WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

Rennes, November 2001 – ISWA / Cemagref

WP4AWAST

WORKPACKAGE 4

Collection & Transport

O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer


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Collection & Transport

40 –70% of the waste disposal costs

Efficient collection and transport system must consider:

• Size of the waste collection area

• Economic structure

• Consumption habits

• Building area specifications

• Demands of the users

• Choice of a suitable collection system


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Collection system

• Collection method

• Container systems

• Waste vehicles

• Staff

Diverse structures in the collection area often require several collection systems

Transport system

• Direct regional transport

• Transfer station

• Transport out of the region

Related to the situation combination of different transport systems may be necessary


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Decisions to take

• What to collect

• Collection system

• Transport system


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Waste fractions

• Paper• Glass• Light fraction • Metals• Bio-waste• Green waste• WEEE• Hazardous waste

.

.

.

Important pre-condition for the decision:

• Waste quantities

• Waste composition

• Development of waste • quantities during the last • decade

Decision influences:

• Costs

• Environmental aspects

• National law

• EC regulations (packaging, • landfill, WEEE directives)

• Market aspects

What should be collected separately?


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How should the waste be collected?

Bring system

• Central collection points

• Civic amenity sites

Kerbside system


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Decision for bring or kerbside collection

Bring systems Kerbside system

High/low density building

++ low density ++ high density

Costs + -

Quality ++ +

Amount - +

User friendliness - ++

Waste fraction no biowaste for all fractions


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Central collection points:

City Inhabitants/ container

Paper [kg/c*a]

Glass [kg/c*a]

Bamberg `92 1,600 13.3 10.4

Schweinfurt `92 1,300 16.0 14.8

Bochum '91 900 23.5 16.6

Average of 11 cities 1997

700 47.6

Stuttgart 1990 750 - 21.0

Stuttgart 2000 570 - 27.2

Collectable amounts according to the system


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City Paper [kg/c*a] Glass [kg/c*a]

Bochum 7.7 1.7

Mainz

> 10,000 inhabitants

per site 7.8 3.6

Civic amenity site:

The amounts collected highly depend on the location

• central

• easy to reach

• clean


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Paper Glass

Amount collected [kg/c*a]

Degree of collection

[%]

Amount collected [kg/c*a]

Degree of collection

[%]

Mono-bin

Average of 11 cities

Stuttgart 2000

40-60

68

97

67-100 15-35 38-90

Multi-fraction-bin 30-50 50-83 12-30 31-77

Bag 5-25 8-42 5-20 13-51

Kerbside collection paper/ glass:

Paper potential 1992: 60kg/c*a Glass potential 1992: 39 kg/c*a


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Kerbside collection bio-waste [kg/c*a]

Bag 30-60

Bin 90-100

Inner-city 65-70

Housing areas minimum 3 floors

55-65

1-2 family houses 140-180

Low density housing areas 115-175

Rural areas 85-95


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What method should be used

Containers to be emptied:Normally used for household waste and similar to household waste collection

Containers to be changed:Mostly used for industrial/commercial waste

One way bags:Often used for textiles and light weight fraction

Collection not using bins/bagsSuitable for bulky waste collection


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What kind of containers are suitable

Decision criteria for container systems:

• Economy (different container sizes, number of loaders, efficiency)

• Physical strains of the workers

• Hygiene

• Building area aspects

• Users concerns (fees, comfort, space)


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Dustbins

• 35 l to 110 l

• no wheels

• high physical strains

• need much time for • collection

Large refuse containers

• 60 l to 5000 l

• wheeled

• easy to move (safety standard for workers)

• standardized for automatic or hydraulic lifter systems

• large containers to be lifted automatically by the• driver or by the help of loaders

Kerbside collection

Bring systems

Containers from about 800 to 4000 litres, normally emptied into trucks with special loading equipment


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Systems for separate collection

Integrated systems:

separated waste and residual waste are collected at the same time with different bins or two - chamber bins in a two - or multi - chamber waste truck

Alternating systems:

separated waste and residual waste are collected alternating

Additive systems:

separated waste is collected additional to the residual waste

• minimum truck traffic• high invest costs (trucks)• economically sound • collection

• reduced truck traffic• no special trucks needed• reduced flexibility for • collection frequency

• high truck traffic• high collection costs• many fractions can be • collected separately• high collection flexibility


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Kind and number of containers needed

Decisions already taken:

• what to collect

• kerbside and/ or bring system

• collection method

• Additive, alternating or integrated• system

to collect one or several fractions• in one bin

Decisions to take

to use two- (multi-) chambered bins

to use several mono bins

obligatory or voluntary collection for • the different fractions

Container volume required


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To calculate the required container volume needs:

