Youth view at quarry nature by Tatiana Trofimova (Russia)

Report on project “Youth view at quarry nature”

Authors: T. Trofimova (Baltic fund for nature, St. Petersburg), E. Grigor’eva, S. Bobir,

Ju. Fattakhova (St. Petersburg State University, Faculty for biology), D. Prischepenko,

V. Kondakova (St. Petersburg State University, Faculty for geology), A. Ivanov (Russian State

Pedagogical University A. I. Gertsen).

Abstract

The project "Youth view at quarry nature” was carried out on the basis of quarry

"Pechurki" in Slantsy city of Leningrad region of the Russian Federation. The main goal of the

project - the development of environmental education and awareness of the local population

based on self-developed games and ecological research, and proposal of own vision of the future

use of quarry after the flooding. During whole project we also tried to receive opinions of

population to quarry nature and their ideas for pit restoration.

The project includes three main blocks, which are interconnected with each other. The first

block consists of the ecological game-quest and drawing competition that were held with local

school children, and of the wildlife exhibition in Slantsy of photos made by the project team

during visits to the quarry. This block also includes development of own board game on the

theme of quarry recovery, aimed for teaching players of land recultivation methods and

attracting their attention to the importance of the restoration of biological diversity on mining

sites. Ecological research for assessment the state of biological diversity in the quarry is

important stage of the project, which forms the basis for the development of educational methods

and recommendations for remediation and organization of sustainable recreation at the quarry

after the flooding. Investigations were carried out to study the diversity of soils, hydrogeological

conditions of the mining sites, colonization of limestone by microscopic fungi and its

biodegradation processes, the composition of flora and fauna and hydrobiology characteristics of

existing water body in the open pit. The third block of the project includes project of area zoning,

organization of protected areas and places for rest of the population with the less impact on the

environment and for eco-tourists acquaintance with the local biodiversity. The results of these

studies could form the basis of methodical materials for educational lessons for local students

studying biodiversity of damaged areas, as well as serve as a basis for the organization of nature

trails and installation of information boards for the development of ecotourism in the area.

Assessment of biodiversity in the quarry confirmed conservation value of area: 14 rare species of

plants and animals included into Red Data Book of Leningrad region live here, the area lies in

the path of migratory birds that can stay for rest and feeding on the future pond. The project

team proposal to organize here zones with varying degrees of human impact meets the concept

of conservation value of the territory.

Introduction

Quarry "Pechurki" - one of the numerous mining places in Slantsy and in whole Russia.

Practically every family living in Slantsy district have a member who is in any way involved in

the mining industry. But very few people of them are familiar with the biological diversity

occurring on the worked land and the process of its restoration. However, among them there are

plenty of people who love the nature of his native land and interested in learning environment,

and who care about the development of local areas. But frequently access to career closed to the

public for security reasons, and, unfortunately, they are not allowed to participate in decision

making about the future use of these areas.

In the case of the quarry "Pechurki", where mining of limestone was carried out until 2014,

restoration plan has already been approved, and the territory (except of previously recovered

areas) will be flooded. It is not difficult to predict that the local population will be happy to

spend time on the shores of this huge pond with area about 200 hectares, with clear water and

surrounded by a pine forest. Perhaps, as is often happens, this rest will affect in negative way to

local biota, which already hardly inhabits ruined territory. In this project we wanted to know the

opinion of the younger generation on the development of such areas, and also to show our view

of how natural systems are restored at the quarry and how we can contribute to this.

Aim of project: development of environmental education and rising public awareness of the

Slantsy city on biological diversity of the quarry "Pechurki" by means of acquaintance with wild

flora and fauna, and the presentation of plan for recreation with less human impact to the nature

in the quarry.

Objectives:

1. Ecological education for youth and rising public awareness of quarry environment

1. Excursion and ecological game with school students on the quarry

2. Photo exhibition of wild nature at Slantsy settlement

3. Drawings competition among children of local school

4. Creation of board game about quarry restoration

2. Ecological surveys at the territory of the quarry as a base for education and recreation

planning

1. Study of biofoulers

2. Study of soils

3. Study of quarry flora

4. Zoological study

5. Hydrobiological survey

6. Hydrogeological survey

3. Recommendations for organisation of sustainable recreation on the restored territory of the

quarry.

Background description

Quarry "Pechurki" was a resource base of "Slantsevsky cement plant" CESLA ", but in

2014 production of limestone was stopped (Annex, Fig. 1). Project of the quarry recultivation

provides the creation of pond over most of area of mining. The rest of the territory that was

restored in previous years and planted by pine forest (Pinus sylvestris) will be obstructed from

the flooded part by a small dam, and one of the three pumping stations will continue to work.

The scheme of the future reservoir is given in Annex (Fig. 2). The quarry is situated in Slantsy

town in Leningrad region, the population of city is 33 thousand people. The area is economically

developed, has a wide industrial and transport network. 5 secondary schools located in the city of

Slantsy.

The territory of the study area is rolling interfluvial plains. The climate is Atlantic-

continental with moderately cold winters and warm summers. The climate characteristics are

caused by the proximity to the sea, the presence of large water basins and excessive moisture.

The dominant soils in the area are podzolic soils, the main type of vegetation - southern taiga. In

the open pit there is a small pond with a depth up to 8 m (former quarry site worked out in the

early 70-ies). The bottom of the pond is composed of strip mining of limestone. In the north-

eastern coastline recreation area was established and shore was covered by sand.

Methods

1. Methods of work with publicity

These methods included development and conduction of ecological game-quest at the

quarry with local school students, drawing competition on the theme “Children view of future

use of the quarry”, preparation and organization of wildlife photo exhibition, design of board

game dedicated to mining sites restoration.

Organisation the game-quest on the quarry territory included preparation activities, such us

choosing place, interaction with local schools and company, creation of tasks. In September

2014 we announced competition of drawings among school students of Slantsy and Ecological-

biological center of St. Petersburg on Krestovskiy island. The theme and picture type could be

various but reflect the children opinion and ideas. For development of ecological board game

play technique and concept were thought over, information on mining sites recultivation was

analysed and collected. There were numerous meetings, discussions with participants of project,

specialist of play creation and ecologists.

