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High Step-Up High-Efficiency Interleaved

Converter With Voltage Multiplier Module

for Renewable Energy Syte!

ABSTRACT:

" novel high tep-up converter# which i uitable for

renewable energy yte!# i propoed in thi paper$

%hrough a voltage !ultiplier !odule co!poed of witchedcapacitor and coupled inductor# a conventional

interleaved boot converter obtain high tep-up gain

without operating at e&tre!e duty ratio$ %he configuration

of the propoed converter not only reduce the current

tre but alo contrain the input current ripple# which

decreae the conduction loe and lengthen the lifeti!e

of the input ource$ In addition# due to the lole paive

cla!p perfor!ance# lea'age energy i recycled to theoutput ter!inal$ Hence# large voltage pi'e acro the

!ain witche are alleviated# and the efficiency i

i!proved$ Even the low voltage tre !a'e the low-

voltage-rated M(S)E% be adopted for reduction of

conduction loe and cot$

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LITRATURE SERVEY:

1. J. T. Bialasiewicz, Renewable energ ss!e"s wi!#$#%!%&%l!aic $%wer genera!%rs: '$era!i%n an(

"%(eling)IEEE Trans. In(. Elec!r%n., &%l. **, n%. +, $$.

+*-+*, J/l. 00.

" ubtantial increae of photovoltaic *+V, power generator

intallation ha ta'en place in recent year# due to the increaing

efficiency of olar cell a well a the i!prove!ent of

!anufacturing technology of olar panel$ %hee generator are

both grid-connected and tand-alone application Syte! with +V

arrayinverter ae!blie# operating in the lave-and-!ater

!ode# are dicued$

. T. e2alas an( A. la(as, Analsis %2 !rans2%r"ers

w%r3ing /n(er #ea&il sa!/ra!e( c%n(i!i%ns in gri(4

c%nnec!e( renewable energ ss!e"s)IEEE Trans. Ind.

Electron., &%l. *5, n%. *, $$. 67-6*0, 8a 01.

Reearcher have propoed tranfor!er le olution for

connecting renewable-energy power plant to the grid$

"part fro! lac' of efficiency and increaed cot and weight

of the tranfor!er# one of the reaon i the dc input current

that caue tranfor!er aturation$ %he purpoe of thipaper i the develop!ent of a finite-ele!ent co!putational

tool that i going to aid tranfor!er !anufacturer in

deigning ditribution tranfor!er pecifically for the

renewable-energy !ar'et$ It i baed on a generali.ed

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!acrocopic repreentation of electrical teel ued in the

tranfor!er !anufacturing indutry that enable the

accurate evaluation of electro!agnetic field ditribution

of tranfor!er core under heavily aturated condition$

6. T. 9#%/ an( B. ranc%is# Energ "anage"en! an(

$%wer c%n!r%l %2 a #bri( ac!i&e win( genera!%r 2%r

(is!rib/!e( $%wer genera!i%n an( gri( in!egra!i%n,)

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., &%l. *, n%. 1, $$. 5*-107,

Jan. 011.

Claical wind energy converion yte! are uually

paive generator$ %he generated power doe not depend

on the grid re/uire!ent but entirely on the fluctuant wind

condition$ " dc-coupled wind0hydrogen0uper capacitor

hybrid power yte! i tudied in thi paper$ %he purpoe

of the control yte! i to coordinate thee different

ource# particularly their power e&change# in order to

!a'e controllable the generated power$

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C;AC4>C C'=VERTER

" 1C-to-1C converter i a device that accept a 1C input voltageand produce a 1C output voltage$ %ypically the output produced i at a

different voltage level than the input$ In addition# 1C-to-1C converter are

ued to provide noie iolation# power bu regulation# etc$ %hi i a u!!ary

of o!e of the popular 1C-to-1C converter topologie$

1.1.1. B''ST C'=VERTER STE

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)ig$ 5$56 4oot Converter Circuit

While the tranitor i (2 V&7Vin# and the ()) tate the inductor

current flow through the diode giving V& 7Vo$ )or thi analyi it i

au!ed that the inductor current alway re!ain flowing *continuou

conduction,$ %he voltage acro the inductor i hown in )ig$5$8 and the

average !ut be .ero for the average current to re!ain in teady tate

%hi can be rearranged a

and for a lo le circuit the power balance enure

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)ig$ 5$86 Voltage and current wavefor! *4oot Converter,

