BOSTON — The explosives that killed three people and injured more than 170 during the Boston Mara-thon on Monday were most likely rudimentary devices made from ordinary kitchen pressure cookers, except they were rigged to shoot sharp bits of shrapnel into anyone within reach of their blast and maim them severely, law enforcement of-ficials said Tuesday.

The pressure cookers were filled with nails, ball bearings and black powder, and were triggered by “kitchen-type” egg timers, an offi-cial said.

The resulting explosions sent metal tearing through skin and muscle, destroying the lower limbs of some victims who had only shreds of tissue holding parts of their legs together when they arrived at the emergency room of Massachusetts General Hospital, doctors said.

Law enforcement officials said the devices were probably hidden inside dark nylon duffel bags or backpacks and left on the street or sidewalk near the finish line. Fo-rensic experts said that the design and components of the homemade devices were generic but that the marking “6L,” indicating a six-liter container, could help identify a brand and manufacturer and pos-sibly lead to the buyer.

New details about the explosives emerged as President Obama an-nounced that the F.B.I. was investi-gating the attack as “an act of ter-rorism,” but officials said they still had no suspects in custody.

“The range of suspects and mo-tives remains wide open,” Richard DesLauriers, the special agent in charge of the F.B.I.’s Boston office, said at a briefing on Tuesday. And, he added, no one has claimed re-sponsibility for the bombings.

DesLauriers and others pleaded with members of the public to sub-mit any photographs or video they may have taken at the blast site to help in the investigation. (NYT)

BOSTON — So many patients arrived at once, with variations of the same gruesome leg injuries. Shattered bones, shredded tis-sue, nails burrowed deep beneath the flesh. The decision had to be made, over and over, with little time to deliberate. Should this leg be amputated? What about this one?

“As an orthopedic surgeon, we see patients like this, with man-gled extremities, but we don’t see 16 of them at the same time, and we don’t see patients from blast injuries,” said Dr. Peter Burke, the trauma surgery chief at Bos-ton Medical Center.

The toll from the bombs Mon-day at the Boston Marathon, which killed at least three and in-jured more than 170, will long be felt by anyone involved with the sporting event. For the victims, the physical legacy could be an especially cruel one for a group that was involved in the mara-thon: massive leg trauma and amputations.

“What we like to do is before we take off someone’s leg — it’s

extremely hard to make that de-cision — is we often get two sur-geons to agree,” said Dr. Tracey Dechert, a trauma surgeon at Boston Medical.

Some victims arrived two to an ambulance, some with huge holes in their legs where skin and fat and muscle were ripped away by the bomb and with ball bearings or nails from the bombs embedded in their flesh. Others had severed arteries in their legs or multiple breaks in the bones of their legs and feet.

The shock wave from the blast destroyed blood vessels, skin, muscle and fat. And at least nine

patients — five at Boston Medical Center, three at Beth Israel and one at Brigham and Women’s

Hospital — had legs or feet so mangled they would need to be amputated.

Some of the attendant medical professionals, said Julie Dunbar, a chaplain at Beth Israel Deacon-ess Hospital, were faced with “more trauma than most ever see in a lifetime, more sadness, more loss.”

There were only three fatali-ties, which doctors say was be-cause the blast, low to the ground, mostly injured people’s legs and feet instead of their abdomens, chests or heads. GINA KOLATA, JERÉ LONGMAN and MARY PILON

The want ads posted by the anonymous buyer on Armslist.com, a sprawling free classi-fied ads Web site for guns, tele-graphed urgency. But the inten-tions and background of the pro-spective buyer were hidden.

The person posting these ads, however, left a phone number, enabling The New York Times to trace them to their source: Omar Roman-Martinez, 29, of Colorado Springs, who has a pair of felony convictions for burglary and another for motor vehicle theft, which bar him from having guns.

When questioned in a telephone interview, Roman-Martinez said he ultimately decided not to buy a weapon. He also insisted that a 9-millimeter handgun he posted for sale on the Web site last month belonged to someone else.

“I’m a felon,” he said. “I can’t possess firearms.”

That Roman-Martinez was seeking to buy and sell guns on Armslist underscores why ex-tending background checks to the growing world of online sales has become a centerpiece of new gun legislation being taken up in the Senate this week. With no requirements for background checks on most private trans-actions, a Times examination found, Armslist and similar sites function as unregulated bazaars, where unlicensed sellers adver-tise scores of weapons and people legally barred from gun owner-ship to buy them.

