The End OF WWII and the Cold War

The Battle of Berlin

• Due to poor ___________ of the German forces (many made by Hitler), and the overwhelming pressure of the ________ Force, the German army was pushed back into the Heart of ___________

• The final battle in the War was a _____ offensive on Berlin.

• In January, 1945, Soviet troops were pushing German troops back nearly _____ kilometers per day.

• By the time they reached ___________, the last push to capture the _______________ was April 20, 1945

• _____________ Soviet troops and _____________ tanks/artillery were used to break “the Gates of Berlin”

• Berlin would be encircled, causing German forces to enlist all ____________________.

Losing

• After realizing the impending doom, on April 20, 1945 it is said Hitler went into a tearful rage, declaring that the war was lost; he blamed the generals and announced that he would stay in Berlin until the end and then kill himself.– he wished to save himself from the fate that Mussolini faced in

Italy

Surrender

• _____________ troops would surrender on the Western Front in April; _____________ on the Eastern Front

• Captured German soldiers were declassified as Prisoners of War (POW) to Disarmed Enemy Forces, which lessened the required care• Thousands of German

soldiers would die of _____________, ___________ and _____________

• Berlin surrendered on May 2, 1945; May 8, _______ (Victory in Europe) _______, with the unconditional _____________ of German forces.

• In the terms of surrender: "The UK, US and Soviet Union shall possess supreme authority with respect to Germany. In the exercise of such authority they will take such steps, including the complete dismemberment of Germany, as they deem requisite for future peace and security.“

• Allies would plan post war _________________ in Germany and _____________ territory that had been gained and lost

• Germany would be _____________ between _____________ (USA and Allies; with a _____________ economy) and _____________ (Soviet; with a Marxist/_____________ economy/government)

• _____________ would also be divided.

Death of the Dictators

• April 27, 1945, allied forces close in on Milan and Italian Partisans capture Benito _____________ (dictator of Italy)

• April 28, Mussolini is _____________ and taken to Milan to be hung at the Piazzale Leroto (City square)

• April 30, 1945, realizing that all was lost and not wishing to suffer Mussolini's fate, Hitler and his partner (Eva Braun) supposedly committed suicide by cyanide at his “Fuhrerbunker” in Berlin.

• His wishes were to be doused in petrol and burned after his suicide

Consider the Following….

1. Conspiracy theories aside, why would Hitler kill himself?

2. Why would he want his body burned after his suicide?

3. Why wouldn’t he submit to being captured instead?

Nuclear Armament

• _____________ and the USA were also still fighting in the _____________

• The War I the Pacific would continue past the surrender of _____________

• By August 1945, Japan had been pushed far back from its _____________ territory in Southeast Asia, Midway, etc.

• The US was planning the final _____________– On August 6, 1945, the US Airforce would

drop an Atomic Bomb (called “_____________”) was dropped on the city, _____________

– On August 9, 1945, they dropped “_____________” on the city _____________

– Initial deaths were _____________; deaths related to the bomb _____________ _____________ would be nearly the same number. • This is the _____________, and _____________ use of nuclear weapons in

human history, and forever changed global _____________• Japan formally _____________ on August 15, 1945

Consider the Following….

1. Did the US have any other options other than dropping the Atomic Bomb?

2. What are the ethics of unleashing this weapon?

3. How has that event shaped our modern World?

The Cold War 1945-1991

• Following WWII the _____________ and the _____________ emerge as the 2 _____________ on the globe, and would continue to be such until of the fall of the Soviet Union in _____________

• Each Power ___________ the other, and had been allies only due to the common ______

• Even before the fall of Germany they were racing each other to get to Berlin because of their lack of trust of the other side, and wanting to _____________ as much of conquered Germany as possible for _____________

What was the Cold War?

• The Cold War was a time after WWII when the USA and the Soviet Union were _______ for world _____________

• It was a battle of _____________ played out through _____________ and _____________

• It was characterized by a _____________ arms race between the two Super Powers and involvement (sometimes direct, sometimes indirect) in many conflicts with the threat of _____________ _____________ through nuclear warfare __________________

Pre Cold War Distrust

• US– Communism _____________ of Democracy/Freedom/Capitalism– Stalin’s _____________– Non-Aggression _____________– USSR emphasis on _____________ communism

• USSR– US attempted to undo _____________– _____________ attack on Western Front during WWII– Believes _____________ will come

from worldwide communism

Alliances

NATO• North Atlantic Treaty Organization• _____________, _____________,

_____________, West _____________• CAPITALISM

Warsaw Pact pro _____________ countries – _____________, and

all countries controlled by the _____________.• COMMUNISM

The Ideological Struggle

Soviet & Eastern Bloc (Iron Curtain) GOAL _____________ world-wide Communism

US & the Western Democracies GOAL “____________________” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the

Communist world.