Since the duty ratio 919 i between : and 5 the output voltage

!ut alway be higher than the input voltage in !agnitude$ %he negative

ign indicate a reveral of ene of the output voltage$

1.1.. BUC C'=VERTER STE'?= C'=VERTER

In thi circuit the tranitor turning (2 will put voltage Vin on one

end of the inductor$ %hi voltage will tend to caue the inductor current to

rie$ When the tranitor i ())# the current will continue flowing through

the inductor but now flowing through the diode$ We initially au!e that the

current through the inductor doe not reach .ero# thu the voltage at V& will

now be only the voltage acro the conducting diode during the full ())

ti!e$ %he average voltage at V& will depend on the average (2 ti!e of the

tranitor provided the inductor current i continuou$

)ig$ 5$;6 4uc' Converter

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)ig$ 5$

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the voltage relationhip beco!e Vo71 Vin Since the circuit i lo le and

the input and output power !ut !atch on the average Vo= Io 7 Vin= Iin$%hu the average input and output current !ut atify Iin 71 Io %hee

relation are baed on the au!ption that the inductor current doe not

reach .ero$

1.1..1. Transi!i%n be!ween c%n!in/%/s an( (isc%n!in/%/s

When the current in the inductor > re!ain alway poitive then

either the tranitor %5 or the diode 15 !ut be conducting$ )or continuou

conduction the voltage V&i either Vinor :$ If the inductor current ever goe

to .ero then the output voltage will not be forced to either of thee

condition$ "t thi tranition point the current ?ut reache .ero a een in

)igure 5$@$ 1uring the (2 ti!e V in-Vouti acro the inductor thu

*5,

%he average current# which !ut !atch the output current# atifie

*8,

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)ig$ 5$@6 4uc' Converter at 4oundary

If the input voltage i contant the output current at the tranition point

atifie

*;,

1.1... V%l!age Ra!i% %2 B/c3 C%n&er!er @>isc%n!in/%/s 8%(e,

" for the continuou conduction analyi we ue the fact that the

integral of voltage acro the inductor i .ero over a cycle of witching %$

%he tranitor ()) ti!e i now divided into eg!ent of diode conduction

dd% and .ero conduction do%$ %he inductor average voltage thu give

(Vin- Vo) DT + (-Vo)dT = 0 *

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)ig$ 5$A6 4uc' Converter - 1icontinuou Conduction

*@,

for the cae $ %o reolve the value of conider the output current

which i half the pea' when averaged over the conduction ti!e

*A,Conidering the change of current during the diode conduction ti!e

*B,

%hu fro! *A, and *B, we can get

*,

uing the relationhip in *@,

*D,

and olving for the diode conduction

*5:,

%he output voltage i thu given a

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*55,

defining '= 7 8>0*Vin%,# we can ee the effect of dicontinuou current on

the voltage ratio of the converter$

)ig$ 5$B 6 (utput Voltage v Current

" een in the figure 5$B# once the output current i high enough#

the voltage ratio depend only on the duty ratio 9d9$ "t low current the

dicontinuou operation tend to increae the output voltage of the converter

toward Vin$

1.1.6. BUC4B''ST C'=VERTER

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)ig$ 5$6 che!atic for buc'-boot converter

With continuou conduction for the 4uc'-4oot converter V&7Vin

when the tranitor i (2 and V&7Vowhen the tranitor i ())$ )or .ero

net current change over a period the average voltage acro the inductor i

.ero

)ig$ 5$D6 Wavefor! for buc'-boot converter

which give the voltage ratio

and the correponding current

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Since the duty ratio 919 i between : and 5 the output voltage can vary

between lower or higher than the input voltage in !agnitude$ %he negative

ign indicate a reveral of ene of the output voltage$

1.1.7. CU C'=VERTER

%he buc'# boot and buc'-boot converter all tranferred energy

between input and output uing the inductor# analyi i baed of voltage

balance acro the inductor$ %he CU converter ue capacitive energy

tranfer and analyi i baed on current balance of the capacitor$ %he circuit

in )ig$ 5$5: i derived fro! 1U">I%F principle on the buc'-boot

converter$

)ig$ 5$5:6 CU Converter

If we au!e that the current through the inductor i eentially

ripple free we can e&a!ine the charge balance for the capacitor C5$ )or the

tranitor (2 the circuit beco!e

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)ig$ 5$556 CU 9(2-S%"%E9

and the current in C5 i I>5$ When the tranitor i ())# the diode conduct

and the current in C5 beco!e I>8$

)ig$ 5$586 CU 9())-S%"%E9

Since the teady tate au!e no net capacitor voltage rie #the net

current i .ero

which i!plie

%he inductor current !atch the input and output current# thu uing the

power conervation rule

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%hu the voltage ratio i the a!e a the buc'-boot converter$ %he

advantage of the CU converter i that the input and output inductor create

a !ooth current at both ide of the converter while the buc'# boot and

buc'-boot have at leat one ide with puled current$

1.1.*. IS'LATE> >C4>C C'=VERTERS

In !any 1C-1C application# !ultiple output are re/uired and

output iolation !ay need to be i!ple!ented depending on the application$

In addition# input to output iolation !ay be re/uired to !eet afety

tandard and 0 or provide i!pedance !atching$ %he above-dicued 1C-

1C topologie can be adapted to provide iolation between input and output$

1.1.*.1. l bac3 C%n&er!er

%he flybac' converter can be developed a an e&tenion of the

4uc'-4oot converter$ )ig 5$5;*a, how the baic converterG )ig 5$5;*b,

replace the inductor by a tranfor!er$ %he buc'-boot converter wor' by

toring energy in the inductor during the (2 phae and releaing it to the

output during the ()) phae$ With the tranfor!er the energy torage i in

the !agneti.ation of the tranfor!er core$ %o increae the tored energy a

gapped core i often ued$ In )ig 5$5;*c, the iolated output i clarified by

re!oval of the co!!on reference of the input and output circuit$

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)ig$ 5$5;*a,6 4uc'-4oot Converter