The Times assembled a da-tabase and analyzed several months of ads from Armslist and examined numerous smaller sites. Over the past three months, The Times identified more than 160,000 gun ads on Armslist. Some were for the same guns,

making it difficult to calculate just how many guns were actually for sale. Even so, with more than 20,000 ads posted every week, the number is probably in the tens of thousands.

Notably, 94 percent of the ads were posted by “private parties,” who are not required to conduct background checks.

The examination of Armslist raised questions about whether many sellers are essentially func-tioning as unlicensed firearms dealers. The law says that people who “engage in the business” of selling firearms need to obtain a license and conduct background checks on customers. While the definition of engaging in busi-ness is vague, The Times found that more than two dozen people had posted more than 20 different guns for sale in a span of several months. (NYT)

Pressure Cookers,Simple Timers

and Nails

The Web Is a Land With Few Rules on Guns

Boston Bombs Were Loaded to Maim, Officials Say

Eric ThayEr for ThE NEw york TimEs

a vigil at the Boston common, near the site of the blasts.

For Trauma Surgeons, Saving Lives With No Time to Fret

F R O M T H E PAG E S O F

Wednesday, april 17, 2013 © 2013 The new york TimesFROM THE PAGES OF

midnight in New York

MOSCOW — When middle-class Muscovites massed for the first time on Dec. 5, 2011, chanting “Putin is a thief,” many were there because of the anticorruption

blogger Alek-sei A. Navalny.

L e a d i n g them in cries of “We exist,” Na-valny radiated c o n f i d e n c e , like a man who expected to win. The crowd’s cheers made it obvi-

ous: If Moscow’s desk workers were to become an army, Navalny belonged at its head.

On Wednesday, Navalny, 36, will go on trial, facing charges of embezzling $500,000 from a tim-ber company that could result in a prison sentence of up to 10 years. And that army is nowhere to be seen.

Fear has transformed the po-litical atmosphere in Russia since that night nearly 17 months ago, as President Vladimir V. Putin has made it clear that he is willing to use harsh means to extinguish street protests.

Around two dozen protesters may face sentences of 10 years or more resulting from a brawl that broke out with the police at a march last May, and two members of the protest band Pussy Riot are serving two-year sentences for performing an anti-Putin song in a church. Discouraged, people show up in meager numbers for demonstrations these days.

Many of Navalny’s large donors have distanced themselves in re-cent months, he said. He does not expect them to rise up in his de-fense if he is imprisoned.

“The majority of the elite or business elite, they are people with liberal views, but they are cowardly, they are simply afraid of

everything, they are trembling all the time, so they will be quiet,” he said. “They are being quiet now.”

Navalny has explained why he decided not to leave Russia with his family, despite the strong possibility that he will be sent to prison.

“I don’t want to go anywhere,” he told one interviewer. “I want my children to live here and speak Russian. I want to pass on a coun-try which is a little better. I do not want, when I am an old grandfa-ther, for them to say to me that I sat and was silent.”

Meanwhile, the state is bracing for a highly charged criminal trial, the first in post-Soviet history of such a prominent opposition lead-er. A previous embezzlement case was closed by investigators last spring for lack of evidence, but it was revived a few months later after Navalny published exposés about the top federal investigator. ELLEN BARRY

ISLAMABAD, Pakistan — A Pakistani court disqualified Per-vez Musharraf, the country’s onetime military leader and pres-ident, on Tuesday from taking part in coming national elections, dashing his hopes of rejoining Pakistani politics.

And in northwestern Pakistan on Tuesday, the Pakistani Taliban continued its campaign of violence to disrupt the elections, staging a suicide attack on a major political rally that killed at least 15 people in Peshawar.

General elections are sched-uled for May 11, and Musharraf had planned to run for Parliament in four election districts across the country. His nomination pa-pers from three of the districts were rejected in an initial review by the national election commis-sion, as officials concluded that he had subverted the Constitution when he took power in a coup in 1999 and was therefore ineligible to run. However, he was allowed to run in Chitral, a picturesque, mountainous northern district, and his opponents had appealed that decision.

On Tuesday, a high court tribu-nal disqualified Musharraf from running in Chitral, citing various technicalities.

