SIKANDAR QURUSHIMUHAMMAD IQBALMUHAMMAD UMAR FAROOQ KHAN

GROUP MEMBERS

Vernacular architectureUse of wood in vernacular architecture

Latin word Vernaculus means domestic, native, indigenous.Vernacular architecture is a category of architecture based on localized needs and construction materials, and reflecting local traditions.

Vernacular architecture is influenced by:Localized needsLocal construction materialLocal traditionsHence, varies from area to area

Factors influencing vernacular architecture :•Topography •Climate •Materials and Resources •Users and lifestyle •Construction Technology •Culture and Traditions

There are 3 main types of timber: HARDWOOD SOFTWOODMANUFACTURED BOARD

TIMBER is the general name for wood materials.

Wood

Can you name any types of wood?

pine, oak, ash, teak, mahogany, maple, sycamore, birch, beech, walnut, cherry, zebrawood, balsa…….

pine oak beech walnut maple zebrawood mahogany ash

Can you think of words that describe wood? warm, smooth, strong, flexible, strong, hard, soft, rough, ….

Hardwood

This type of timber is produced from broad leaf trees that lose their leaves in winter – a deciduous tree. Uses - Oak is a hardwood and is used to make expensive furniture/flooring and strong framed structures.

Model aircraft made from balsa

This type of timber is produced from trees that do not lose their leaves

Leaves are easily identified as being thin and narrow.

Softwood trees grow much quicker than the hardwood ones, they are therefore cheaper to buy and far more available. Softwood is used for construction of houses and furniture, and outdoor uses such as fencing.

Softwood

Uses of soft woods

furniture

building construction

packaging

These are manmade boards, which are made by gluing wood layers or wood fibers together.

Manufactured board

Plywood is a widely used manufactured timber.

LAYER IT …

CARVE IT…

BEND IT …..

you can ……

Why Specify Wood?

Reasons to Specify: Cost Availability Ease of construction Thermal performance Aesthetics Design versatility

Can be used in:

Single- and multi-story residential Schools Offices Industrial facilities Recreational centers Arenas

Design Flexibility

Light weight Workability Adaptable in field Well suited to additions and retrofits Can be dismantled and materials used elsewhere

HIMACHAL PRADESH

When we say Indigenous architecture, what do we mean? •Dwellings and structures that have responded to the topography and local climate of the region •They have been built using locally available resources •They have emerged out of hard necessities of the place and the lifestyle •They are built by user themselves without professional architects •They represent a far less degree of specialization •They are dwellings that are a product of traditional customs and practices

In the Satluj valley region, the typical house consists of stone and timber walls, constructed in what is known as Kath-Kona style, an indigenous style of construction,

In some parts of Himachal Pradesh, there is a popular use of the Dhajji wall construction

Kath-khuni An empirical building technique of Himachal Pradesh

A typical house in Himachal Pradesh is built using kath-khuni construction technique and is usually two or three storey high. The lower floor is for the cattle and the upper floors are for residing, storing, and kitchen

Examples of kath-khuni houses

Examples of kath-khuni temples

Foundation and plinth Stone plinth is filled up to a meter from the ground level and higher in case of tower temples. The depth of the trench is relative to the height of the structure. For a two storey house, the depth is 0.6 to 1 meter and incase of tower temple it may be as deep as 3 meters.

2. Wall (Wood-and-stone walls) The walls are constructed with alternate courses of dry masonry and wood without any cementing mortar

Typical Kath-khuni wall junction Detail showing layering of wood and stone including a truncated pyramid shaped corner stone to protect the wood

Two parallel crossbeams held together by a dovetailed member & Carpenter fixing a wooden log in the wall construction in Devidhar

Wall construction Dry masonry wood-and-stone wall of a temple construction in Devidhar .

Wall punctures Windows are provided in walls with solid plank shutters on all four sides and are usually very small. The same window has rhythmic floral carvings on the outer face with a small opening

Wall storage units A typical wall storage unit is fixed in the peripheral wall and flushes within the wall thickness.

Projecting wooden balconies A typical two storey house with a cantilevered balcony on the top floor. The wooden members supporting the balcony rest on the wall.

Projecting wooden balcony All the vertical posts are connected through a horizontal member on top, on which sit the perpendicular members (connected with a lap joint) projecting from a wall

Projecting wooden balconies

ROOF The roof structure is constructed out of wooden beams followed by purlins and rafters, topped with slate or wooden shingles

STRUCTURE

Load Bearing Bhattar Wall ( Bhattar Means Filling of Stone or Brick) Kath Kundi or Kona (Kath means wood and Kona means corner) Without cement mortar

FOUNDATION Stone Foundation In past Reinforcement of timber Beam and It was dry.

WALLS Beams (bhatar) in the walls act as ‘seismic bands’.(Himachal comes under Earthquake Zone – 4 & 5) All walls are connected to each other through stone masonry and timber beams

ROOF

Sloping - Wooden Protects Dead load by falling down snow. Projects less load to the base structure of bhattar Roof frame binds all walls together

OPENINGS

Small ( Max 3’0” wide) Height ( Max 6’0”) a bigger window, the beams go through the window.

FLOORING AND FLOOR

Wooden Structure for I floor

Wood - the forests of the deodar wood and other mixed forests were easily available. Wood is used to impart stability to tall structures

KASHMIR VALLEY

SETTLEMENT

Permanent Dhajji House

Semi permanent Donga( House Boat

Temporary Kacchi Huts

Permanent Structure Dhajji House

‘DHAJJ’ MEANS ‘PATCHWORK QUILT’

A Dhajji house is a patchwork of timber and stone

DHAJJI CONSTRUCTIONFor one and two storey earthquake resistant houses

Dhajji Walls Load Bearing Structure

Why is a Dhajji wall strong? In a usual house, an earthquake first makes: • ONE BIG crack, •then TWO BIG cracks, • then the walls fall out

Small panels distribute the energy evenly In a Dhajji house, there are: many SMALL cracks, and only small parts fall out. BUT THE WALLS REMAIN

A Dhajji wall is strong because:

The small panels distribute the earthquake energy evenly. The friction between all the small elements and their in-fills breaks down the energy. There may be a lot of small cracks which are not dangerous. But large destructive cracks become very rare.

Dasa (plinth beam)

Anchoring the Dasa to the foundationProtecting the Dasa against water and insects

Wall Finish

Mud Plaster - Cow dung Plaster - Whitewash

OPENINGS

Less openings Maximum 3’0” opening span Mainly in south and South-west Directions

Material

Deodar Wood imparts stability to tall structures insect and termite resistant even when untreated, can

withstand long periods of weather corrosion.

It is used in making posts, beams, window and door frames, shutters, roofs etc.

sheet roofing on timber and stone masonry wall

Thatch roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wallsheet roofing on stone masonry and timber wall

sheet roofing on timber and burnt brick masonry wall

House with timber balconies and two sided pitched roof

Taaq type construction

Unbaked brick wall with timber element

Taq construction in Kashmir The typical ladder bands of timber runners and crosspieces embedded in masonry walls in traditional taq construction at floor level and at the window lintel levels

Bhatar construction in Pakistan Bhatar is a pashtoo word for beam. Wood is the main structural member and the crosspieces tying the parallel wooden beams shows the characteristic bhatar construction. Source:

Temporary House Boat ( Donga)

HOUSE BOAT Donga

Well planned Fully Wooden Delicate Kashmiri Wooden carving Modern Resources Streamlined body

Vertical members (‘shear keys’) attached to the outer façade to prevent out-of-plane failure of the walls.

Ladders made of a single trunk used foraccess to upper floors

houses in Trabzon turkeyvernacular architecture eastern black sea region in turkey

Building materials Wood and stone are the major and common traditional building materialsWood issued for walls (bearing, strut, filler, partition walls and coating),floors (Beam and coating),frames (doors, windows and balcony balustrades), roofs (all roof structures and covers), furniture (every kind of furniture). The common usage in building construction: wood: roofs,

Use of wood in vernacular architecture in the ruler areas of Nepal Now mostly wood used for construction in hilly areas because it is easily locally available in hilly areas which fulfill the purpose of vernacular Architecture

The vernacular architecture of wood draws on environmental and cultural sources to create unique designs

In the Carpathian Mountains near Ukraine , Slovakia and the surrounding foothills, wood and clay are the primary traditional building materials.

Cator And Cribbage Construction OfNorthern Pakistan

Timber lacing for strengthening wallsThe use of timber lacing is perhaps first described by emperor Julius Caesar, as A technique used by the celts in the walls of their fortifications.

Altit Fort Tower, Hunza, Showing ‘Cator And Cribbage’ ConstructionThe Shikari Tower Is Around 1100 Years Old

Use of wood in vernacular Architecture of Ziarat Baluchistan (PAKISTAN)

As ziarat is famous for junipers forest in the early time and even today local people use juniper wood for local construction

Use of wood in hilly areas of Pakistan

TEMPLES

THE PALACES

GRANARY – A SHARED STORAGE

CLASSICAL WOODCARVING, LAKSHANA DEVI TEMPLE, BHARMAUR VILLAGE.

SOME FAMOUS WORDS ON VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE BY SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE

"Folk building growing in response to actual needs, fitted into environment by people who knew no better than to fit them with native feeling" FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

It is the architecture of the people, and by the people, but not for the people.” PAUL OLIVER defines in his book „Dwellings,‟

“It is a building designed by an amateur without any training in design………… The function of the building would be the dominant factor, aesthetic considerations, though present to some small degree, being quite minimal…………… Local materials would be used as a matter of course, other materials being chosen and imported quite exceptionally” RONALD BRUNSKILL

History

In 24 BC, the Roman emperor  Egnatius Rufus The department was composed of 600 slaves. They were stationed

around the city to watch for and extinguish fires

Conclusion

• Vernacular structures - by empirical builders without the intervention of professional architects

• In vernacular architecture - culture and climate play a vital role

REFERENCES

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