)ig$ 5$5;*b,6 Replacing inductor by tranfor!er

)ig$ 5$5;*c,6 )lybac' converter re-configured

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1.1.*. %rwar( C%n&er!er

%he concept behind the forward converter i that of the ideal

tranfor!er converting the input "C voltage to an iolated econdary output

voltage$ )or the circuit in )ig$ 5$5

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turn ()) we need to upply negative voltage to reet the core flu&$ %he

circuit in )ig$ 5$5@ how a tertiary winding with a diode connection to

per!it revere current$ 2ote that the 9dot9 convention for the tertiary

winding i oppoite thoe of the other winding$ When the witch turn ())

current wa flowing in a 9dot9 ter!inal$ %he core inductance act to continue

current in a dotted ter!inal# thu

)ig$ 5$5@6 )orward converter with tertiary winding

1.1.. C'=VERTER C'8

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)ig$ 5$5A6 Co!parion of Voltage ratio

. S'T4C'88UTATI= 8ET;'> 'R A= IS'LATE> B''ST

C'=VERTER

High power iolated bi-directional dc0dc converter have beco!e 'ey

co!ponent in alternative energy yte!$ In contrat to an iolated buc'

converter# driving a tranfor!er with a current-fed inverter in an iolated

boot converter will lead to a high voltage pi'e acro the current-fed

inverter witche becaue of the lea'age inductance of the tranfor!er$

" dual active full bridge dc0dc converter wa propoed for high

power bi-directional application$ It e!ploy two voltage-fed inverter to

drive each ide of the tranfor!er# eli!inating the current-fed inverter$ 4oth

voltage-fed inverter operate at oft-witching condition$ " dual active half

bridge oft-witching bi-directional dc0dc converter wa propoed with

reduced power co!ponent count$

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It ha voltage-fed inverter at high voltage ide and current fed

inverter at low voltage ide$ 4oth converter utili.e the lea'age inductance

of the tranfor!er a the energy-tranferring ele!ent# driving energy to flow

both way in one witching cycle$ Since the lea'age inductance of the

tranfor!er i a 'ey para!eter in reonant tranition type converter deign

and ha to be well controlled# !anufacturability will be an iue in !a

production$ In addition# while oft witching i achieved in reonant

tranition type iolated bi-directional dc0dc converter# high circulating

conduction loe often offet the efficiency gained by oft-witching$

"ctive-cla!p type iolated boot dc0dc converter achieve oft

witching while !ini!i.ing the circulation current and achieve relatively

high efficiency power converion$ However# an active nubber# which

conit an active witch and a capacitor# ha to witch at twice the

witching fre/uency and at the full power of the !ain dc0dc converter$ %he

burden of high current tre and aociated ther!al iue of the active

witch and the capacitor add li!itation to active-cla!ped nubber !ethod

in bi-directional high power application$

"ctive co!!utating i a !ethod that preet the current in

lea'age inductance to the boot inductor current before the co!!utation

event occur$ However in both active co!!utating !ethod# the witche at

voltage-fed ide inverter are hard witching$

a oft-co!!utatingJ !ethod for an iolated boot full bridge

converter in high power bi-directional application$ In addition# .ero voltage

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witching *.v, i alo achieved for all witche at the voltage-fed ide

inverter in boot !ode operation$

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C;A

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interleaved converter !ainly depend on the !a&i!u! power

de!and of the load and the !a&i!u! power rating of the

interleaved phae$

)ig$ e efficiency

L More voltage tre

L Co!ple& control circuit

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C;A

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%heoretically# conventional tep-up converter# uch a the boot

converter and flybac' converter# cannot achieve a high tep-up

converion with high efficiency becaue of the reitance of

ele!ent or lea'age inductanceG alo# the voltage tree are large$

%hu# in recent year# !any novel high tepup converter have

been developed$ 1epite thee advance# high tep-up ingle-

witch converter are unuitable to operate at heavy load given a

large input current ripple# which increae conduction loe$ %he

conventional interleaved boot converter i an e&cellent candidate

for high-power application and power factor correction$

Unfortunately# the tep-up gain i li!ited# and the voltage treeon e!iconductor co!ponent are e/ual to output voltage$ Hence#

baed on the afore!entioned conideration# !odifying a

conventional interleaved boot converter for high tep-up and high-

power application i a uitable approach$ %o integrate witched

capacitor into an interleaved boot converter !ay !a'e voltage

gain reduplicate# but no e!ploy!ent of coupled inductor caue

the tep-up voltage gain to be li!ited$ (ppoitely# to integrate only

coupled inductor into an interleaved boot converter !ay !a'evoltage gain higher and ad?utable# but no e!ploy!ent of witched