Ahmad Raza Khan Qasuri, a lawyer for Musharraf and a senior official of his party, the All Paki-stan Muslim League, expressed disappointment. He said Mush-arraf planned to appeal to the Su-preme Court. (NYT)

Court Blocks ExtraditionThe European Court of Human Rights on

Tuesday blocked Britain from extraditing a mentally ill man accused of trying to set up a terrorist training camp in Oregon. The court ruled that sending the suspect, Ha-roon Aswat, to a prison in the United States would breach his human rights because of the “severity of his mental condition.” As-wat, a British citizen being held in a secure psychiatric hospital, suffers from para-noid schizophrenia, said the court, which is based in Strasbourg, France. Aswat is ac-cused by American prosecutors of conspir-ing with Mostafa Kamel Mostafa, a radical cleric also known as Abu Hamza al-Masri, to set up a terrorist training camp in Bly,

Ore., more than a decade ago. Mostafa was extradited from Britain to the United States last year and is awaiting trial. (AP)

Powerful Quake Strikes IranSoutheast Iran was hit Tuesday by the

most powerful earthquake to strike the country in 40 years, and its reverberations were felt as far away as India, but Iranian officials said the tremor had originated so deep underground, and in such a sparse-ly populated area, that it caused relative-ly few casualties and only minor damage.The authorities in Iran had initially feared hundreds of deaths from the 7.8-magnitude earthquake, but scaled back their assess-ment as it became clear that its depth, ini-

tially reported to be only about 10 miles be-neath the surface, was more than 56 miles beneath. (NYT)

More Horse Meat FoundMore than 7,000 tests across the European

Union have shown that nearly 5 percent of the food products labeled as beef contained horse meat, but there is no danger to pub-lic health, officials said Tuesday. The tests showed that the veterinary anti-inflamma-tory drug phenylbutazone was present in about 0.5 percent of the horse meat, the Eu-ropean Union said in a statement. The drug is banned for human use but veterinary ex-perts say there is little risk from consuming small amounts in horse meat. (AP)

Putin Nemesis Stays Defiant Ahead of TrialMusharrafIs Disqualified From Elections

In Brief

aleksei Navalny

CARACAS, Venezuela — Ten-sions escalated here on Tuesday as the newly elected president, Nicolás Maduro, and his oppo-nent blamed each other for the violence that has left at least five people dead, and Maduro accused the United States of being behind that violence.

The new president vowed to crack down on protests and said he would block a march called by his opponent, Henrique Capriles Radonski, to demand a recount of the vote.

Capriles responded to Maduro

by calling off the march to the headquarters of the National Electoral Council, which had been planned for Wednesday, saying he had received information that the government planned to infiltrate the march and cause violence. He called on his followers instead to bang pots at their homes in a tradi-tional Venezuelan protest.

Maduro was declared the win-ner of Sunday’s election with 50.8 percent of the vote, to 49 percent for Capriles, according to the current government count. The tally has Maduro ahead by about

270,000 votes, out of 14.8 million cast, although not all votes have been counted. Among those out-standing are Venezuelans living in foreign countries, who tend to vote for the opposition.

Maduro is to complete the six-year term of former President Hugo Chávez, who had cancer and died March 5, not long after he had been elected to another term.

“The march to the center of Caracas will not be permitted,” Maduro said Tuesday on national television. He also accused the op-position of planning a coup. (NYT)

Tensions Rise in Venezuela Amid Deadly Protests

IntErnatIonal Wednesday, april 17, 2013 2

Outside the rarefied world of art dealers and collectors, where discretion is often prized nearly as much as the art itself, the Nahmad family does not attract the same recognition as some of their fellow billionaires.

But for those who trade in multi-million-dollar paintings, they have long been an outsized presence at the premier auctions held every spring and fall at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. Despite sneers from some of their more staid peers who have accused them of unfair-ly negotiating special terms with auction houses, they are among the most powerful, wealthy and colorful members of the elite glob-al club of fine art dealers.

“They have sold more works of art than anybody alive,” Chris-topher Burge, the chairman of Christie’s New York, once said.

But on Tuesday, the family’s New York flagship gallery, the Helly Nahmad Gallery, at the opulent Carlyle Hotel in Manhat-tan, was filled with F.B.I. agents

who were conducting a raid and charged its owner, Hillel Nah-mad, 34, with playing a leading role in a far-flung gambling and money-laundering operation that stretched from Kiev and Moscow to Los Angeles and New York.

The case features a wide cast of characters, including a man described as a Russian gangster who had been accused of trying to rig Winter Olympic skating com-petitions in Salt Lake City and a woman who once organized high-stakes poker games for some of Hollywood’s most famous faces.

