The The Human Human

Body: An Body: An OrientatioOrientatio

nn

The Human Body—An The Human Body—An OrientationOrientation

AnatomyAnatomy– Study of the structure and shape of the Study of the structure and shape of the

body and its partsbody and its parts

PhysiologyPhysiology– Study of how the body and its parts Study of how the body and its parts

work or functionwork or function

Anatomy—Levels of StudyAnatomy—Levels of Study

Gross anatomyGross anatomy– Large structuresLarge structures– Easily observableEasily observable

Figure 14.1

Anatomy—Levels of StudyAnatomy—Levels of Study

Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy– Very small Very small

structuresstructures– Can only be Can only be

viewed with viewed with a microscopea microscope

Figure 14.4c–d

Levels of Structural Levels of Structural OrganizationOrganization

Figure 1.1

Smooth muscle cellMolecules

Atoms

Smoothmuscletissue

Epithelialtissue

Smoothmuscletissue

Connectivetissue

Bloodvessel(organ) Cardio-

vascularsystem

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist ofsimilar types of cells

Organ levelOrgans are made upof different typesof tissues

Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of differentorgans that work together closely

Organismal levelHuman organismsare made up of manyorgan systems

Chemical levelAtoms combine toform molecules

Figure 1.2a

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

IntegumentaryIntegumentary– Forms the external bodyForms the external body

coveringcovering– Protects deeper tissue Protects deeper tissue

fromfrominjuryinjury

– Helps regulate body Helps regulate body temperaturetemperature

– Location of cutaneousLocation of cutaneousnerve receptorsnerve receptors

Figure 1.2b

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

SkeletalSkeletal– Protects and supportsProtects and supports

body organsbody organs– Provides muscleProvides muscle

attachment for movementattachment for movement– Site of blood cellSite of blood cell

formationformation– Stores mineralsStores minerals

Figure 1.2c

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

MuscularMuscular– Produces movementProduces movement– Maintains postureMaintains posture– Produces heatProduces heat

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

NervousNervous– Fast-acting controlFast-acting control

systemsystem– Responds to internal andResponds to internal and

external changeexternal change– Activates muscles andActivates muscles and

glandsglands

Figure 1.2d

Organ System OverviewOrgan System Overview

EndocrineEndocrine– Secretes regulatorySecretes regulatory

hormoneshormones GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction MetabolismMetabolism

Figure 1.2e