capacitor caue the tep-up voltage gain to be ordinary$ %hu# the

ynchronou e!ploy!ent of coupled inductor and witched

capacitor i a better conceptG !ore over# high tep-up gain# high

efficiency# and low voltage tre are achieved even for high-

power application$

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%he propoed converter i a conventional interleaved boot

converter integrated with a voltage !ultiplier !odule# andthe voltage !ultiplier !odule i co!poed of witched

capacitor and coupled inductor$ %he coupled inductor

can be deigned to e&tend tep-up gain# and the witched

capacitor offer e&tra voltage converion ratio$ In addition#

when one of the witche turn off# the energy tored in the

!agneti.ing inductor will tranfer via three repective

pathG thu# the current ditribution not only decreae the

conduction loe by lower effective current but alo !a'ecurrent through o!e diode decreae to .ero before they

turn off# which alleviate diode revere recovery loe$

%he propoed high tep-up interleaved converter with a

voltage !ultiplier !odule i hown in )ig$ %he voltage

!ultiplier !odule i co!poed of two coupled inductor

and two witched capacitor and i inerted between aconventional interleaved boot converter to for! a

!odified bootflybac'forward interleaved tructure$

When the witche turn off by turn# the phae whoe witch

i in ()) tate perfor! a a flybac' converter# and the

other phae whoe witch i in (2 tate perfor! a a

forward converter$

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+ri!ary winding of the coupled inductor with Np

turn are e!ployed to decreae input current ripple# andecondary winding of the coupled inductor withNs turn

are connected in erie to e&tend voltage gain$ %he turn

ratio of the coupled inductor are the a!e$ %he coupling

reference of the inductor are denoted by J and J$

%he e/uivalent circuit of the propoed converter i hown

in )ig# whereLm5 andLm8 are the !agneti.ing inductorGLk5 andLk8 repreent the lea'age inductorGLs repreent

the erie lea'age inductor in the econdary ideG S5 and

S8 denote the power witcheG Cc5 and Cc8 are the

witched capacitorG and C5# C8# and C; are the output

capacitor$ Dc5 and Dc8 are the cla!p diode# Db5 and

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Db8 repreent the output diode for boot operation with

witched capacitor# Df5 and Df8 repreent the output

diode for flybac'forward operation# and n i defined a

turn ratioNs/Np$

8'>ES ' 'E 1

1uring the Mode 5# the power witch S8 re!ain in (2

tate# and the other power witch S5 begin to turn on$ %he

diodeDc5# Dc8# Db5# Db8# andDf5 are revered biaed$

%he erie lea'age inductorLs /uic'ly releae the tored

energy to the output ter!inal via flybac' forward diode

Df8# and the current through erie lea'age inductor Ls

decreae to .ero$ %hu# the !agneti.ing inductor Lm5 till

tranfer energy to the econdary ide of coupled inductor$

%he current through lea'age inductor Lk5 increae

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linearly# and the other current through lea'age inductor Lk8

decreae linearly

8'>E

1uring the Mode 8# both of the power witche S5 and S8re!ain in (2 tate# and all diode are revered biaed$ 4oth

current through lea'age inductor Lk5 and Lk8 are

increaed linearly due to charging by input voltage ource

Vin$

8'>E 6

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1uring Mode ;, the power witch S5 re!ain in (2 tate#

and the other power witch S8 begin to turn off$ %he

diodeDc5#Db5# andDf8 are revered biaed#$ %he energy

tored in !agneti.ing inductor Lm8 tranfer to the

econdary ide of coupled inductor# and the currentthrough erie lea'age inductor Ls flow to output

capacitor C; via flybac'forward diodeDf5$ %he voltage

tre on power witch S8 i cla!ped by cla!p capacitor

Cc5 which e/ual the output voltage of the boot converter$

%he input voltage ource# !agneti.ing inductor Lm8#

lea'age inductor Lk8# and cla!p capacitor Cc8 releae

energy to the output ter!inal thu# VC5 obtain a doubleoutput voltage of the boot converter$

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8'>E 7

1uring the Mode

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1uring the Mode @ the power witch S5 re!ain in (2

tate# and the other power witch S8 begin to turn on$ %he

diodeDc5# Dc8# Db5# Db8# andDf8 are revered biaed$

%he erie lea'age inductorLs /uic'ly releae the toredenergy to the output ter!inal via flybac'forward diode