In all, 34 people were charged on Tuesday with playing a part in what federal prosecutors de-scribed as two separate but inter-connected criminal groups — one operating overseas and the other in the United States. Together, they are accused of laundering more than $100 million.

In addition to charges that Nah-mad helped finance a multimil-lion-dollar gambling ring, the art dealer is accused of defrauding

an unnamed individual by selling him a painting for $300,000 when it was worth only $50,000, according to the indictment.

Nahmad, the indictment said, also wired money — once for $500,000 and another time for $850,000 — from his father’s bank account in Switzerland to a bank account in America to help finance the gambling operation.

According to the indictment, Hillel Nahmad was one of the leaders of a “high-stakes illegal gambling business run out of New York City and Los Angeles that catered primarily to multimillion-aire and billionaire clients.”

He was expected to surrender to authorities in Los Angeles on Tuesday.

The indictment also named Mol-ly Bloom, who made headlines in 2011 for her role in arranging clan-destine games for high-rollers, in-cluding Tobey Maguire, Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon and Ben Affleck. MARC SANTORA

and WILLIAM K. RASHBAUM

WASHINGTON — Senate lead-ers set up a critical showdown on gun control for Wednesday that will determine the shape of legis-lation inspired by the shootings in Newtown, Conn., and whether it will advance in Congress.

Under an agreement reached Tuesday evening, the Senate will vote on as many as nine amend-ments in an afternoon rush. Three are largely Democratic: a pro-vision expanding background checks to firearms bought at gun shows or on the Internet, a rein-statement of an assault weapons ban, and a ban on high-capacity ammunition magazines.

Others are Republican: a man-date that any state permit for carrying a concealed weapon be honored by virtually every other state, a broad alternative gun measure aimed at mental health care and school safety, and an-other helping veterans clear their names to obtain firearms.

Two other measures are bipar-tisan, one to crack down on gun trafficking and another to bolster mental health treatment.

The outcome of the votes could determine the bill’s fate. If Repub-licans prevail and the measure shifts too far in the direction of new gun rights, the Democratic-

controlled Senate may end up kill-ing its own bill.

Republicans are lining up be-hind an amendment that would ef-fectively create a national conceal-carry law, a goal that gun groups have been pressing for years.

“You could actually expand the Second Amendment” with the bill, said Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C.

Under that measure, any state with a conceal-and-carry rule would have to recognize the per-mit of any other state. Only Illinois and Washington, D.C., prohibit concealed weapons.

JONATHAN WEISMAN and JENNIFER STEINHAUER

Hospitals make money from their own mistakes because insur-ers pay them for the longer stays and extra care that patients need to treat surgical complications that could have been prevented, a new study finds.

Changing the payment system may help to bring down surgical complication rates, the research-ers say. If the system does not change, hospitals have little in-centive to improve: in fact, some will wind up losing money if they

take better care of patients.The study and an editorial were

published Tuesday in The Journal of the American Medical Associa-tion. The study authors are from the Boston Consulting Group, Harvard’s schools of medicine and public health, and Texas Health Resources, a large nonprofit hos-pital system.

The study is based on an analy-sis of the records of 34,256 people who had surgery in 2010 at one of 12 hospitals run by Texas Health

Resources. Of those patients, 1,820 had one or more complications that could have been prevented, like blood clots or pneumonia.

The median length of stay for those patients quadrupled to 14 days, and hospital revenue av-eraged $30,500 more than for patients without complications ($49,400 versus $18,900). Private insurers paid far more for compli-cations than did Medicare or Med-icaid, or patients who paid out of pocket. DENISE GRADY

airline Cancels Flights For Several Hours

A computer system used to run many daily operations at American Airlines failed Tues-day, forcing the nation’s third-largest carrier to ground all flights across the United States for several hours and stranding thousands of passengers. The failure caused cascading delays and cancellations nationwide. As of midafternoon, American and its American Eagle offshoot canceled more than 700 flights, and another 765 flights were delayed, according to tracking service FlightAware. The sys-tems were fixed by 4:30 p.m., an airline spokeswoman, Stacey Frantz, said. (AP)

ricin Is Detected In letter to Senator

A letter sent to a Mississippi senator tested positive for the poison ricin, federal authorities revealed Tuesday. Sen. Harry Reid of Nevada, the majority leader, confirmed that an en-velope addressed to Sen. Roger Wicker, R-Miss., had been tested twice for ricin in a mail facility away from the Capitol. The let-ter was postmarked in Memphis and had no suspicious markings or return address, the office of the Senate sergeant-at-arms re-ported. A federal official said the letter had been sent to the Fed-eral Bureau of Investigation’s laboratories in Quantico, Va., for examination. Ricin can be fatal if ingested or inhaled. (NYT)