• Probable amount to be collected per capita and year (bring/ kerbside)

• Number of people connected (obligatory/ voluntary collection)

• Volume weights of the fractions to be collected per bin


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Kerbside Stuttgart 1999/2001 Bring

Bins 60 litres 120 litres 240 litres 1,100 litres > 1,500 litres

[kg/m³]

Paper - 180 150 120 110

Biowaste 200 210 230 - -

Glass - - - - 190

Residual waste 160 200 180 150 -

Stuttgart container volume provided needed

Residual waste: 42 litres/c*w 25 litres/c*w

Bio-waste: 7 litres/c*w 4.5 litres/c*w

Paper: 17 litres/c*w 14 litres/c*w

Volume weight of different fractions and containers in Stuttgart


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Central collection points

Calculation of the volume needed per year

Range of volume weight [kg/m³]

Average of volume weight [kg/m³]

Paper 90-140 110

Glass 160-210 190


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Containers needed for collection

• 1 container size but different collection intervals

• different container sizes according to different building areas (1 family houses to high rise buildings)

Decisions to take:

• collection frequency

• container sizes


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Collection vehiclesCollection vehicles:

• Chassis + driver cabin

• Body with waste storage chamber and compaction aggregate

• Lifter system

Chassis: 2 or 3 axles chassis

• collection area (inner-city, suburbs)

• amount to be collected within one tour

• kind of waste collected (loading capacity)

must be combined according to the specific requirements


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Compaction principles:

• very good crushing and compaction of the waste

• not suitable for waste that is collected to be recycled

Packer body with pressing platesRotary drum

• very good waste compaction

• suitable for all kinds of waste


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• lifter systems for 2 containers until 240 litres

• lifters for two smaller and one large container

• lifters for all container sizes

• lifters for two-chamber containers and vehicles

From 80 - 5,000 litres2 container until 360 or 1 container of 1100 liters

Lifter systems lifter pick-ups

• comb

• diamond

• swivel-arm

Two chamber container lifter


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Loader systems

The loader systems can be combined

with the various chassis, compaction

and lifter systems

Rear loader

Side loader

Front loader


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Side loader• particularly for suburb areas

• safe and quick loading

• right wheeled

• driver watches the emptying

• pressing during driving

• driver is loader (1 worker only needed)

• containers can also be emptied without leaving the driver cabin

• reduced accident risks


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Front loader

• especially for large containers

• safe and quick loading

• driver watches the emptying

• pressing during driving

• driver is loader (1 worker only needed)

• containers can also be emptied without leaving the driver cabin

• reduced accident risks

The “Fast Eater”


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Comparison between a rear and side loader

Both vehicles made the same tour emptying 80, 120 and 240 litres bins

Invest costs.

Rear loader: 260,000 DM

Side loader: 340,000 DM

Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both

Costs per minute:

Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute

Side loader: 1.17 DM/minute


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Rear loader Side loader

Staff1 driver

1 loader1 driver

Time for container emptying

55 min 60 min

Cost/vehicle 56.1 DM 70.2 DM

Staff costs 66 DM 36 DM

Total 122.10 106,20

Result


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Comparison between a rear and front loader

Emptying of 5 m³ containers

Invest costs.

Rear loader: 260,000 DM

Front loader: 300,000 DM

Assurance, maintenance, diesel, the same for both

Costs per minute:

Rear loader: 1.02 DM/minute

Front loader: 1.09 DM/minute

Emptying time:

Rear loader: 4.36 minutes

Front loader: 1.56 minutes


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Result

Rear loader Rear loader Front loader

Staff1 driver

1 loader1 driver 1 driver

Time for container emptying

4.36 minutes 4.36 minutes 1.56 minutes

Cost/vehicle 4.96 DM 4.96 DM 2.10 DM

Staff costs 5.52 DM 2.76 DM 1.16 DM

Total 10.21 DM 7.45 DM 3.26 DM


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Vehicle body: 2 principle systems

Fixed body: Chassis and body are fixed

Demountable container system:

• chassis and body can be separated

• separation of collection and transportation

• the full demountable container is deposited at a transfer point, an empty container is picked up

• thus waste collection vehicles can return immediately and continue on their collection route


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Collection service

Full service Loaders take the bins out of the properties for collection and bring the emptied bins back

Especially in inner-city areas and for large bins

Cost intensive as more loaders or more time are needed

No full service Inhabitants take their bins to the street and bring the emptied bins back


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Stuttgart

• Several valleys

• Some hills

• From 207-550 m

About 45% of the city require increased efforts for waste collection


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Area [km²]

Inhabitants

Inner-city 48 185,841

Suburbs 160 365,615

Total 208 551,456

Population


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Waste collection in Stuttgart

Responsible departments of Stuttgart authority:

• Department of waste (1st step of going private)

• Environmental department (sewage sludge, landfill planning)

• Park and cemetery department (green waste composting)


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Regulations:

Packaging Ordinance (1991):

Packaging manufacturers and distributors must take back their packages for recycling

Companies from the packaging and consumer

goods industry founded the DSD system

Financed by licensing the trademark “the green dot” to fillers, packers, importers

For each packaging the consumer pays a small amount


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Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste Management and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible Waste Disposal

must firstly be avoided especially by reducing its amount and noxiousness

must secondly

be subjected to substance recycling or

used to obtain energy

Waste,


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What Stuttgart collects separately

Glass PaperLight fraction (packaging)

Bio-wasteResidual

waste

Green waste

Hazardous waste

Textiles WEEE

For DSD system

Collection association

of 6 firms

Collected by the authority

1 firm 3 firms

Responsibilities of waste collection

Charity organisations


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Paper every 3 weeks obligatory

LWF every 3 weeks obligatoryResidual waste weekly or obligatory

every 2 weeks (biowaste)Bio-waste weekly voluntaryGreen waste twice a year voluntaryBulky waste twice a year voluntaryWEEE twice a year voluntaryTextiles very often voluntary

Glass container voluntary

Hazardous waste special vehicle voluntaryTextiles container voluntary

Bring system

Kerbside


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Development of waste quantities

1990 1995 2000

Separately collected

57,118 77,474 86,240

Residual waste

291,741 192,056 161,844

Total 348,859 269,530 248,084


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Paper collection: obligatory

Amount collected separately:

1995: 46,350 tons/a 82 kg/c*a2000: 56,545 tons/a 97 kg/c*a

Collection system: until 1990 bring

since 1990 kerbside

Collection frequency: every 3 weeks

Service: full service

Containers:

120 litres: 39,218240 litres: 39,4081100 litres: 14,962


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Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers <360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers >360 litres

17 drivers and 38 loaders daily

Containers emptied per loader*day:

containers <360 litres 218 containers/loader*dcontainers >360 litres 94 containers/loader*d

Transport distance to the recycling plant: 7 km (3 times per day)

Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 66 km

Tons collected per collection vehicle and day: 14 tons


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Costs for paper collection and transport:

Containers 41 DM/tonLoaders: 121 DM/tonVehicle: 33 DM/ton

Total: 195 DM/ton

19.1 % of the paper collected is packaging paper

DSD pays the collection costs for the packaging paper


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Biowaste collection: voluntary


1995: 590 tons/a (testing phase)2000: 14,975 tons/a 102 kg/per inhabitant connected

connected people: 146,838

Collection system: kerbside

Collection frequency: weekly

Service: no full service

Containers:

80 litres: 9,290

120 litres: 11,170

240 litres: 2,528


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Staff: 1 driver/ 1 loader 11 drivers and 11 loaders daily


containers <360 litres 250 containers/loader*d

Transport distance to composting plant: 40 km (demountable excel system)


Tons collected per collection vehicle*day: 9 tons

Costs for bio-waste collection and transport:

Containers: 19 DM/tonDriver: 19 DM/tonLoaders: 30 DM/tonVehicle: 19 DM/ton

Total: 87 DM/ton


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Light weight fraction: obligatory


1995: 7,724 tons/a 13.7 kg/c*a2000: 6,800 tons/a 12.3 kg/c*a

Collection in yellow bags (90 l volume, transparent)

Collection frequency: every 3 weeks

Service: no full service

Responsibility is not with Stuttgart authority

3 firms of the collection association collect in different city districts

Bags collected per vehicle/d:

2,687 bags/vehicle*d

(Average of 40 cities with the same collection system)

Staff: 1 driver 2 loaders


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Collection system: bring

Responsibility is not with theStuttgart authority

1 firm of the collection associationcollects in all city districts

Glass separately collected: voluntary

Container volume provided:

671 m³ green glass

661 m³ white glass

523 m³ brown glass

Container quantity:

1030 containers: total

282 containers: 2.6 m³

748 containers: 1.5 m³


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Collection frequency: twice a year (spring/autumn)(private households):

Green waste total: 27,535 tons [47 kg/c*a]

From the city (parks, zoo, cemeteries): ca. 12,000 tons (1995)

From private households: 15,535 tons

Green waste separately collected: voluntary


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Hazardous waste sep. collected: voluntary

Schadstoffmobil: 155 tons/a

0.3 kg/c*a

(batteries, waste paint, solvents…)

Collection system: bring

Collection frequency: 4-6 times/year

Costs for collection and transport:

Driver: 850 DM/ton

Chemist: 2,285 DM/ton

Vehicle: 1,422 DM/ton

Total: 5,295 DM/ton


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Textiles and shoes by charity organisations (Red Cross, Johanniter,….)

Bring systems and kerbside systems (minimum every month)

No collection quantities available

Textiles separately collected: voluntary


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Residual waste collection: obligatory

Amount collected:



Collection frequency: once a week(without bio-bin)every two weeks(with bio-bin)

Service: full service

Containers:

80 litres: 10,997120 litres: 51,690240 litres: 26,7781100 litres: 9,555

Staff:

1 driver/ 3 loaders for containers <360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for containers >360 litres 1 driver/ 2 loaders for mixed collection34 drivers and 75 loaders daily


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containers <360 litres 220 containers/loader*dcontainers >360 litres 78 containers/loader*dMixed collection 165 containers/loader*d

Transport distance to the incineration plant: 10 km (3 times per day)Daily km to drive per collection vehicle: 98 kmTons collected per collection vehicle and day: 17 tons

Costs for residual waste collection and transport:

Containers: 15 DM/tonDriver: 52 DM/tonLoaders: 99 DM/tonVehicle: 34 DM/ton

Total: 200 DM/ton


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3 bulky waste fractions are collectedseparately (year 2000):

• Combustible bulky waste 20,411 tons 37.0 kg/c*a

• Electrical/ electronic equipment 2,595 tons 4.7 kg/c*a

• Refrigerators/freezers 544 tons 1.0 kg/c*a

Collection frequency: twice a year

Bulky waste collection: voluntary

Transport distance to the incineration plant: 10 km (3 times/day)


Tons collected per collection vehicle and day: 15 tons


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Staff: 1 driver/ 3 loaders for combustible bulky waste1 driver/ 3 loaders for electrical/ electronic equipment1 driver/ 2 loaders for freezers

9 drivers and 28 loaders daily

Costs for bulky waste collection and transport

Refrigerators/freezers 525 DM/tonElectrical/ electronic equipment 246 DM/ton

Combustible bulky waste

Driver 32 DM/tonLoader 86 DM/tonVehicle 26 DM/ton Total 144 DM/ton


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Collection vehiclesDaily use: 53 collection vehicles (paper, bio-waste, residual waste

+ 10 collection vehicles for bulky waste

In reserve: 22 collection vehicles

Residual waste

Bio-waste Paper Bulky waste

Packer body

(-17 m³)16 5 8

Rotary drum 12 3 9

Demountable 8 2


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design: Inge Hengl /awast-system-level1.dsf

R. Fehringer, 2001 - completed by M.Brumbach

Level 1: total system

collection& transport

of waste(CT)

system boundary "AWAST"

other wasterelevant pro-cesses (OWP)

private house-hold (PHH)

trade, industry,business, service(TIBS)

(recycling)products

importedwaste

residues

emissionsCT

resourcesCT

untreatedwaste

exportedwaste

pretreatedwaste

treatedwaste

waste totreatment

emissionsTW

neighbouringregion (NR)

treatmentof waste

(TW)

transportof treatedwaste (T)

landfill(L)

neighbouringregion (NR) other regions

suppliesTW

resourcesTW

emissionsT

resourcesT

emissionsL

resourcesL

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

environment(ENV)

trade, industry,buseiness, service

(TIBS)


suppliesCT

suppliesL


suppliesT

trade, industry,buseiness, service

(TIBS)


Residual waste (?)

Bulky waste (SCB)

Values:Biowaste (SCS)Paper and cardboard (SCS)Metal scrap (SCB)

Hazardous waste (?)

Values:Glass (SCS)/Rhenus private firmPackaging (SCS)/DSD

TBS - same fractions as PHHIndustrial waste

Industrial waste,values/firms??

Green waste and christmas trees (COO)Road waste (COR)

Sewage sludge (TSS)/ office for waste water

Responsibility: city of StuttgartResponsibility: others

Fuel, oil, etc

Residual waste (TI)/neighbours

wastePHH

wasteTIBS

wasteOWP

??

Exhaust gas, etc

City/others

City/others

Not in Stuttgart

Not in Stuttgart

City/others

Part ofFuel, oil, etc

??/othersFuel, oil, etc/others

Exhaust gas, etc/others

??/others

Part ofExhaust gas, etc

??/others

slag

City/others Ashes, salt

Money, material etc

Exhaust gas, leachate etc

City/others biowaste

Hazardous waste

City/others

Green wastecomposting,incineration of sludge

Sortingof packaging,Incineration

Industrial waste

Residues, mineral waste/neighbours

others

WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer

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Transcript of WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis, K. Fischer