Df5# and the current through erie lea'age inductor

decreae to .ero$ %hu# the !agneti.ing inductor Lm8 till

tranfer energy to the econdary ide of coupled inductor$

%he current through lea'age inductor Lk8 increae

linearly# and the other current through lea'age inductor Lk5

decreae linearly$

8'>E

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1uring the Mode A # both of the power witche S5 and S8

re!ain in (2 tate# and all diode are revered biaed$ 4oth

current through lea'age inductor Lk5 and Lk8 are

increaed linearly due to charging by input voltage ource

Vin$

8'>E +

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1uring the Mode B# the power witch S8 re!ain in (2

tate# and the other power witch S5 begin to turn off$ %he

diodeDc8#Db8# andDf5 are revered biaed$ %he energy

tored in !agneti.ing inductor Lm5 tranfer to the

econdary ide of coupled inductor# and the current

through erie lea'age inductor flow to output capacitor

C8 via flybac'forward diode Df8$ %he voltage tre on

power witch S5 i cla!ped by cla!p capacitor Cc8 which

e/ual the output voltage of the boot converter$ %he input

voltage ource# !agneti.ing inductorLm5# lea'age inductor

Lk5# and cla!p capacitor Cc5 releae energy to the output

ter!inal$ %hu# VC5 obtain double output voltage of theboot converter$

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8'>E

1uring the Mode # the current iDc5 ha naturally

decreaed to .ero due to the !agneti.ing current

ditribution# and hence# diode revere recovery loe are

alleviated and conduction loe are decreaed$ %he power

witch S8 re!ain in (2 tate# and the other power witchS5 begin to turn off$ %he diodeDc5# Dc8# Db8# andDf5

are revered biaed $

T#e a(&an!ages %2 !#e $r%$%se( c%n&er!er are as

2%ll%ws:

5, %he propoed converter i characteri.ed by low input

current ripple and low conduction loe# which increae

the lifeti!e of renewable energy ource and !a'e it

uitable for high-power application$

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8, %he converter achieve the high tep-up gain that

renewable energy yte! re/uire$

;, 1ue to the lole paive cla!p perfor!ance# lea'age

energy i recycled to the output ter!inal$ Hence# largevoltage pi'e acro the !ain witche are alleviated# and

the efficiency i i!proved$

ow cot and high efficiency are achieved by

e!ploy!ent of the low-voltage-rated power witch with

lowR1S*(2,G alo# the voltage tree on !ain witche

and diode are ubtantially lower than output voltage$

@, %he inherent configuration of the propoed converter

!a'e o!e diode decreae conduction loe andalleviate diode revere recovery loe$

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C;AUCTI'= T' 8ATLAB T''L

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integratescomputation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environmentwhere prolems and solutions are e!pressed in familiar mathematicalnotation.Typical uses include

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MATLAB is an interactive system whose asic data element is an array that doesnot re#uire dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computingprolems, especially those with matri! and vector formulations, in a fraction ofthe time it would ta%e to write a program in a scalar non interactive languagesuch as & or 'ortran.The name MATLAB stands for matri! laoratory. MATLAB was originally writtento provide easy access to matri! software developed y the LI()A&* and+I$)A&* proects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LA)A&* and BLA$liraries, emedding the state of the art in software for matri! computationMATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. Inuniversity environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and

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particular classes of prolems. Areas in which toolo!es are availale includesignal processing, controlsystems, neural networ%s, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others.Sim Power Systems:$im)ower$ystems and other products of the )hysical Modeling product family

wor% together with $imulin%0 to model electrical, mechanical, and controlsystems. $im)ower $ystems operates in the $imulin% environment. Therefore,efore starting this user1s guide, you should e familiar with $imulin%. 'or helpwith $imulin%, see the $imulin% documentation. 2r, if you apply $imulin% to signalprocessing and communications tas%s as opposed to control system designtas%s/, see the $ignal )rocessing Bloc%set documentation.The Role of Simulation in Design:+lectrical power systems are cominations of electrical circuits andelectromechanical devices li%e motors and generators. +ngineers wor%ing in thisdiscipline are constantly improving the performance of the systems.3e#uirements for drastically increased efficiency have forced power system

designers touse power electronic devices and sophisticated control system concepts that ta!traditional analysis tools and techni#ues. 'urther complicating the analyst1s roleis the fact that the system is often so nonlinear that the only way to understand itis through simulation .Land-ased power generation from hydroelectric, steam, orother devices is not the only use of power systems. A common attriute of thesesystems is their use of power electronics and control systems to achieve theirperformanceoectives. $im)ower $ystems is a modern design tool that allows scientists andengineers to rapidly and easily uild models that simulate power systems.$im)ower $ystems uses the $imulin% environment, allowing you to uild a model

using simple clic% and drag procedures. (ot only can you draw the circuittopology rapidly, ut your analysis of the circuit can include its interactions withmechanical, thermal, control, and other disciplines. This is possile ecause allthe electrical parts of the simulation interact with the e!tensive $imulin% modelinglirary. $ince $imulin% uses MATLAB0 as its computational engine, designerscan also use MATLAB toolo!es and $imulin% loc%sets. $im)ower $ystemsand $im Mechanics share a special )hysical Modeling loc% and connection lineinterface.SimPower Systems LibrariesThe liraries contain models of typical power e#uipment such as transformers,lines, machines, and power electronics. These models are proven ones comingfrom te!too%s, and their validity is ased on the e!perience of the )ower$ystems Testing and $imulation Laoratory of 4ydro-5u6ec, a large (orth