Challenge to law Curbing abortion

Supporters of abortion rights on Tuesday filed a challenge to the new Arkansas law banning abortions after the 12th week of pregnancy, calling it a “viola-tion of over 40 years of settled United States Supreme Court precedent.” The Supreme Court has ruled that women have a right to an abortion until the fe-tus is viable outside the womb, around 24 weeks into pregnan-cy. The Arkansas law’s propo-nents hope to redefine viability, linking it to detection of a fetal heartbeat, but legal experts pre-dict the law will be found uncon-stitutional. (NYT)

Art Gallery Raided in Money-Laundering Case

Senate Sets Flurry of Crucial Votes on Gun Measures

Hospitals Profit From Surgical Mistakes, Research Finds

In Brief

natIonal Wednesday, april 17, 2013 3

WASHINGTON — In recent years, policy makers in Europe and the United States have fas-tened on the notion that reaching a certain heavy burden of debt would threaten future economic health — often to justify austerity budgets that increased unem-ployment and sapped economic strength in the here and now.

But now some economists are challenging the foundations of that idea, raising questions about whether such a debt threshold even exists and setting off a fierce debate that flared up Tuesday.

The controversy stems from a provocative new paper by econo-mists at the University of Massa-chusetts, Amherst, that claims to have found some basic errors in one of the most pathbreaking and influential economic studies to

come out in the last few years.That was a 2010 research paper

by Carmen M. Reinhart and Ken-neth Rogoff of Harvard, who wrote a best-seller, “This Time Is Differ-ent: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly.” The economists found little relationship between growth and debt for countries with debt-to-gross-domestic-product ratios of 90 percent or less. But for coun-tries with debt loads equivalent to or above 90 percent of annual economic output, “median growth rates fall by 1 percent, and average growth falls considerably more.”

But now, Thomas Herndon, Michael Ash and Robert Pollin of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, in trying to replicate the Reinhart-Rogoff results, are challenging the conclusions for a different reason. They say they

found some simple miscalcula-tions or data exclusions that sharply altered the ultimate re-sults. According to their rerun-ning of the figures, “the average real G.D.P. growth rate for coun-tries carrying a public debt-to-G.D.P. ratio of over 90 percent is actually 2.2 percent, not -0.1 per-cent,” they write. In other words, heavy debts were not associated with the malaise that Reinhart and Rogoff — and much of the world’s economic elite — thought that they were.

The new paper, released this week, has set off a storm within the economics profession, with some commentators even argu-ing that it undermines the aus-terity policies that have proved so prevalent in the last few years. ANNIE LOWREY

In a major policy move, the Food and Drug Administration said Tuesday that it would not approve generic versions of the powerful narcotic OxyContin.

The move represents a vic-tory for OxyContin’s manufac-turer, Purdue Pharma, which in 2010 introduced a formulation of the drug that was less prone to tampering. The original ver-sion of OxyContin could be easily crushed, a step that released its entire narcotic payload at once rather than over time as intend-ed. The new version turns into a jelly-like mass when crushed.

Some state attorneys general and pain treatment experts had also urged the F.D.A. to block

the release of generic versions of OxyContin, arguing that failing to do so would feed street demand for strong narcotics. But the deci-sion is also likely to result in high-er prices forOxyContin because it will not face generic competition.

The decision by the F.D.A. came on the day when the patent for the original version of OxyContin was set to expire, a step that would have allowed generic producers to introduce their own versions of that formulation. F.D.A. officials said several producers had ap-plications to sell a generic form pending before the agency.

As part of Tuesday’s decision, the F.D.A. also said it had ap-proved a label for the new ver-

sion of OxyContin stating that it is less prone to abuse through inhaling or injecting it. The deci-sion marks the first time that the agency has allowed a manufac-turer to state that a narcotic drug has tamper-resistant properties, said an agency official, Dr. Doug-las C. Throckmorton.