1. Research methods

Soil studies were carried out by 4th

course student Anna Bulysheva from department of soil

sciences of St. Petersburg State University and they have lied in the base of her bachelor

graduation work. During trip to the quarry at May 2014 three soil profiles were dug on sites with

different degree of vegetation growing (Annex, Fig. 3). In studies there were applied methods for

the determination of the basic physical characteristics of the soil, from which to our project we

used the following: pH, carbon content of organic compounds by wet combustion, the content of

soil carbonates by acidimetry method, the analysis of the humus content.

In the study of biofoulers of limestone methods of visual assessment, binocular and

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were used on the basis of the resource center of

cell and molecular techniques and Mycology Laboratory of Biology Faculty of St. Petersburg

State University.

Geobotanical studies were conducted in June-July 2014. Method of burial plots was

implemented: 4 plots with area of 25x25 m and 10x10 m were studied. Four sites of the quarry

were observed: pine forest planting of 1970s and 1987, self-seeded site of limestone worked out

at 2004 and slope of 4 years old mine dump that was only covered by clay layer.

For zoological study following methods were used: method of direct observation, method

of linear bird count, method of study of footprints, food remains, scraps of fur, manure, living

constructions, and fix of direct meetings with representatives of various groups of animals.

Zoological studies were conducted in the period from May to August 2014.

Hydrobiological studies were conducted at July 9, 2014. Zoobenthos samples were taken

using a net scraper with a blade length of 20 cm at a depth of 0.5 m in the coastal zone. Three

habitats were selected for sampling: sandy, limestone substrate and higher aquatic vegetation

(macrophytes). Description of coastal aquatic vegetation was carried out visually; the species

were determined by key guide of wild plants (Illustrated .., 2006). To assess the water quality we

used saprobity index based on formula of Pantle-Buck in modification Sladechek (Shitikov et al.,

2003). Rate of species diversity in the pond was analyzed according to the calculations of the

Shannon index.

In reference to reports on the implementation of the geological survey in the district

Slantsy provided to us by the Russian State Geological Fund (Report .., 2006), geology and

hydrogeological conditions of the area was studied. The current methods of dewatering applied

at the quarry "Pechurki" were observed. For modeling of quarry flooding process computer

software Processing MODFLOW 5.3 was used.

3. Methods for compilation of recommendations for the quarry restoration

For compilation of recommendations for arrangement of sustainable recreation on the

quarry territory we carried out meetings with marksheider of quarry and advised with

administration of “CESLA” company. Based on schemes of area and flood plan we made zoning

of territory and approximate position of eco-tourism objects. For more visibility we

demonstrated our proposal on pictures.

Results

Ecological game – quest

Since the aim of our project is to promote environmental education, the greatest attention

was paid to work with the school students of Slantsy settlement. May 26, 2014 for 6th grade

students of school № 6 excursion in the territory of the quarry was conducted during which they

were familiarized with the process of limestone mining, the geological history of the area and

have visited the reclaimed land. The most important task - to interest children in the natural

environment and to attract their attention to the fate of the quarry - was solved by means of

developed by us the game-quest in the open pit. 5 thematic stations were organized with tasks in

botany, zoology, entomology, geology and paleontology, where pupils’ teams answered our

questions and performing tasks (Annex, Fig. 4, 5). The tasks were developed on the base of our

knowledge of local flora and fauna. Birds sounds, animal footprints, identifying of insects under

the binocular, searching for fossil organisms and other activities were the most interesting part of

game.

Drawings competition

10 fascinating illustrations have expressed opinion of the young generation on the nature

of the quarry. Rewarding of best drawings authors was held on September 19, 2014 in the school

№ 6 of Slantsy and on September 20, 2014 in St. Petersburg Ecological-biological center

(Annex, Fig. 6, 7).

Photo exhibition “Towards nature”

At the September 5, 2014 the presentation of exhibition of our photos from the quarry was

held in Slantsy. 15 photos were placed on show-windows of city library during whole September

and every passerby could see it (Annex, Fig. 8). The title of exhibition is “Towards nature”. The

aim of the exhibition is to make local people familiar with diversity of animal and plant species

that were met on the quarry territory. By means of beautiful photos of wild nature we wanted to

attract attention of Slantsy residents to issues of biodiversity restoration on mining sites.

At the opening of the exhibition high school students who are interested in ecology and

biology, as well as representatives from television and newspapers have come. There were also

local residents who were interested in future of the quarry. We briefly presented our project and

photographs, and representatives of the company HeidelbergCement – told about the quarry and

the international competition “The Quarry Life Award”.

There were a lot of photo exhibitions in Slantsy, but the exposure of photos devoted to our

theme have not been yet here. Guests of presentation drew a lot of attention to the image of wild

flora and fauna at the quarry, and students were interested in the research part of our project.

Video report was released afterwards at the local regional television (http://oreol-info.ru/item/v-

slancevskoie-biblioteke-sostoyalos-otkritie-fotovistavki-navstrechu-prirode.html), and the article

was published in the newspaper of the Leningrad region "Znamya Truda" (Annex, Fig. 9).

Creation of board game “Ecoquarry”

Development of a board game was started in the very beginning of the project and after a

lot of meetings and revisions, in the end of August we came to the final variant. It can be played

by 2-6 players: children from 12 years and adults. The meaning of the game is that the player has

to reclaim abstract quarry using various methods of restoration of land and biological diversity,

also using methods of environmental management and even involving society. Players are

actively cooperating in the game, exchanging cards and ideas, taking joint decisions. At the same

time in the game point of competition and predicting of moves are significantly developed.

Players do not need to be already familiar with the methods of land restoration or constantly to

refer to the background information as all the concepts and tasks in accessible language

described on the game cards. Game consists of playground, 120 unique cards with tasks and

answers and short description of game rules (Annex, board game). Testing of the game was

carried out several times within the team, and the final version tested on the employees of the

Russian-German bureau of ecological information, and the team that created the board game

"Ecologic". Approximate time of the game - 1.5 hours, in the end, even people far from the

mining industry, will know what isolation or earthing are.

Results of ecological surveys on the quarry “Pechurki”

In order to create informative database on biodiversity for subsequent ecological

education of society of Slantsy the big attention in our project was devoted to study of plants and

animal communities of the quarry, and also to investigation of soils and hydrogeological

conditions.

Study of biofoulers on limestone solid

Limestone cannot be directly inhabited by organisms that were lived here before the

mining. Colonization of limestone like any other solid by living organisms starts with the

smallest of them. One of the surveys conducted on this quarry was to study litobiont community

on site of quarry reclaimed 4 years ago. Using SEM analysis, the images of samples were

obtained of limestone in the range of magnification from 100x to 10000x (Appendix, Fig. 10).

The picture shows the structure of microscopic fungi and crustose lichens, they fill all cavities

and cracks of stone (Annex, Fig. 10). Fungal hyphae makes through limestone, starts to grow and

create pressure under the influence of which rock is broken.

Microscopic fungi related to soil and dark colored anamorphic fungi have been identified.

All identified species of fungi are typical representatives of mycoflora of St. Petersburg and

Leningrad region (Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium herbarum, Fusarium

oxysporum, Paecilomyces variotii, Scytalidium lignicola, Trichoderma viride and light-colored

and dark-colored form of mycelium). It was impossible to determine lichen species because

structures by which they can be determined to genus were not found.

Soil investigation

Following stage - soil formation. Soil studies have shown that soil formed in the area is

strongly influenced by the presence of carbonates. Pedogenesis processes are at an early stage

and expressed mainly in the accumulation of humus. Humus content (an important criterion in

the evaluation of productivity) in soils of quarry depends on the age of the soil.

At the site remediated 4 years ago (litostrat), humus content is low, a significant

accumulation of humus is noted in the gray humus soil under the 30-year-old pine plantations.

There is a decrease in the content of calcium carbonate, which is associated with the

decomposition of the acid coniferous litter (Appendix, Fig. 11 12).

Study of quarry flora

To assess the biological diversity on the quarry, as well as compiling floristic list

geobothanical description was made on 4 quarry sites restored at different times. The list

contains 57 plant species (Appendix, Table. 1). Study of plant communities has shown that on

the sites of pine plantations of the 1970s pine-strawberry forest have formed; on the site of pine

plantations from 1987 - pine-sedge wood vegetation; on the place where the recovery measures

were not carried out (2004 worked out dump) - birch-reed wood; the slope recultivated 4 years

ago – grassland vegetation.

To the beginning of research on the planting site of the 1970s in plant cover typical forest

vegetation has already formed. At the site of the later planting (1987) vegetation with forest

species was represented by rather large number of typical meadow species, indicating ongoing

process of the formation of a mixed forest ecosystems.

Of the 28 species of orchids found in the North-West Russia we observed four species,

three of which are listed in the Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region (lady's slipper

Cypripedium calceolus, the Early Marsh Orchid Dactylorhiza incarnata and the Heath spotted

orchid Dactylorhiza maculata). In the study we investigated the aquatic flora species

composition and distribution of macrophytes in the main pond. There are 12 species (list in the

Annex).

Study of fauna

In addition to description of the vegetation during the research attention was also focused

on species of terrestrial and aquatic fauna that live in the quarry in order to compile faunistic list

and approximate evaluation of the animals’ number. Vertebrates in the quarry are mainly

represented by birds, mammals and amphibians (20 species were counted) (Annex, Table. 2).

Obvious fact is that the species composition will increase gradually over the years. At the present

moment benthic and fish fauna is poor and communities have low rate of productivity, which

corresponds to the natural stage of development of water bodies at the site of flooded quarries.

Basically on the pond in the quarry "Pechurki" 16 species of aquatic invertebrates were noted

(list in annex), and one species of fish - Crucian carp Carassius carassius.

Saprobity index which indicates the degree of water saturation with oxygen and organic

content showed that the pond is a beta-mesosaprobic that corresponds to a moderate productivity

of the reservoir.

Hydrogeological survey

In the future, the developed space of the quarry is planned to flood due to a change in the

career mode of drainage systems. Using software program Processing MODFLOW 5.3. change

in groundwater levels after complete termination of activity of dewatering was simulated. It was

found that the groundwater level will rise, which will lead to flooding not only worked-out part

of the quarry, but also the surrounding area. According to the model, the flooding is expected in

the South and West of the quarry (Annex, Fig. 13).

Recommendations for organization of sustainable recreation on the restored

territory of the quarry

To get acquainted with the history of quarry and plans for its further use, we have

consulted with the quarry management. The staff kindly shared with us information that after

mining activities flooding of the quarry is supposed. Nowadays on the mining territory there are

many uplands (dumps) formed during the extraction of limestone with height of approximately

10-15 meters with already established vegetation on them, and after the flooding these dumps

will become an islands in the pond (Annex, Fig. 2, 14). We carried out a small analysis of the

socio-economic conditions of area and developed recommendations on the organization of

sustainable recreation in the open pit after flooding.

How to meet the needs of the population in the possibility of arriving to the quarry as a

place of rest, without harming the environment? In our opinion the territory of the quarry should

be divided for two zones, one of which will be inaccessible to man, and the second - allocated

under human needs.

The most remote section from the road will also be allotted for "protected area." On the

untouched areas by humans sites for rest and nesting for birds will be situated to facilitate

development of new species communities. Island distribution type of land among a large pond

will create the preconditions for increasing biodiversity by raising the number of different

habitats. It should be noted that it is necessary to consider each island separately, maybe some of

them will be subjected to changes (subgrading, saw cut / planting trees). The pond should have

an embayed coastline with gently sloping coasts planted with shrubs and aquatic vegetation on

the water edge that all will create new habitats for the species and will contribute to strengthen

the coast and provide water purification. To accelerate the process of colonization of the territory

by birds and mammals feeders and birdhouses can be installed in the forest.

The other part of the quarry will be reserved for eco-tourism and recreation. It is expected

to create on the shore camping sites (wooden platforms for tents, specially equipped bonfire,

toilets) (Annex, Fig. 15). Camping will be represented by a small place for 8-15 tents, consisting

of a wooden platform under tents and 2-3common arbors. There will be possible to organize

ecological lessons with students, conduct various workshops on environmental protection. For

camping creation especially reserved place under the garbage is needed. Agreement with the

local authorities on the regular removal of garbage from the open pit is necessary for this

purpose.

For ecological education of tourists eco-trail will be constructed linking the shore and

surrounding islands by wooden bridges. Along the eco-trail’s route information boards with

photographs and descriptions of plant and animal species will be installed. It is planned to install

two observation towers, one of which will be on an island, and the second at the highest point of

the quarry. These towers will be also part of the ecological trail, they will allow for tourists to

feel ornithologists, watching the birds through binoculars.

We are not supposed introduction of juvenile fish in the newly created water body, as the

staff told about channel that will connect existing and future water bodies. Through the channel

migration of aquatic organisms is supposed to the new pond. Consequently, already at the

present moment it is necessary to carry out measures to maintain and increase biodiversity in a

small pond.

Discussion

The objectives of this project were various activities on the interaction with the children

and the local population of Slantsy. Designed game-quest in the quarry was tested on 18 school

students from Slantsy. Later we continued to work with these children (in new educational year

quantity of them has already become 28 people) by conducting a drawing competition. It was

important to find out the ideas of children, who have visited quarry. For comparison, we

announced a similar competition among the pupils of one study group of Ecological and

Biological Center of St. Petersburg. As a result, we were able to cover about 40 students at age

of 10-11 years. Important result of interaction with school children is building of communication

for future activities. We are ready to develop work with local schools on environment issues.

Presentation of the photo exhibition was attended by about 20 people, mostly high school

students interested in ecology and biology from the local schools. Perhaps, some of them will be

willing to conduct their own research in the quarry, and then they will be able to use our data or

assistance. The library where the photos were presented is in the center of Slantsy and thousand

people pass by show-windows every day. One important outcome of this project is the fact that

the presentation of the photo exhibition was covered by the regional news and newspaper and its’

audience is about 300 thousand people.

Developed in the frame of the project board game can serve as a tool for environmental

education of school and university students, and it is appropriate for an adult audience as well

(for example, employees of HeidelbergCement). The game is designed in a pilot form, without

the bright design, but further development of it is possible. Our version considers mostly mining

sites of moderate European nature zone, but can be transformed for specific bioms of whole

world. At the present version, the game can easily be printed on regular paper and cut out by

your own.

Studies of biofoulers have shown how natural stone, being unfavorable habitat is

colonized by microorganisms and gives rise to soil formation. Parameters of humus

concentration in soils and ground are indicators of the ecosystems recovery activities

effectiveness through recultivation, and they should be discussed in the further restoration of

damaged land.

We observed comparatively low species number of plants and animals relative to

background biodiversity rates of region. Poor plant species diversity linked to the fact that the

soil in most part of the quarry had not formed yet, and in some places the substrate under the

plants is represented by limestone. On the territory where vegetation was formed by self-seeding,

restore of the environment is slower. Limestone is a good substrate for vegetation of orchids. But

for normal growing of pine forest soil with a high content of lime is not suitable because pine

trees prefer more acidic soil with a pH about 4.5-5.5. At the same time pine is a powerful

edaphic factor, it acidifies substrate on which grows due to decomposition of needles. Thus,

according to our research, in soils under 30 years pine forest calcium carbonate content is

significantly reduced in comparison with other soil profiles, indicating process of

decarbonisation. Also at this site humus formation and humus accumulation processes are

expressed more strongly than in the other profiles. Thereby, forming vegetation communities on

the worked out areas man contributes to quick formation of soils and increases their productivity.

The small number of detected animal species is explained by disturbance factor in area

where extraction works only recently have stopped. Also forage base has not yet been formed to

supply the lives of many species of birds and aquatic invertebrates.

Results of hydrogeological studies show that for rational resources management on the

territory (creating recreation), it is necessary to prevent partially flooding on adjacent to the

quarry area, for what one of the pump stations should stay active. According to our research,

such measures contribute to the creation of a favorable hydrogeological regime and sustainable

development of the area.

In our studies we discovered regional Red Data and rare species. The presence of such

species in the quarry and surrounding areas confirms its conservation value, and that is why we

offer such project of development - the creation of sustainable recreation. Our project of

sustainable recreation assumes the division of the quarry territory to conditionally "protected

zone" and eco-tourism zone. Environmental education is planned for the local population, which

in the near future after the flooding of the quarry will visit new reservoir, by means of

establishment of information boards, nature trails and observation towers for the purpose of

raising public awareness of the fragility of wildlife and a good example of rest, which is not

harmful to nature.

The main principle of sustainable development - the mutually beneficial development of

main spheres of our lives: economy, ecology and society. The results of our project contribute to

the rising of public environmental awareness and then people will have more careful attitude to

the nature, and this will affect favorably to the state of biological diversity. Also taking part in

the competition "The Quarry Life Award", we have promoted company’s environmental

initiatives among the population. Our proposal of environmentally friendly recreation will satisfy

the interests of all these major sectors of sustainable development, because eco-tourism may be

economically profitable and ecologically friendly activity of people. Financing of

implementation of our recommendations may be obtained from receiving grants, searching for

investors and local authorities co-funding.

Conclusion

As a result of works under the project during the spring and autumn of 2014 we have

accumulated a great material on scientific studies which can be used as training information for

the subsequent excursions to the quarry, which can be organized in conjunction with local

schools. Designed environmental outdoor games and the board version of "Ecoquarry" can also

be applied for future meetings with children from Slantsy and other cities. We are ready to

develop board game and actively represent it at various events. After spending biological

research in the quarry, we got the idea for further separate project of evaluating the degree and

rates of occupation quarry by species. For this purpose it is necessary to carry out a more

detailed study of biodiversity on quarry sites and outside area. Our recommendations for the

territory after recultivation do not require much extra costs when implementing and fit well with

the socio-economic context of the area.

Literature cited

1. Illustrated key to plants of Leningrad Region / Ed. A.L. Budantsev and G.P .Yakovlev -

M .: KMK Scientific Press Ltd., 2006 – 799 pp.

2. Red Data Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region / Ed. G.A. Noskov. Volume 2, 3. SPb.

ANO NGO "Peace and Life", 2002. - 480 pp., ill., In Russian., Eng.

3. Plan of mining operations on the quarry of the "Pechurki" of Slantsy deposits of

limestone in 2012. JSC "Slantsevsky cement plant CESLA. Slantsy, 2011

4. Progress Report: "Evaluation of operational reserves of underground drinking quality

water at existing water intakes of JSC "Slantsevskiy cement plant "CESLA" in Slantsy

of Leningrad region/ JSC "Slantsevsky cement plant CESLA", North-Western State

Geological Enterprise "Sevzapgeologiya." St. Petersburg. 2006 // Rosgeolfond in the

Northwest Federal District. Units. 27534.

5. Shitikov V.K., Rosenberg G.S., Zinchenko T.D. Quantitative hydroecology: methods of

system identification. – Tol’yatti: IEWB RAS, 2003.

Annex to report on the project

“Youth view at quarry nature”

Picture 1. Satellite image of the quarry “Pechurki”.

Picture 2. Flooding scheme of the quarry and layout of recultivation and recreation objects. Blue

lines designate future and existing pond borders.

а

b

c

а - profile № А1-13 (litostrat, on the site restored

4 years ago by putting layer of waste sandy rock;

b - profile № А2-13 (litostrat, 4 years ago 4 years

ago waste rock were applied (moraine loam, mixed

with fragments of limestone), after which the area

was planted with Ordinary Pine Pinus sylvestris);

c - profile № А3-13 (grey humus loamy soil

underlain with sand on the site of pine planting of

1970s).

Picture 3. Photos of soil profiles.

Picture 4. Ecological game-quest: school students try to recognize the bird voices, station

“Zoology”.

1. Паук

2. Стрекоза

3. Клещ

5. Жук4. Скорпион

Кто из предложенных беспозвоночных насекомые?

Picture 5. Ecological game-quest: task card of “Entomology”.

Picture 6. One of the winners of our drawings competition and her picture.

Picture 7. One of illustration from competition (Saint-Petersburg).

Picture 8. The photo exhibition “Towards nature” in Slantsy.

Picture 9. The article in a newspaper “Znamja truda” about photo exhibition presentation.

Picture 10. Destroyed limestone surface with hypha and spores of fungi. Scanning electron

microscopy.

Picture 1. Distribution of pH and CaCO3 content in the soil litostratah and gray humus soil on the

quarry "Pechurki."

Литострат (А1-13)

8,15 8,20 8,25 8,30 8,35 8,40

13 - 59

0 - 13

Гл

уб

ин

ы,

смрН


11,80 12,00 12,20 12,40 12,60 12,80 13,00

13 - 59

0 - 13

Гл

уби

ны

, см

Содержание CaCO3, %


8,2 8,25 8,3 8,35 8,4

14 - 20

0 - 14

Гл

уб

ин

ы,

см

рН


16 16,5 17 17,5 18

14 - 20

0 - 14

Гл

уб

ин

ы,

см

Содержание CaCO3, %

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Picture2. Profile distribution of carbon organic compounds at the site remediated 4 years ago and

gray humus soil.


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Table 1. Floristic list of plant species on the territory of the quarry “Pechurki”.

Notes in columns: 1 – pine planting of 1970s, 2 - pine planting of 1987, 3 – site overgrowing by

natural way (self-seeding), 4 – site of slope recultivated in 2010-2011.

Species list 1 2 3 4

Phylum Equisetophyta

Class Equisetopsida

Family Equisetaceae

Equisetum arvense

Phylum Pinophyta

Class Pinopsida

Family Pinaceae

Pínus sylvéstris

Picea abies

Phylum Magnoliophita

Class Magnoliopsida

Family Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus acris

Family Caryophillaceae

Stellaria sp.

Family Betulaceae

Betula pendula

Alnus sp.

Family Pyrolaceae

Pyrola sp.

Family Vacciniaceae

Vaccinium vitis-idaea

Family Violaceae

Viola canina

Family Salicaceae

Salix caprea

Salix sp.

Populus tremula

Family Ulmaceae

Ulmus laevis

Ulmus glabra

Family Rosaceae

Filipendula ulmaria

Rubus chamaemorus

Potentilla anserina

Potentilla erecta

Fragaria vesca

Geum rivale

Sorbus aucuparia

Family Onagraceae

Chamaenerion angustifolium

Family Fabaceae

Anthyllis vulneraria

Lotus sp.

Vicia cracca

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Vicia sp.

Lathyrus pratensis

Lathyrus sp.

Trifolium pratense

Trifolium repens

Melilotus albus

Family Aceraceae

Acer platanoides

Family Oxalidaceae

Oxalis acetosella

Family Umbelliferae

Aegopódium podagrária

Family Caprifoliaceae

Viburnum opulus

Family Valerianaceae

Valeriána officinális

Family Scrophulariaceae

Melampyrum nemorosum

Veronica officinalis

Family Labiatae

Prunélla vulgáris

Origanum vulgare

Family Asteraceae

Tussilago farfara

Achillea millefolium

Leucanthemum vulgare

Solidago sp.

Arctium tomentosum

Taraxácum officinále

Hieracium sp.

Onopordum acanthium

Class Liliopsida

Family Convallariaceae

Convallaria majalis

Maianthemum bifolium

Family Trilliaceae

Paris quadrifolia

Family Orchidaceae

Cypripedium calceolus

Epipactis helleborine

Dactylorhiza incarnate

Dactylorhiza maculate

Family Juncaceae

Juncus sp.

Family Cyperaceae

Carex sp.

Family Poaceae

Calamagrostis epigeios

Dactylis glomerata

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Picture 3. Hydrostatic pressure on the quarry "Pechurki" after switching off water disposal

systems.

List of macrophytes of existing pond on the quarry “Pechurki”

Division CHAROPHYTA

Class CHAROPHYCEAE

Order CHARALES

Family CHARACEAE

1. Chara foetida

Division ANGIOSPERMS

Class MONOCOTS

Family CYPERACEAE

2. Scirpus lacustris

3. Carex nigra

4. Eriophorum vagintum

Family TYPHACEAE

5. Typha latifolia

Family IRIDACEAE

6. Iris pseudacorus

Family JUNCACEAE

7. Juncus effusus

Family HYDROCHARITACEAE

8. Elodea canadiensis

Family POTAMOGETONACEAE

9. Potamogeton natans

10. Potamogeton pectinatus

Class DICOTS

Family HALORAGACEAE

11. Myriophyllum spicatum

Family CERATOPHYLLACEAE

12. Ceratophyllum demersum

List of water invertebrates of pond on the quarry “Pechurki”

Phylum ANNELIDA

Class OLIGOCHAETA

1. Oligochaeta gen. sp.

Class HIRUDINEA

Order RHYNCHOBDELLIDA

Fam. GLOSSIPHONIDAE

2. Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Phylum MOLLUSCA

Class GASTROPODA

Subclass PROSOBRANCHIA

Fam. BITHYNIIDAE

3. Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Class CRUSTACEA

Order ISOPODA

Fam. ASELLIDAE

4. Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Phylum ARTHROPODA

Class INSECTA

Order EPHEMEROPTERA

Fam. BAETIDAE

5. Baetis gr. rhodani

Fam. CAENIDAE

6. Caenis macrura Stephens, 1835

Order ODONATA

Sub-order ANISOPTERA

Fam. AESCHIDAE

7. Aeshna grandis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Sub-order ZYGOPTERA

Fam. COENAGRIONIDAE

8. Coenagrion armatum (Charpentier, 1840)

9. Coenagrion hastulatum (Charpentier, 1825)

10. Ischnura elegans (Vanderlinden, 1823)

Fam. LESTIDAE

11. Lestes sponsa Hansemann, 1823

Order HEMIPTERA

Fam. GERRIDAE

Sub-order HETEROPTERA

12. Gerris lacustris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Order TRICHOPTERA

Fam. POLYCENTROPODIDAE

13. Polycentropus flavomaculatus (Pictet, 1834)

Order COLEOPTERA

Fam. DYTISCIDAE

14.Ilybius sp.

Order DIPTERA

Fam. CHIRONOMIDAE

15. Chironomidae gen. sp.

Fam. CERATOPOGANIDAE

16. Ceratopogonidae gen. sp.

Picture 4. Illustration of our view of future pond on the quarry “Pechurki”.

Picture 5. Illustration of camping on the shore of future pond.

Table 2. Fauna list of vertebrates on the quarry “Pechurki”.

Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Order Family Species

Animals

Animalia

Chordates

Chordata

Vertebrates

Vertebrata

Amphibians

Amphibia

Batrachians

Anura Ranidae Rana sp.

Birds

Aves

Birds of prey

Falconiformes Falconidae

Common kestrel

Falco tinnunculus

Wading birds

Charadriiformes

Laridae

Black-headed gull

Larus ridibundus

Passerine

Passeriformes Hirundinidae

European swallow

Hirundo rustica

Common house martin

Delichon urbica

Corvidae

Corbie crow

Corvus corax

Magpie

Pica pica

Sylviidae

Сhiffchaff

Phylloscopus collybita

Muscicapidae

Western pied flycatcher

Ficedula hypoleuca

Turdidae

Robin

Turdus sp.

Paridae

Great tit

Parus major

Willow tit

Parus montanus

Sittidae

European nuthatch

Sitta europaea

Fringillidae

Warbler

Fringilla coelebs

Bullfinch

Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Mammals

Mammalia

Insectivores

Insectivora

Moles

Talpidae

Common mole

Talpa eutopaca

Сarnivores

Carnivora

Canines

Canidae

Fox

Vulpes vulpes

Lagomorphs

Lagomorpha

Hares

Leporidae

Mountain hare

Lepus timidus

Artiodactyles

Artiodactyla

Suids

Suidae

Wild boar

Sus scrofa

Cervids

Cervidae

European roe deer

Capreolus capreolus

Board game on quarry recultivation

«Ecoquarry»

Play elements:

Play board, 56 of task cards, 57 of answer (methods of restoration), 8 cards of event cards. Individual

marker for moving on the play desk every player can make by themselves (for example, folding a paper

rectangle and then drawing on it)

Play aim: to restore worked out quarry applying different methods of recultivation (technical, biological,

methods of ecological management and public involvement).

Play rules:

1) Cards of answers, tasks and events are placed in separate batches face down next to the playing

board. Each player is dealt 5 answer cards that he has to put in front of him in a row, showing

the contents to other players. Later the player can have a maximum of 10 answer cards.

2) Individual markers are placed on the board at the start cell. The youngest player takes a task

card, and tries to reply it by matching answers cards. Pay attention to the keywords on the

cards that are in bold, and look for consistency in the answers (key words there are in bold

also). For each task there is a specific answer, which covers all the points (near the rhomb). Also,

these points can be covered by additional answer cards (kind of answer and how much points it

gives indicated below on the task card). The player can use the right to put laydown batches one

of their cards and take one new answer card instead from batch of answers. You can also use

the cards of the previous phase of reclamation, which give 0.5 points (for example, you have an

issue with a green rhomb (i.e., from the biological stage), you can apply any answer cards from

the technical stage, etc.) (check the scheme below the rules)

3) Before decision making player may ask for help another player and get (change) necessary

answer card on any conditions.

4) If a player is able to cover a task card with completely appropriate response, then he moves for

2 steps forward on the board, if he can use only additional answers - then at one step. After

complete the task player takes one card from the batch of answers (if the player has already

reached the "shrub stage" on the board, then he have to pull 2 answer cards). If player can not

or does not want to perform the task, then it goes to the laydown batch, and the player is left in

the same place. Afterwards, the game moves to the next player clockwise.

5) Reaching the cells with stages of succession (change of plant communities), the player take

event card and answer it. There is no indication of the keywords, and the player must decide

what kind of response here is the solution, and the other players must collectively validate his

action. If everyone agrees with the player’s answer decision, then he moves on board according

to the instructions on the cards (numbers separated by a fraction). But there are three cards of

the event on which you do not have to respond to - or take a step back, or a step forward, and

the arrival of a specialist will help you solve the next task card, and then you go only for one cell

forward.

6) The player who first reaches the finish line wins. But, most importantly, do not cross it. That is, if

the player is standing on the previous cell before the finish, he must make decisions that will

move him only for 1 cell forward.

Why is credited with 0.5 points for the answer cards from the previous stage: biological phase is

able to be carried out on the basis of technical restored area; ecological management allow to efficiently

enhance biological diversity; public involvement appears in the game as a result of proper ecological

management; and technical stage must be carried out at the preliminary approval of recultivation with

public. The scheme is very simple and does not reflect the complexity of the interactions between stages

of mining sites recovery. Above there is an image of the scheme, and the color-coded stages of

reclamation used in rhombs on the cards.

TASKS CARDS

2

Form a relief on the worked

out quarry

+1 strengthening of soils and

dumps

+1 leveling dumps

2

Strengthen soil cover

+1 planting, sowing

2

Create a soil cover on the

waste rock, for this purpose

carry out earthing


dumps

+1 fertilizing

+1 planting, sowing

2

In your careers dumps contain

toxic substances. Carry out

neutralization of soil or

isolation

+1 drainage water treatment

+1 ecological monitoring

2

Company decided to flood the

territory of quarry and create

water pond

+1 formation of shores

+1 formation of relief

+1 increase of pond

productivity

3

It is necessary to increase the

productivity of the soil at the

quarry

+1 earthing

+1 fertilizing

+1 planting, sowing

2

Under the influence of wind

and rain at the quarry dumps

and the soil are destroyed.

Carry out measures to control

erosion


dumps

+1 planting, sowing

3

The quarry is not inhabited

with animals and plants. You

have to promote biodiversity

+1 introduction

+1 creation of forage base

3

It is necessary to plant forest

on the quarry territory

+1 tree planting

3

For formation of grass cover

carry out

sowing of grass plants

+1 promotion of biodiversity

+1 hydroseeding

2

* Territory of the quarry after

restoration should be actively

used. Offer your variants of use

+1 EIA

+1 public participation

+1 building

2

The territory of quarry was

flooded, but the pond needs

measures to increase

productivity

+1 fertilizing

+1 creation of forage base

2

It is necessary to increase

public participation

Find out public opinion at

quarry reclamation

+1 meetings with local

community

+1 EIA

3

You are planning building on

the worked out quarry territory

+1 EIA



3

Necessary to reduce harmful

emissions into atmosphere

from transport and techniques

operating on quarry

+2 reduction of fuel

consumption

+1 ecological management

3

Forage base are not formed in

created pond

+1 fertilizing of pond

+2 increase pond productivity

2

In the end you need to prepare

area for agricultural use

+1 fertilizing

3

Carry out assessment of

biodiversity for effective

management


+2 ecological research

3

Your company needs to pass

ecological certification



+1 assessment of biodiversity

2

Tourism is significantly

developed in region. Apply

measures to attract tourists to

the restored quarry


+1 fishing development

2

On the restored quarry slopes

are sloughing. Implement

measures for strengthening of

dump slopes

+1 planting, sowing

+1 control erosion

+1 control of ravine

3

For fast quarry restoration

applying of advanced

technologies are suitable


+1 hydroseeding

+1 introduction of bacterial

cultures

3

Apply advanced method –

hydroseeding – for fertilizing

and sowing


dumps

+1 field experiments

2

For attraction of wild animals

and support of forage base it is

necessary to establish feeders


3

Put new species on the quarry

(introduction)


+1 stocking

1

Carry out planting of larch in

the quarry. Larch is not

demanding tree to soil

conditions, and its planting will

prevent the soil erosion

3

Carry out planting of small-

leaved forest

1

Planting of Siberian cedar is

appropriate for severe climate

region

1

One of effective measures to

prevent erosion is planting of

pine

3

For strengthening soil cover

and dump slopes carry out tree

planting

+1 strengthening of soil

+3 planting

3

Organise work of technological

transport to reduce fuel

consumption

+2 reduction of harmful

emissions

2

To accelerate the overgrown on

quarry use advanced

technological methods of

plowing the soil when planting

+1 introduction of bacterial

cultures

3

Carry out field experiments for

research of recovery process of

environment on the quarry

+1 advanced technologies


3

For economic development of

territory organize fish hatchery

on the worked out quarry

+1 introduction

+1 stocking

+1 creation of pond

2

Develop fishery sport on

flooded quarry to attract

tourists

+ 1 tourism development

+1 stocking

1

To speed up soil formation

processes and increase soil

fertility introduce bacterial

cultures

2

You have to increase soil

productivity on quarry. Use

mineral or organic fertilizers

2

While creation of pond form

embayed coastline

+1 formation of gently sloping

coasts


+1 water regime regulation

2

While creation of pond form

gently sloping coasts

+1 formation of embayed

coastline


2

You are in the initial stage of

quarry reclamation and you

need to form a relief. Carry out

leveling of dumps



dumps

2

While formation relief make

low gradient dump slopes


1

To prevent invasion of toxic

substances from solid ground

carry out isolation measures

2

To decrease impact on

environment and toxicity of

drainage waters carry out its

treatment

+1 biologic water purification

2

With a content toxic

substances in the solid or soil at

the quarry conduct their

neutralization by liming

+1 drainage water treatment

2

Gullying process is

strengthening on the quarry,

carry out measures to control

ravines

+1 control erosion

+1 planting, sowing


dumps

3

In managing of biological

diversity on the quarry it is

necessary to assess

conservation value the

territory



3

Integral part of managing the

quarry reclamation and

biodiversity is to hold

ecological research

+1 field experiments


3

You need constantly look after

environment state. Organise

ecological monitoring



3

For successful restoration of

the quarry organize ecological

management in company

+1 EIA

+1 ecological certification


3

Carry out Assess human activity

impact from quarry

recultivation on environment

(Environment impact

assessment EIA)




2

It is necessary constantly to

follow and regulate water

regime on the quarry

+1 water removal system

+1 drainage net

+1 hydrogeological study

2

Organise water removal

system on the quarry

+1 drainage net


+1 regulation of water regime

2

Construct drainage net on the

quarry

+1 water removal system


2

You have to organize

interaction with local

community


2

Carry out stocking of pond

+1 introduction

2

Apply methods of biologic

water purification in pond

EVENT CARDS

-1 – make one move back

+1 – make one move forward

0 / -1 – if you have the answer card, stay. If you do not have answer card, move for 1 step back

Downstream the river

where drainage water flow

a lot of dead fish was

found. Toxic substances got

the river from quarry

-1

Territory of the quarry is

going to be checked by

controlling state bodies

(auditors). Are you ready to

provide research data for

them?

0 / -1

Local community came out

with protest action in front

of the quarry

administration

+1 / -1

Geologists observed

increase of groundwater

and probability of quarry

flooding

0 / -1

A natural disaster. Your

dumps contain toxic

substances. If you have a

card of "isolation", you are

saved, if not - reimburse

environmental damage

0 / -1

On territory of the

reclaimed quarry rare

species of plants was

found. This testifies the

success of recultivation

+1 / 0

Ecological action (planting

of trees) was held on

quarry with participation of

local people

+1

You have invited lead

specialist on mining sites

restoration. He will assist to

solve your next task

+1

ANSWERS CARDS (METHODS OF RECULTIVATION)

3

Hydroseeding

putting the mixture of water,

soil, sawdust, seeds, fertilizers

for the accelerated formation

of vegetation

2

Leveling dumps

Removal of ground from the

top of dumps to slopes while

creation of relief

2

Formation of low gradient

dump slopes

Smooth slopes are less affected

of erosion and rain impact

1

Isolation

Isolation of toxic solid from

environment by laying of

neutral ground

2

Earthing

applying to the surface of

dumps the fertile soil layer or

potentially fertile ground while

creating soil cover

2

Regulation of water regime

Construction of water removal

system, drainage net to

prevent overmoistening on the

quarry

2

Construction of drainage net

Laying of drainage channels,

construction of wells and water

catchment ponds to prevent

flooding of the territory

(regulation of water regime)

2

Construction of water removal

system

Construction of pumping

stations and drainage system to

avoid flooding of the territory

(regulation of water regime)

2

Creation of pond

Flooding of the worked out

quarry

1

Entering of bacterial cultures

One of advanced technologies

for increase soil productivity

and speed up of territory

overgrowing

3

Entering of organic fertilizing

to the soil (compost, peat,

manure and other) for increase

of soil productivity

2

Agriculture use

Restored territories of quarry

could be used for agriculture

activities

3

Planting forest

One of effective methods to

control erosion

3

Sowing of grass plants

Sowing of perennial grasses to

strengthen soil cover and

formation plant communities

3

Planting of brushes and trees

to reduce soil erosion.

Promotes moisture- and snow-

retention

3

Promotion of biodiversity

by creation of various habitats

for species

3

Support of forage base

for example, construction of

feeders for wild animals

3

Creation of protected areas for

protection of rare species

Limitation of access to the

territory where are rare species

3

Ecological management

is focused on maintaining and

enhancing the natural values of

land to conserve biological

diversity. Control of

recultivation to avoid potential

risks of environmental pollution

and the subsequent costs for

its elimination

2

Control ravine

Measures preventing

increasing of ravines and

gullying

3

Assessment of conservation

value

Total assessment of

biodiversity and diversity of

landscapes

2

Formation of embayed

coastline

during creation of water pond

on the quarry

2

Liming

Liming to grounds containing

toxic salts to neutralize the

acidity of the soil

3

Building of fish hatchery

For industrial fishery

2

Drainage water treatment

Transmission of drainage water

through a thick layer of soil,

delaying pollution and acting as

a natural filter

2

Neutralization of ground,

containing toxic salts to reduce

the degree of harm to the

environment

2

Formation of low gradient

dump slopes

To pond for providing its

sustainability against erosion

1

Planting of small-leaved forest

Small-leaved species (birch,

aspen, alder) is not demanding

to soil, moreover they are

growing quite fast, and within

5-10 years can provide

protection against erosion

3

Reduction of harmful

emissions

Renewal of motor vehicles on

ecologically safe fuel

3

Reduction of fuel consumption

by working transport during

technology upgrading to

reduce harmful emissions into

atmosphere

3

Tourism development

creation of recreation objects

on the quarry

2

Hydrogeological studies

for survey of water regime on

the quarry

2

Creation of forage base

for wild animals and fish in

pond

2

Arrangement of fishery sport

on flooded quarry that could be

good decision for attracting of

people and eco-tourism

development

3

Carrying out of field

experiments

in damaged land it is important

to study environment state

2

Advanced technological

methods

of plowing the land for sowing

crops allow more efficient use

of resources such as fuel, the

number of seeds and reduces

the time for sowing

3

Ecological certification

assessment of compliance of all

phases of recultivation and use

of the territory with

environmental standards and

regulations

3

Building on quarry

Worked out areas are actively

involved in the economic

sphere in the region. It is

regular situation when various

objects are built on the former

mining territories

3

Increase productivity of pond

Recently created water bodies

on the worked out quarries

consist low rate of nutrients

necessary for hydrobionts

2

Stocking fish in pond

putting juvenile fish into the

pond, where they will grow.

Stocking is carried out in order

to enhance biodiversity in the

ecosystem or fish farming

2

Biologic water purification

Different metods for water

treatment such us macrophytes

planting, algies or bacteria

cultures

1

Planting of cedar

Cedar survives in conditions of

severe winter; it can be used

for the final stages of quarries

recultivation in Siberia.

Prevents erosion

Print in 2 copies the following answers

2

Formation of relief

(subgrading)

Includes leveling of dump

slopes with heavy vehicles

2

Control erosion

Complex of measures for

protection of soil and dumps

from erosion effects

2

Strengthening of soil and

dumps

for increase rate of

sustainability of ground to

destroying factors (water,

wind)

2

Entering of fertilizers

Fertilizing by minerals to

increase productivity

1

Larch planting

Using of larch on final stages

of recultivation will enhance

landscape and provide new

habitats for species

1

Pine planting

The pine is unpretentious to

the ground fertility and can

easily grow on goal sand. Like

all large trees, pine trees are

well fixed soil by roots, and can

also serve as habitat for some

species

3

Sowing of grass plants

Planting of one-year-old plant

for strengthening of soil cover

3

Ecological monitoring

Long-term ecological study of

state of the nature of quarry

3

Ecological research

Study of flora and fauna on the

quarry, and assessment of

planned activity impact on

biodiversity

3

EIA

environment impact

assessment of recultivation

activity

2

Variants of use *

For applying this card you have

to call three different variants

of use quarry territory after

finishing mining activities

3

Introduction

Putting new species in

ecosystem (not specific to this

place)

+1 to every task

+1 to every task

2

Meetings with local

community and

administration

Organizing of public hearings,

gatherings for discussion of

quarry exploitation

2

Public participation

in making decision on future

use of the quarry and quality of

restoration methods

Play board

It is better to print play desk in A3 format

Youth view at quarry nature by Tatiana Trofimova (Russia)

Environment

Transcript of Youth view at quarry nature by Tatiana Trofimova (Russia)