American utility located in &anada, and also on the e!perience of +volve deTechnologies superior and 7niversities Laval. The capailities of $im)ower$ystems for modeling a typical electrical system are illustrated in demonstrationfiles. And for users who want to refresh their %nowledge of power system theory,there are also self-learning case studies. The $im)ower $ystems main lirary,power li, organizes its loc%s into liraries according to their ehavior. The

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powerli lirary window displays the loc% lirary icons and names. "oule-clic%a lirary icon to open the lirary and access the loc%s. The main $im)ower$ystems powerli lirary window also contains the )owergui loc% that opens agraphical user interface for the steady-state analysis of electrical circuits.Building the Electrical Circuit with powerlib Library:

The graphical user interface ma%es use of the $imulin% functionalityto interconnect various electrical components. The electrical components aregrouped in a lirary called powerli.8.2pen the $im)ower $ystems lirary y entering the following command at theMATLAB prompt.This command displays a $imulin% window showing icons of different loc%liraries.

9ou can open these liraries to produce the windows containing the loc%s to ecopied into your circuit. +ach component is represented y a special icon havingone or several inputs and outputs corresponding to the different terminals of thecomponent:;.'rom the 'ile menu of the powerli window,open a new window to contain yourfirst circuit and save it as circuit8.

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"easuring #oltages and Currents:=hen you measure a current using a &urrent Measurement loc%, the positivedirection of current is indicated on the loc% icon positive current flowing from >terminal to ? terminal/. $imilarly, when you measure a voltage using a oltageMeasurement loc%, the measured voltage is the voltage of the > terminal withrespect to the ? terminal. 4owever, when voltages and currents of loc%s fromthe +lements lirary are measured using the Multimeter loc%, the voltage andcurrent polarities are not immediately ovious ecause loc%s might have een

rotated and there are no signs indicating polarities on the loc% icons.Basic )rinciples of &onnecting &apacitors and Inductorswhen you connect capacitor elements:

together with voltage sources, or inductor elements in series with currentsources. =hen you start the simulation, $im)ower $ystems will signal an error ifone of the following two connection errors are present in your diagram:

9ou have connected a voltage source in parallel with a capacitor, or a series ofcapacitor elements in series, li%e in the two e!amples elow .

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To fi! this prolem, you can add a small resistance in series etween the voltagesource and the capacitors. 9ou have connected a current source in series withan inductor, or a series of inductors connected in parallel, li%e in the e!ampleelow. To fi! this prolem, you can add a large resistance in parallel withthe inductor and the capacitors.

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SI8ULATI'= RESULT :

C%n&en!i%nal Circ/i! >iagra" :

%he above fig how conventional circuit diagra!$

In$/! V%l!age ?a&e2%r" :

%he fig how the i!ulated input voltage for the

Conventional circuit in M"%>"4$

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Triggering

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CIRCUIT >IARA8:

%hi figure how that the propoed circuit diagra!

SI8ULATI'= >IARA8 'R T;E

CIRCUIT:

%he i!ulated diagra! for the propoed circuit i hown in

figure$

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I=

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V'LTAE ACR'SS S?ITC;ES@S1,SD:

%hi figure how that the voltage acro witche*S5#S8,

for the propoed circuit$

V'LTAE ACR'SS >I'>E@V>b1,V>bD:

%hi figure how that the voltage acro

diode*V1b5#V1b8, for the propoed circuit$

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V'LTAE ACR'SS >I'>E@V>c1,V>cD:

%hi figure how that the voltage acro

diode*V1c5#V1c8, for the propoed circuit$

'UT

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'UT

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C;A?ARE:

BL'C >IARA8:

CIRCUIT >IARA8:

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8 ;

@

8 ;

8 ;

@

T L ) ; @8

;

+R(CESSI23 U2I% ha a role of connective ele!ent

between other bloc' in the !icrocontroller$ It coordinate the wor' of other

bloc' and e&ecute the uer progra!$

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"pplication

+IC58)@: perfectly fit !any ue# fro! auto!otive indutrie and

controlling ho!e appliance to indutrial intru!ent# re!ote enor#

electrical door loc' and afety device$ It i alo ideal for !art card a

well a for battery upplied device becaue of it low conu!ption$

EE+R(M !e!ory !a'e it eaier to apply !icrocontroller to device

where per!anent torage of variou para!eter i needed *code for

tran!itter# !otor peed# receiver fre/uencie# etc$,$ >ow cot# low

conu!ption# eay handling and fle&ibility !a'e +IC58)@: applicable

even in area where !icrocontroller had not previouly been conidered

*e&a!ple ti!er function# interface replace!ent in larger yte!#

coproceor application# etc$,$

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propertie than ilicon# uch a galliu! arenide# do not for! good gate