Throckmorton said the F.D.A. had looked at data from several studies, some of it underwritten by Purdue Pharma, in arriving at its decision. He said that while the data was not perfect, the agency had concluded that it was enough to show that the new version of OxyContin was safer, in its abuse resistance, than the original ver-sion. BARRY MEIER

LONDON — Europe, which led the world in creating a system of emission permits to combat greenhouse-gas emissions, dealt a potential death blow to that sys-tem on Tuesday.

Focusing on immediate eco-nomic concerns, the European Parliament narrowly rejected a proposal to cut the number of pollution permits. In voting down the changes, lawmakers seemed less worried about the global en-vironmental implications than on holding down energy costs.

“This is a sign of a new era,” said Fabien Roques, an energy analyst at the market research

firm IHS CERA in Paris. “It is a signal that policymakers will have to take into account com-petitiveness and costs.”

The measure was meant to put teeth into efforts to reduce carbon emissions from the smokestacks of utility companies and manu-facturers.

Critics say that when the trad-ing system was put into place in 2005, too many emission permits were created. The weak economy has added to the glut, driving the price of permits to nearly zero.

The proposed measure was re-jected in vote of 334 to 315.

While carbon emissions con-

tinue to rise globally, Europe’s own emissions have dropped 10 percent from 2007 to 2012, with the sluggish economy respon-sible for much of the decline. That has weakened the political will among European lawmakers to adopt tougher measures to cut carbon production.

Some European industry groups and conservative politi-cians on Tuesday applauded the defeat of the measure, which would very likely have put up-ward pressure on electricity pric-es as well as adding to the costs of manufactured goods.

STANLEY REED

Study That Set Tone for Austerity Is Disputed

F.D.A. Prohibits Generic Versions of OxyContin

European Vote Is Setback for Plan on Carbon Emissions

onlInE: MorE PrICES anD analYSIS

Information on all United States stocks, plus bonds, mu-

tual funds, commodities and for-eign stocks along with analysis of industry sectors and stock indexes: nytimes.com/markets

CoMMoDItIES/BonDS

GOLD

U 26.20

$1,386.80

10-YR. TREAS. YIELD

0.03 unch.U

1.72% $89.03

CRUDE OIL

the markets

14,756.78

6,304.58

13,221.44

12,119.92

157.58 1.08%

DJIA

U

39.02 0.62%

FTSE 100

D

54.22 0.41%

NIKKEI 225

D

115.04 0.96%

TSX

U

48.14 1.50%

NASDAQ

3,264.63

U

30.05 0.39%

DAX

7,682.58

D

100.64 0.46%

1,040.90 1.97%

HANG SENG

BOVESPA

21,672.03

53,990.83

D

U

22.21 1.43%

S&P 500

1,574.57

U

24.69 0.67%

CAC 40

3,685.79

D

12.90 0.59%

SHANGHAI

2,194.85U

241.30 0.56%

BOLSA

43,225.68U

EUroPE

aSIa/PaCIFIC

aMErICaS

BRITAIN

JAPAN

CANADA

GERMANY

HONG KONG

BRAZIL

FRANCE

CHINA

MEXICO

FOREIGN EXCHANGE Fgn.currency Dollarsin inDollars fgn.currency

Australia (Dollar) 1.0388 .9626Bahrain (Dinar) 2.6527 .3770Brazil (Real) .5035 1.9860Britain (Pound) 1.5360 .6510Canada (Dollar) .9799 1.0205China (Yuan) .1617 6.1824Denmark (Krone) .1767 5.6586Dom. Rep. (Peso) .0244 41.0000Egypt (Pound) .1452 6.8864Europe (Euro) 1.3180 .7587Hong Kong (Dollar) .1288 7.7622Japan (Yen) .0103 97.5200Mexico (Peso) .0823 12.1456Norway (Krone) .1748 5.7211Singapore (Dollar) .8102 1.2343So. Africa (Rand) .1102 9.0755So. Korea (Won) .0009 1113.4Sweden (Krona) .1572 6.3622Switzerland (Franc) 1.0844 .9222

Source: Thomson Reuters

BUSInESS Wednesday, april 17, 2013 4

After flying into São Paulo last month, the president of Gold-man Sachs declared that his firm and JPMorgan Chase were the last two investment bank giants standing.

“You are seeing big interna-tional banks, outside of ourselves and JPMorgan, really taking a pretty substantial step back from the markets, and we have not seen that in the entire history of banking,” the Goldman execu-tive, Gary D. Cohn, said during a news conference.

Since the financial crisis, Gold-man has largely defied critics who were quick to predict the death of its business model. Those calls were hardly surprising. Goldman and its competitors are operating

with less borrowed money, which has drastically reduced profitabil-ity, and the billions that Goldman made packaging and selling secu-rities from mortgages has all but disappeared. New regulations aimed at curbing the risk-taking that led to the financial crisis have further eaten into profits.

The firm has also taken a num-ber of hits to its reputation, includ-ing accusations by the Securities and Exchange Commission that it defrauded its clients.

Yet the resilience of Goldman was amply demonstrated on Tuesday, as the firm reported first-quarter earnings that ex-ceeded expectations, driven by strength in its investment bank-ing business as well as its invest-

ing and lending operations. The firm reported a first-quarter profit of $2.2 billion, up 5 percent from the year-ago period.

Still, the results also under-scored the challenges — regula-tory and otherwise — facing the bank. Glenn Schorr, an analyst at Nomura, said while the firm’s earnings were good, roughly $2 billion in revenue came from investments that tended to fluctu-ate in value, which is troublesome to some investors. Shares of Gold-man fell on Tuesday, closing down 1.6 percent, at $144.10.

“On a relative basis Goldman is doing well, but there is still a lot of uncertainly facing Goldman and its rivals,” Schorr said.

SUSANNE CRAIG

When the Pulitzer-Prize win-ning playwright and author David Mamet released his last book, “The Secret Knowledge: On the Dismantling of American Culture,” with Sentinel in 2011, it sold well enough to make the New York Times best-seller list.

This year, when Mamet set out to publish his next one, “Three Stories,” a novella and two short stories about war, he decided he will self publish. Mamet is taking advantage of a new service being offered by his literary agency, ICM Partners, as a way to as-sume more control over the way his book is promoted.

“Basically I am doing this because I am a curmudgeon,” Mamet said, “and because pub-lishing is like Hollywood — no-body ever does the marketing

they promise.”As digital disruption continues

to reshape the publishing market, self-publishing has become more and more popular. Most of the at-tention so far has focused on un-known and unsigned authors who storm onto the best-seller lists through their own ingenuity.

The announcement by ICM and Mamet suggests self-publishing will begin to widen its net and be-come an attractive option also for more established authors. As tra-ditional publishers have cut back on marketing, this route allows well-known figures to look after their own publicity.

Then there is the money. While self-published authors get no ad-vance, they typically get 70 per-cent of sales. A standard contract with a traditional house gives an

author an advance, and only pays royalties — standard is 25 percent of digital sales and 7 to 12 percent of the list price for physical books — after the advance is earned back in sales.

ICM, which will announce its new self-publishing service Wednesday, is one of the biggest and most powerful agencies to of-fer the option.

For his part, Mamet cites hor-ror stories that fellow authors have suffered at the hands of pub-lishing houses. He says he has faith that his new book is good enough to sell big, even without a traditional publisher.

“I am going to promote the hell out of it,” he says gamely. “Even though I’ll probably make my own mistakes.”

LESLIE KAUFMAN

An Unbowed Goldman Reports Profit Growth

A New Publisher Authors Trust: Themselves

SAN FRANCISCO — The allure of the iPhone was not its brushed metal or shiny touchscreen, but the apps that turned it into any-thing from a flute to a flashlight.

Now, Google hopes that apps will do the same thing for Glass, its Internet-connected glasses.

On Monday night, Google re-leased extensive guidelines for software developers who want to build apps for Glass. With those guidelines, it is taking a page from Apple’s playbook, by being much more restrictive about the glasses than it has been with other prod-ucts and strongly controlling

the type of apps that developers build.

Analysts said that is largely be-cause Google wants to slowly in-troduce the new technology to the public to deal with concerns like privacy. For example, develop-ers cannot sell ads in apps, collect user data for ads, share data with ad companies or distribute apps elsewhere. They cannot charge people to buy apps or virtual goods or services within them.

Many developers said they expected Google to eventually al-low them to sell apps and ads. But Sarah Rotman Epps, an analyst

at Forrester who studies wear-able computing, said Google was smart to limit advertising at first.

“In our research, what we find is the more intimate the device, the more intrusive consumers perceive advertising is,” she said. Still, she said many consumers had said they would like to inter-act with brands on Glass in cer-tain ways, like a bank showing a balance while a user is shopping or a hospital sending test results.

On Tuesday, Google sold its first pairs of glasses for $1,500 to developers who had signed up last year. CLAIRE CAIN MILLER

Google, Emulating Apple, Restricts Apps for Glass

Stocks that moved substantially or traded heavily Tuesday:

W.W. Grainger Inc., up $16.18 at $241.88. The power tool seller’s first-quarter net income rose 13 percent because of rising prices and strength across all regions.

Wolverine World Wide Inc., up $2.68 at $47.41. The footwear and clothing company’s first-quarter net income fell 5 percent, but adjusted earnings beat analysts’ estimates.

Vulcan Materials Co., up $3.10 at $48.69. A Sterne Agee analyst upgrad-ed the company, which makes gravel and sand used for construction, to a “buy” on long-term prospects.

Netgear Inc., down $2.42 at $28.46. The networking equipment maker cut its projected first-quarter earnings, say-ing it shipped less of a new product than expected.

Keynote Systems Inc., down $1.56 at $11.45. An Evercore analyst down-graded the company, which monitors the performance of Web sites, citing its disappointing outlook.

Old Dominion Freight Line Inc., up $1.59 at $37.69. A JPMorgan analyst lifted the trucking company’s rating, cit-ing its attractive stock price and possi-ble market share gains. (ap)

Stocks on the Move

Most Active, GAiners And Losers % VolumeStock(TICKER) Close Chg Chg (100)

10MoSTACTIVEBank o (BAC) 12.28 +0.30 +2.5 1451676Sprint (S) 7.20 +0.14 +2.0 1253950Rite A (RAD) 2.25 +0.02 +0.9 1127324Intel (INTC) 21.92 +0.54 +2.5 642636Micros (MSFT) 28.97 +0.28 +1.0 527872Barric (ABX) 18.86 ◊0.92 ◊4.7 414382Citigr (C) 46.66 +1.79 +4.0 399571Ford M (F) 13.12 +0.17 +1.3 362414Genera (GE) 23.10 +0.29 +1.3 358662Cisco (CSCO) 21.16 +0.11 +0.5 327408

10TopGAInERS

Matter (MATR) 5.03 +0.96 +23.6 1601UniPix (UNXL) 37.27 +5.27 +16.5 23158Anaren (ANEN) 22.55 +2.94 +15.0 3807Enphas (ENPH) 5.94 +0.70 +13.4 3469Pinnac (PNFP) 24.45 +2.77 +12.8 4954Concur (CCUR) 6.94 +0.78 +12.7 1529MFRI I (MFRI) 7.29 +0.81 +12.4 71Immers (IMMR) 11.54 +1.25 +12.1 6012Acorda (ACOR) 39.78 +4.28 +12.1 22790Hampde (HBNK) 16.95 +1.70 +11.1 3

10TopLoSERS

Sarept (SRPT) 33.99 ◊5.25 ◊13.4 68090Keynot (KEYN) 11.45 ◊1.56 ◊12.0 5860ChemoC (CCXI) 12.26 ◊1.32 ◊9.7 2183NETGEA (NTGR) 28.46 ◊2.42 ◊7.8 26862SCG Fi (RMGN) 9.98 ◊0.76 ◊7.1 1Pure C (PCYO) 5.03 ◊0.38 ◊7.0 660Southw (SGB) 9.39 ◊0.70 ◊6.9 16Stemli (STML) 11.75 ◊0.84 ◊6.7 7Stewar (SSFN) 5.32 ◊0.38 ◊6.6 8USMD H (USMD) 13.94 ◊0.86 ◊5.8 60

% VolumeStock(TICKER) Close Chg Chg (100)

% VolumeStock(TICKER) Close Chg Chg (100)

Source: Thomson Reuters

BUSInESS Wednesday, april 17, 2013 5

BEIJING — Bundled up on a wind-whipped day, about 30 peo-ple lined up outside a restaurant takeout window here, waiting for rabbit heads.

For guests in the main dining room, a video explained how to eat the fist-size heads. Su Yong, the restaurant’s enthusiastic chef and star of the video, demonstrated by pulling open the rabbit’s mouth and separating the jaw from the skull before splitting the jawbone in two and sucking off the suc-culent meat. Su is a sort of rabbit head evangelist, drawing celebri-ties to his restaurant, Old Street Rabbit, to help drum up crowds. He holds aloft one half of a tiny jawbone, explaining that it can be employed as a pick, and then uses the incisor to scoop out an eye, window to the bunny’s soul.

Food fashions come and go, but perhaps the oddest and most obscure can be found in China. