

network levels and nodes§ Managing program rules, relationships,

eligibility criteria§ VPP setup and management§ Aggregation / Disaggregation of resources§ Optimizing the entire portfolio based on

economic and/or environmental criteria

§ Reporting and analysis on program success,customer enrollment rates, VPPperformance, ROI calculation

Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 99

Demand responsemanagement system

Benefits§ Shaves demand peaks easing pressure on

distribution networks§ Helps prevent outages and failures§ Optimizes economic decisions related to

generating, buying or reducing electricityconsumption

§ Relieves network of congestion associatedwith high levels of renewable energyproduction

§ Minimize effects of intermittent renewableenergy

§ Optimizes energy storage usage§ Allows the system to appropriately react to

grid outages, failures and plannedmaintenance

Integration of renewables into the gridVentyx software solutions

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 100

Renewable energy integration into μgrids - challengesManaging power output fluctuations

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 101

§ Inherent volatility of renewable energycan compromise grid stability

§ The renewable energy integrationsolution must address requirementstraditionally fulfilled by dieselgeneration (base load)

§ Frequency and voltage control

§ Sufficient spinning reserve

§ Sufficient active and reactive powersupply

§ Peak shaving and load levelling

§ Load sharing between generators

§ Fault current provision

§ Renewable energy generation capacityshould be sized to maximize ROI andfuel savings

ROI: Return on investment

ABB Microgrid solution

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 102

RE + enables high penetration, up to100%, into diesel microgrids§ Expertise in engineering and consulting

ü 25+ years of microgrid experience and systemdesign optimization

§ Intelligent control and management of allinterconnections

ü Microgrid Plus system

ü Dedicated controllers

§ Grid stabilizationü PowerStore™

Additional expertise and capabilities§ Renewable energy generation

ü Solar PV plant/farms turnkey solutions

ü Wind farm integration

RE+: Renewable Energy +

PowerStore Loads

Dieselgenerators

Renewableenergy generation

MicrogridPlus system

MicrogridPlus system

RE+

ABB

Grid stabilizationPowerStore™ flywheel system

MG

440Vac60-120Hz

440Vac50/60Hz

ReactivePower

RealPower

RealPower

FixedFrequency

VariableFrequency

2.9T1,800 -

3,600 RPM

VirtualGenerator

FlywheelInverter

§ Stabilizes frequency and voltagefluctuations

§ Heavy-duty application: dynamic powerinjection and absorption in milliseconds

§ Maximizes fuel savings through highestpossible renewable penetration

§ Proven track record

§ 3,000 kW installed and 2,100 kW undercommissioning

Flywheel

Converters

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 103

§ Maximize renewable energy penetration and fuel savings

§ Optimum loading and spinning reserve in fossil fuel generators

§ Distributed control logic enhances reliability and scalability for futureexpansions

ABB RE+: Renewable microgrid controller, RMC 600Efficient and reliable power management

Solarfarm Windfarm

Fossil Fuel Power Station

Communicationnetwork

Load Grid Stabilization

Control centre

RenewableMicrogrid Controller

(RMC600)

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 104

Future vision

~100% Renewable Energy

ABB1992

Super Grid and Smart Grids

www.grid4eu.eu

DESERTEC2006

23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 106

ABB solutions for Renewables integration in T&D grids

Thank you very much for yourattention!

For more information:www.abb.com/solar

Questions?23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 107

ABB solar solutionsiPad App

link to application23 April 2014

© ABB Group

| Slide 109