o&ide and thu are not uitable for M(S)E%$

%he gate ter!inal i a layer of polyilicon *polycrytalline ilicon, or

alu!inu! placed over the channel# but eparated fro! the channel by a thin

layer of inulating ilicon dio&ide$

7.1.1 EATURES '

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field will be created pointing away fro! the bae and acro the +-region

directly under the bae$ %he electric field will cae poitive charge in the +-

region to !ove away fro! the bae inducing or enhancing an 2-region in it

place$ Conduction can then ta'e place between the 2N *drain, 2 *enhanced

region, 2N *ource,$ Increaing or decreaing the gate voltage will caue

the induced 2 channel to grow or decreae in i.e thu controlling

conduction$ Varying the voltage between the gate and body !odulate the

conductivity of thi layer and !a'e it poible to control the current flow

between drain and ource$

S O U R C E

- g s P

N +

G A T E

- d s

N +

N

D R A I N

L O A D

Si"$le "%(el %2 =4c#annel en#ance"en! !$e 8'SET

In practice# a fairly large current in the order of 5 8" can be

re/uired to charge the gate capacitance at turn (2 to enure that witching

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ti!e are !all$ 1ue to gate lea'age current# nano-a!p are needed to

!aintain the gate voltage once the device i (2$

" negative voltage i often applied at turn ()) to dicharge the

gate for peedy witch ())$ It i obviou that fater witching peed can be

obtained with well deigned gate driver circuit$

7.1.

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voltage i choen o!ewhere in the linear region of the tranfer

characteritic$

%he M(S)E% ha three !ode of operation# one of which that act

li'e a witch that i off# and two for which the M(S)E% act a a witch that

i on$ )or the 2M(S)E% the !ode are6

1.C/!4%22:When V3SOVthwhere Vthi the threhold voltage of the device$

Here the witch i turned off# and there i no conduction between drain and

ource$ While the current between drain and ource hould ideally be : ince

the witch i turned off# there i a wea'-inverion current or ub threhold

lea'age$

. Tri%(e:When V3SPVth and V1SOV3S-Vth# the witch i turned on# and a

channel ha been created which allow current to flow between the drain and

ource$ %he M(S)E% operate li'e a reitor$

6.Sa!/ra!i%n:When V3SPVth and V1SPV3S-Vth# the witch i turned on# and a

channel ha been created which allow current to flow between the drain and

ource# but the current i not a function of the voltage difference in the

channel# and thu the M(S)E% doe not operate a a reitor# but intead it

operate a an a!plifier$

7.1.6 =4C;A==EL TRE=C;8'S TRA=SIST'R @IR70D

EATURES

5$ %rench technology$

8$ >ow (2-tate reitance$

;$ )at witching$

ow ther!al reitance$

E=ERAL >ESCRI

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2-channel enhance!ent !ode field effect power tranitor i a platic

envelope uing trench technology$

7.1.7 A

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re/uired to produce a given output depend upon the gain# but invariably a

current !ut be !ade to flow into the bae ter!inal to produce a flow of

current in the collector$

ig/re 1. 4ipolar tranitor i current driven# HEQ)E% i voltage driven$

%he HEQ)E% i funda!entally different6 it i a voltage-controlled

power M(S)E% device$ " voltage !ut be applied between the gate and

ource ter!inal to produce a flow of current in the drain *ee )igure 5b,$

%he gate i iolated electrically fro! the ource by a layer of ilicon

dio&ide$%heoretically# therefore# no current flow into the gate when a 1C

voltage i applied to it - though in practice there will be an e&tre!ely !all

current# in the order of nanoa!pere$ With no voltage applied between the

gate and ource electrode# the i!pedance between the drain and ource

ter!inal i very high# and only the lea'age current flow in the drain$

http://g/DOCS/wcd0000d/wcd00d98.gif

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55'

ig/re $ 4aic HEQ)E% tructure

When a voltage i applied between the gate and ource ter!inal# an

electric field i et up within the HEQ)E%$

%hi field 9invert9 the channel *)igure 8, fro! + to 2# o that a current can

flow fro! drain to ource in an uninterrupted e/uence of 2-type ilicon

*drain-channel-ource,$IA. En#ance"en! &s >e$le!i%n

)ield-effect tranitor can be of two type6 enhance!ent !ode and

depletion !ode$ Enhance!ent-!ode device need a gate voltage of the a!e

ign a the drain voltage in order to pa current$1epletion-!ode device are

naturally on and are turned off by a gate voltage of the a!e polarity a the

drain voltage$ "ll HEQ)E% are enhance!ent-!ode device$

I4$ 2 v +-Channel

"ll M(S)E% voltage are referenced to the ource ter!inal$ "n 2-Channel

device# li'e an 2+2 tranitor# ha a drain voltage that i poitive with

repect to the ource$ 4eing enhance!ent-!ode device# they will be turned

http://g/DOCS/wcd0000d/wcd00d9a.gif

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on by a poitive voltage on the gate$ %he oppoite i true for +-Channel

device# that are i!ilar to +2+ tranitor$

"lthough it i co!!on 'nowledge that HEQ)E% tranitor are !ore

eaily driven than bipolar# a few baic conideration have to be 'ept in

!ind in order to avoid a lo in perfor!ance or outright device failure$

>escri$!i%n:

"dvanced HEQ)E% +ower M(S)E% fro! International

Rectifier utili.e advanced proceing techni/ue to achieve e&tre!ely low

on-reitance per ilicon area$ %hi benefit co!bined with the fat witching

peed and ruggedi.ed device deign that HEQ)E% power M(S)E% are

well 'nown for# provide the deigner with an e&tre!ely efficient and

reliable device for ue in a wide variety of application$

bD EATURES:

Ultra >ow (n-Reitance

1yna!ic dv0dt Rating

5B@C (perating %e!perature

)at Switching

)ully "valanche Rated

"# @::V

r1S*(2, 7 :$@:W

Single +ule "valanche Energy Rated

S(" i +ower 1iipation >i!ited

2anoecond Switching Speed

>inear %ranfer Characteritic

High Input I!pedance

http://g/DOCS/wcd00001/wcd0014a.htmhttp://g/DOCS/wcd00001/wcd0014a.htm

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cD SY8B'L 'R

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%RU%H %"4>ES

C'==ECTI'= >IARA8:

BS58@

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)ig6 top view of BS58@

IS'LATI'= CIRCUIT

Iolation circuit are pecially deigned circuit to iolate the +(WER

CIRCUI% and C(2%R(>>ER CIRCUI%$ %hee circuit are ued to provide

ground$ IC are uually ued to provide thi iolation$

'+8@: i uitable for gate driving circuit of I34% or power M(S

)E%$

L Input threhold current6 I)7@!"*!a&$,

L Supply current *ICC,6 55!"*!a&$,

L Supply voltage *VCC,6 5:T;@V

L (utput current *I(,6 5$@" *!a&$,

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L Switching ti!e *tp>H0tpH>,6 5$@*!a&$,

L Iolation voltage6 8@::Vr!*!in$,

L U> recogni.ed6 U>5@BB# file 2o$EAB;

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5 6 2$C$

8 6 "node

; 6 Cathode

< 6 2$C$

@ 6 321

A 6 V( *(utput,

B 6 V(

6 VCC

Applications:

i$ "C !ain detection

ii$ Reed relay driving

iii$ Switch !ode power upply feedbac'

iv$ %elephone ring detectionv$ >ogic ground iolation

vi$ >ogic coupling with high fre/uency noie re?ection

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;AR>?ARE RESULT:

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C'=CLUSI'=:

%hi paper ha preented the theoretical analyi of teadytate# related conideration# i!ulation reult# and

e&peri!ental reult for the propoed converter$ %he

propoed converter ha uccefully i!ple!ented an

efficient high tep-up converion through the voltage

!ultiplier !odule$ %he interleaved tructure reduce the

input current ripple and ditribute the current through each

co!ponent$ In addition# the lole paive cla!p function

recycle the lea'age energy and contrain a large voltagepi'e acro the power witch$ Meanwhile# the voltage

tre on the power witch i retricted and !uch lower

than the output voltage$

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REERE=CES

5X Y$ %$ 4ialaiewic.# Renewable energy yte! withphotovoltaic power generator6 (peration and !odeling#J

I T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @@# no$ B# pp$ 8B@88B@#

Yul$ 8::$

8X %$ efala and "$ lada# "nalyi of tranfor!er

wor'ing under heavily aturated condition in grid-

connected renewable energy yte!#JI T!"ns# Ind#

$%c&!on## vol$ @D# no$ @# pp$ 8;> type currentfed 1C01C converter

for fuel cell to utility interface#JI T!"ns# Ind#

$%c&!on## vol$ @D# no$ 5# pp$

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AX 2$ 1enniton# "$ M$ Maoud# S$ "h!ed# and +$ 2$

En?eti# Multiple!odule high-gain high-voltage 1C1C

tranfor!er for offhore wind energy yte!#JI

T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @# no$ @# pp$ 5BB 5A# May8:55$

BX H$ %ao# Y$ >$ 1uarte# andM$ "$M$ Hendri >ine-

interactive U+S uing a fuel cell a the pri!ary ource#J

I T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @@# no$ # pp$ ;:58;:85#

"ug$ 8::$

X $ Yin# Q$ Ruan# M$ Fan# and M$ Qu# " hybrid fuelcell yte!#JI T!"ns# Ind# $%c&!on## vol$ @A# no$

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58X >$ 3ao# R$ "$ 1ougal# S$ >iu# and "$ +$ Iotova#

+arallel-connected olar +V yte! to addre partial and

rapidly fluctuating hadow condition#JI T!"ns# Ind#

$%c&!on## vol$ @A# no$ @# pp$ 5@i# F$ Zhao# and Q$ He# 1eign and

analyi of a gridconnected photovoltaic power yte!#J

I T!"ns# *o%! $%c&!on## vol$ 8@# no$