Methodologies• _____________ [KGB vs. CIA]• _____________ [nuclear escalation]• Ideological Competition for the _____________ and _____________ of Third World

peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “___________ _______________”

• ________________________ of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

United States 1946

• Churchill Warns of an “___________ _______________” in Europe• Stalin calls speech an _____________ of _____________, beginning of the Cold War

The Road to the Iron Curtain

• _____________ reached Berlin first (Hitler found dead in bunker—a suicide)• Victory in Europe (_____________) proclaimed May 8, 1945• War in Europe finally over after nearly six years, both Europe and Asia in ruins• Tens of millions dead; heaviest _____________ in Eastern Europe• Germany, Japan, and China had also suffered greatly

• Physical _________________; cities, villages, and farms destroyed• National economies near _____________

• Millions _____________• former prisoners of war, survivors of concentration camps, refugees of

fighting and of national border changes

Atlantic Charter (1941)

• Joint _____________ of Churchill and Roosevelt• Outlined purpose of war (to provide _____________ from

_________)• Sought no _____________ gains• All nations could _____________ their own government• Work for mutual _____________

Tehran Conference (1943)

• December 1943 • Big 3- Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin• Agreed on schedule for _____________ invasion• Would work together in _____________ after the war (______________________ was

tentatively agreed on)

Yalta Conference 1945

• Big 3 – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin• Allies were on the brink of _____________• Goal: agreement on _____________ Europe• Germany Split into 4 _____________ _____________

• Stalin got his way with Eastern Europe because the Soviet Union had _____________ terribly (20 million died)

• Agreement to create _____________________

Potsdam- 1945

• Big 3 – Truman, Churchill / Atlee, Stalin• Meeting more _____________ (Truman’s style,

plus knowledge of _____________)• Presses Stalin for free _____________ in Eastern

Europe• Disagreements over “___________ of

____________”• Stalin has less bargaining power.• Stalin later gives speech saying Capitalism and

Communism _____________ exist in same _______• Cold War begins

The “Iron Curtain”

• Potsdam conference ended with little _____________ over key _____________

• Stalin continued to influence _____________ European nations and by 1946 Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania all had _____________ governments.

• Churchill described it as an _____________ -_____________, the name stuck

What Are Capitalism & Communism?

• Both are _____________ (a set of _____________)– Both talk about the _____________ and how the economy should run

• Capitalism:– _____________ government involvement in the economy– Let people _____________ what to do with their money– INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM IS THE FOCUS

• Communism:– _____________ of government involvement in the economy– Government _____________ what is best for everybody– EQUALITY IS THE FOCUS

Emerging Super Powers

• What happened to Britain & France?

• Why was their tension between the USA and the USSR? Weren’t they friends and allies before?

Truman Doctrine

• The USA was prepared to send _____________, _____________ and _____________ to any country which was, in the American view, threatened by a Communist _____________

• Essentially it helped countries _____________ communism.

Marshall Plan

USA’s plan to send _____________, _____________, _____________ to Europe to help them AND to keep them from turning _____________

Helped countries ____________________ so they won’t go red

Is this generous or self-interest?

Embargoes

• Refusing to _____________ or _____________ countries in order to punish them

Why all the talk about the Berlin Wall?

• Berlin is Germany’s _____________ city• The ________ built the wall to keep people from ____________ to the American sector.

• 1961• Started as a barbed wire _____________ and evolved into the _____________ structure

we know today.

Blockade

• By 1946, Britain, France, & the USA _____________ their zones in Germany to form West Germany

• Their goal was to help Germany _____________ (not too quickly!) • In response Stalin _____________ Berlin • He did not like what the _____________ countries were doing and he wanted to

_____________ them out of Berlin• What would you do?

June 1948

• Allies _____________ supplies into _____________ Berlin• No _____________ were fired, but planes flew for _____________ supplying West Berlin• Eventually the USSR _____________

Cold War Conflicts

_____________ War (1950-1953) _____________ Missile Crisis (1962) _____________ War (1955-1975) _____________ (1979-1989)

Social Effects

Hippies Boycotts and protests Civil rights, and equality?