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Welcome to A&P!!
Chapter 1
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The Human Body – An Orientation
Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function
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Anatomy – Levels of Study
Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable
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Figure 14.4
Anatomy – Levels of Study
Microscopic Anatomy Very small
structures Can only be
viewed with a microscope
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Check Point
Define Anatomy and Physiology
Explain how they are related
3 minutes!!!
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Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
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Characteristics of Life1. Movement – external/internal2. Responsiveness – stimulus/response3. Growth – size4. Reproduction – making a new individual5. Respiration – energy (obtaining oxygen)6. Digestion – chemical substances into simpler forms7. Absorption – movement through membranes8. Circulation – movement within body fluids9. Assimilation – absorbed substances changed into
different forms10. Excretion – removal of wastes
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Figure 1.2a
Organ System Overview
Integumentary Forms the external body
covering Protects deeper tissue from
injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
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Figure 1.2b
Organ System Overview
Skeletal Protects and supports
body organs Provides muscle
attachment for movement Site of blood cell
formation Stores mineral
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Figure 1.2c
Organ System Overview
Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat
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Figure 1.2d
Organ System Overview
Nervous Fast-acting control
system Responds to internal and
external change Activates muscles and
glands
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Figure 1.2e
Organ System Overview
Endocrine Secretes regulatory
hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism
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Figure 1.2f
Organ System Overview
Cardiovascular Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
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Organ System Overview
Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood
vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
Respiratory Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood Eliminates
indigestible material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes Maintains acid – base
balance Regulates water and
electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
Reproductive Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Check Point Name the levels of structural organization
that make up the human body, and explain how they are related.
Name the major functions of each organ system of the body, briefly state the major functions of each system
Classify by organ system all organs discussed.
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Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement
Locomotion Movement of substances
Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients
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Necessary Life Functions
Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures
Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
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Necessary Life Functions
Reproduction Production of future generation
Growth Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival Needs
Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
Oxygen Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction
Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be
appropriate
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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Maintaining Homeostasis
The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)
Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response
Effector Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or
reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push
the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood
clotting and birth of a baby
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Check Point List the functions that humans must
perform to maintain life.
List the survival needs of the human body.
Define Homeostasis and explain importance. What is negative feedback?
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Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical position = standing erect face forward upper limbs at side palms forward
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The Language of Anatomy
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures
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Organization of the Human Body 2 portions
1. axial portion = head, neck, trunk
2. appendicular portion = arms & legs
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Relative positions
Superior: inferior anterior posterior medial lateral proximal distal superficial deep
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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Body Landmarks
Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks
Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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Know these Body Regions Nasal Cephalic Orbital Carpal Digital Gluteal Pectoral Lumbar Acromial Frontal Crural Umbilical
Femoral Sternal Vetebral Brachial Mammory Cervical Plantar Coxal Sacral Axillary Cubital
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Check Point:
What is the anatomical position? What are the anatomical terminology
to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes?
What are the major body cavaties, list the chief organs in each cavity?