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![Page 1: Www.ias2011.org Prevalence and risk factors for HIV associated neurococognitive disorders (HAND), 1996 to 2010: results from an observational cohort Balestra.](https://reader034.fdocuments.in/reader034/viewer/2022051516/56649ec45503460f94bce0e7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
www.ias2011.org
Prevalence and risk factors for HIV associated neurococognitive
disorders (HAND), 1996 to 2010: results from an observational
cohort
Balestra P, Tozzi V, Zaccarelli M, Libertone R, Cataldo G, Liuzzi G, Menichetti S, Giulianelli M, Narciso P, Lorenzini P, Antinori A.
Valerio TozziNational Institute for Infectious Diseases
L. Spallanzani. Rome, Italy
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Rationale
HAND 2011• Still frequent• Often not diagnosed• Increased risk of death (poster TUPE 204)
• Reduced adherence • Poor QoL
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Objectives
• Assess HAND prevalence changes over the past 15 years
• Assess HAND risk factors• Assess changes in HAND severity• Assess qualitative changes in HAND
neuropsychological profile
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Design and Methods
• Single site observational study• Inclusion criteria
– Indication for starting / being on HAART • Exclusion criteria
– confounding neurological, psychiatric, and medical disorders
– active drug use
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Clinical Methods
• Demographics• Medical assessments• Neurological assessments • Standard brain MRI• Routine laboratory, CD4, plasma HIV RNA• Neuropsychological (NP) assessment on 5
domains• Exclusion of confounding conditions
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NP Battery and Domains• Concentration and Speed of Mental
Processing– Trail Making A– WAIS-R Digit Span (forward)– WAIS-R Digit Span (backward) – Digit Symbol– Stroop Word and Colour– Corsi Cube Test
• Mental Flexibility– Trail Making B– Stroop Colour-Word – Controlled Oral Word
• Memory– Rey Auditory Verbal Learning
(immediate)– Rey Auditory Verbal Learning
(immediate)– Rey Complex Figure (after 45’)
• Fine Motor Functioning– Lafayette Grooved Pegboard
(dominant hand)– Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (non
dominant hand)• Visuospatial and Constructional Abilities
– Rey Complex Figure (copy)
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NP Assessment (I)
• Exclusion of confounders (clinical, lab, MRI)• All NP evaluations administered by one of us
(P Balestra) to ensure little variability• NP scores adjusted for age, gender, years of
education • Compared to population based norms
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NP Assessment (II)
• Cognitive Impairment:
– 1 SD below the normative mean in 2 tests – or 2 SD below the normative mean in 1 test
• Z-Scores (neg values performance below the mean)
– Z-Scores for each NP test – Z-Scores for each Cognitive Domain– Global NPZ-8 Deficit Score
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Diagnostic Criteria
• Severity of impairment at NP testing
• Declines in everyday functioning by clinical assessment – HAD (HIV Associated Dementia)*
– MND (Mild Neurocognitive Disorder)* – ANI (Asymptomatic Neurocognitive Impairment)*
* AAN 2007 criteria
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• Comparisons between impaired and unimpaired subjects – t-student test for continue variables – chi-squared for categorical variables
• Factors associated with HAND and with HAND severity– logistic regression model
Statistics
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Source Studies and Sample Selection
Studies (1996-2010)
• ISS, 1° Ntl AIDS Program• ISS, 2° Ntl AIDS Program• ISS, 3° Ntl AIDS Program• ISS, 4° Ntl AIDS Progfam• ISS, 5° Ntl AIDS Program
• Ricerca Corrente IRCCS
Sample
1.888 cases
469 confounding conditions (excluded)
44 invalid NP test results (excluded)
1.375 cases
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Patient’s characteristics (I)
N=1375 Total
Male gender, % 74.8%
Education in years, %<1010-15>15
36.7%47.7%15.6%
Education in years, median (IQR) 13 (8-13)
Age in years, median (IQR) 42 (36-49)
Age in years, %<3030-3940-55>55
7.7%36.2%44.6%11.5%
Age at 1° HIV, median (IQR) 33 (27-42)
Years of exposure to HIV, median (IQR) 6 (1.6-12.2)
CDC stage C, % 34.5%
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Patient’s characteristics (II)
N=1375 Total
Current CD4, median (IQR) 381 (198-599)
Nadir CD4, median (IQR) 165 (60-294)
HAART duration < 2 wks, % 24.1%
HAART duration 2-52 wks, % 20.0%
HAART duration >52 wks, % 55.9%
Log10 vir load, mean (SD) 4.16 (1.12)
Undetect viral load, % 30.6%
Any cardiovascular risk factor, % 45.4%
Previous IVDU, % 25.0%
HCV infection, % 29.2%
NP test result, n. (%)- NP Unmpaired (normal cognition)- NP Impaired (HAND)
806 (58.6%)569 (41.4%)
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HAART exposure
HAART exposure >52 weeks; p<0.001
23.2%
73.2%
48.1%
61.3%
75.3%
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Proportion Impaired (HAND)
HAND (3 yrs incr): OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.85-0.99); p=0.031
45.6% 44.4% 39.4% 39.4% 38.2%
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Proportion with HAND by CDC stage
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1996-1998 1999-2001 2002-2004 2005-2007 2008-2010
CDC A CDC B CDC C
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HAND predictors, unajustedFactor Impaired
(n=569)Unimpaired
(n=806)p-value
Age, mean (SD) 45.0 (10.1) 41.3 (10.0) <0.001
Age at 1° HIV test, mean (SD) 36.8 (12.1) 34.5 (10.3) <0.001
Male gender, % 77.5% 72.8% 0.049
Previous intavenous drug use, % 33.9% 18.6% <0.001
CDC stage C, % 49.4% 23.9% <0.001
HCV infection, % 50.7% 31.0% <0.001
Years of HIV exposure, mean (SD) 8.3 (6.8) 6.9 (6.2) <0.001
Current CD4/mm3, mean (SD) 349 (277) 478 (309) <0.001
Nadir CD4/mm3, mean (SD) 158 (155) 231 (193) <0.001
Detectable plasma viral load, % 71.3% 69.5% 0.721
Log10 HIV-RNA, mean (SD) 4.25 (1.16) 4.10 (1.10) 0.094
Calendar year < 2004, % 49.4% 55.2% 0.034
Years of HAART exposure, mean (SD) 3.1 (3.8) 3.2 (3.9) 0.550
Years of education, mean (SD) 10.1 (3.7) 12.5 (3.4) <0.001
Any cardiovascular risk factor, % 48.4% 43.6% 0.124
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HAND predictors by HAART era, unajusted
Factor Pre-HAART1996-1998
Early HAART1999-2004
Late HAART2005-2010
OR (95% CI) OR (95%CI) OR (95%CI)
Age, 10 years incr 1.72 (1.21-2.44) 1.58 (1.28-1.93) 1.56 (1.32-1.84)
Age at 1° HIV test, 10 years incr 1.24 (0.93-1.65) 1.26 (1.05-1.51) 1.23 (1.07-1.41)
Male gender 1.95 (1.13-3.38) 1.24 (0.82-1.86) 1.10 (0.74-1.63)
Previous IDV 1.76 (1.07-2.89) 2.36 (1.60-3.48) 2.45 (1.54-3.89)
CDC stage C 2.61 (1.58-4.32) 3.66 (2.50-5.36) 2.86 (1.99-4.09)
HCV infection 1.87 (1.12-3.12) 2.41 (1.65-3.53) 2.49 (1.53-4.05)
Years of HIV exposure ,1 year incr 1.11 (1.04-1.19) 1.04 (1.01-1.07) 1.03 (1.01-1.05)
Current CD4, 100 cells incr 0.82 (0.71-0.95) 0.78 (0.73-0.84) 0.92 (0.87-0.98)
Nadir CD4, 100 cells incr 0.79 (0.63-1.01) 0.74 (0.66-0.82) 0.79 (0.71-0.88)
Log10 HIV-RNA, 1 log incr 1.55 (1.09-2.21) 1.26 (1.03-1.53) 0.76 (0.59-0.97)
Years of ART exposure, 1 year incr 0.85 (0.60-1.23) 0.94 (0.87-1.01) 1.02 (0.98-1.06)
Years of education, 1 year incr 0.85 (0.79-0.92) 0.83 (0.79-0.88) 0.80 (0.76-0.84)
Any cardiovascular risk factor 0.58 (0.30-1.12) 1.33 (0.89-2.00) 1.39 (0.98-1.98)
Delta CD4 (current-nadir), 100 cells incr 0.83 (0.69-1.00) 0.82 (0.76-0.90) 1.01 (0.94-1.07)
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HAND predictors, multivariable(n=1.375)
Factor OR 95% CI p-value
Age (10 years increase) 1.51 1.26-1.79 <0.001
CDC stage C 2.39 1.76-3.25 <0.001
Education (1 year increase) 0.92 0.86-0.99 0.016
Years of HIV exposure (1 year increase) 1.03 1.00-1.06 0.090
Previous IVDU 1.19 0.78-1.81 0.422
HCV infection 1.47 1.00-2.18 0.052
Current CD4 (100 cells increase) 0.92 0.87-0.97 0.002
Calendar year, (3 years increase) 1.03 0.89-1.20 0.657
Years of HAART exposure, (1 year increase) 0.87 0.83-0.91 <0.001
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Proportion of HAD-MND-ANI
HAD + MND (3 yrs incr): OR 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.97); p=0.008
29.9% 27.2% 29.2%25.4%
19.4%
29.9% 27.2% 29.2%25.4% 18.4%
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Symptomatic (HAD/MND) vs asymptomatic (ANI) predictors, unajusted
Factor HAD/MND (n=360)
ANI (n=209)
p-value
Age, mean (SD) 45.9 (10.6) 43.5 (9.0) 0.052
Age at 1° HIV test, mean (SD) 37.9 (13.0) 35.1 (10.3) 0.056
Male gender, n. (%) 277 (77.4%) 160 (77.7%) 0.936
Previous intavenous drug use, % 129 (36.0) 62 (30.1) 0.151
CDC stage C, n. (%) 208 (62.7) 72 (36.7) <0.001
HCV infection, n. (%) 149 (53.6) 67 (45.3) 0.102
Years of HIV exposure, mean (SD) 8.1 (6.6) 8.6 (7.1) 0.537
Current CD4/mm3, mean (SD) 326 (275) 390 (278) 0.003
Nadir CD4/mm3, mean (SD) 140 (122) 190 (196) 0.017
Log10 HIV-RNA, mean (SD) 4.2 (0.04) 4.2 (0.04) 0.225
Calendar year < 2004, n. (%) 202 (56.4) 107 (51.9) 0.303
Years of HAART exposure, mean (SD) 3.0 (3.6) 3.3 (4.1) 0.873
Years of education, mean (SD) 9.6 (3.6) 10.9 (3.6) <0.001
Any cardiovascular risk factor*, n. (%) 132 (54.5) 64 (39.8) 0.004
* i.e. diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipedemia, prior myocardial infarction, obesity
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Symptomatic (HAD/MND) vs asymptomatic (ANI) predictors, multivariable
(n=569)
Factor OR 95% CI p-value
Age (10 years increase) 1.03 1.00-1.05 0.028
CDC stage C 2.06 1.31-3.23 0.002
Any cardiovascular risk factor 1.71 1.08-2.72 0.023
Current CD4 (100 cells increase) 0.92 0.85-0.99 0.029
Years of education (1 year increase) 0.92 0.87-0.97 0.005
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NPZ-8, HAND (n=569)
β= -0.05; p=0.646
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
NP test b p
Trail Making A -0.01 0.176
WAIS-R Digit Span (forward)
0.06 0.245
Digit Symbol 0.02 0.712
Trail Making B -0.02 0.298
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (immediate)
-0.05 0.188
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (after 15 min)
-0.03 0.410
Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (dom. hand)
0.00 0.864
Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (non dom. hand)
0.01 0.661
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Concentration and Speed of Mental Processing z-scores,
HAND (n=569)
Β= -0.08; p=0.263
NP test b p
Trail Making A -0.01 0.176
WAIS-R Digit Span (forward)
0.06 0.245
WAIS-R Digit Span (bakward)
0.02 0.735
Digit Symbol 0.02 0.712
Stroop Word and Colour
-0.04 0.069
Corsi Cube -0.06 0.234
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
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Mental Flexibility z-scores, HAND (n=569)
b= -0.01; p=0.861NP test b p
Trail Making B -0.02 0.298
Stroop Colour-Word
-0.01 0.648
Controlled Oral Word
0.04 0.341
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
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Memory Z-scores, HAND (n=569)
B =-0.05; p=0.234 NP test b p
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (immediate)
-0.05 0.188
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (after 15 min)
-0.03 0.410
Rey Complex Figure (after 45’)*
0.13 0.007
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
* visual memory and spatial perception
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NP test b p
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (immediate)
-0.05 0.188
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (after 15 min)
-0.03 0.410
Rey Complex Figure (after 45’)*
0.13 0.007
* visual memory and spatial perception
Rey Complex Figure Test
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NP test b p
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (immediate)
-0.05 0.188
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (after 15 min)
-0.03 0.410
Rey Complex Figure (after 45’)*
0.13 0.007
* visual memory and spatial perception
Rey Complex Figure Test
Rey Complex Figure Test (after 45’):
Score 18.5 (n.v. >16)
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NP test b p
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (immediate)
-0.05 0.188
Rey Auditory Verbal Learning (after 15 min)
-0.03 0.410
Rey Complex Figure (after 45’)*
0.13 0.007
* visual memory and spatial perception
Rey Complex Figure Test
Rey Complex Figure Test (after 45’):
Score 18.5 (n.v. >16)
Rey Complex Figure Test (after 45’):
Score 3.5 (n.v. >16)
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Fine Motor Functioning Z-scores, HAND (n=569)
b= 0.01; p=0.758 NP test b p
Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (dominant hand)
0.00 0.864
Lafayette Grooved Pegboard (non dominant hand)
0.01 0.661
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
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Visuospatial and Constructional Abilities Z-scores, HAND (n=569)
b= 0.02; p=0.620
NP test b p
Rey Complex Figure (copy)
0.02 0.620
Mean (±SD) Global z-score
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Study limitations• Based exclusively on NP evaluations (i.e.: no
CSF, no advanced MRI) • Diagnostic Nomenclature changed in 2007
– HAD = HAD– MND retrospectively*, yrs 1996-2007– ANI retrospectively*, yrs 1996-2007
• Patients with confounding (i.e.: liver cirrhosis, current i.v.d.u.) conditions excluded. Role of incidental and contributing conditions (i.e.: HCV, previous i.v.d.u.) not evaluated
* Based on data on file and previous classifications, by (AAN, 1991) (Grand and Atkinson, 1995) criteria
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Conclusions (I)
• Cognitive impairment persists• Small, but significant, downtrend in HAND
prevalence HAART protective• Strongest predictors of HAND
– Low HAART exposure HAART protective– Previous AIDS immunodeficiency– Low current CD4 persistent immunodeciciency – Advanced age time-related cofactors– Low education reduced cognitive reserve
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Conclusions (II)
• Downtrend in prevalence of symptomatic (HAD/MND) forms of HAND
evidences for milder forms of HAND• Strongest predictors of symptomatic (HAD/MND) vs
asymtomatic (ANI) forms of HAND – Advanced age time-related cofactors– Low education reduced cognitive reserve – Previous AIDS immunodeficiency – Low current CD4 persistent immunodeficiency – Cardiovascular risk factors chronic inflammation
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Conclusions (III)
• Some evidences of less impairment in measures of visual memory and spatial perception
• Overall, almost no changes in qualitative profile of cognitive impairment (“subcortical profile”, core deficits: attention/memory, motor skills, processing speed, and executive functioning)
very limited evidences for a change in HAND neurocognitive profile
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Acknowledgments
• Istituto Superiore di Sanità• Ministero della Salute• Coauthors
– Zaccarelli M – Libertone R – Cataldo G – Liuzzi G – Menichetti S – Giulianelli M– Sampaolesi A– Giannetti A– Picchi G – Narciso P – Antinori A
• Neuropsychologist– Balestra P
• Statistician– Lorenzini P
• Our patients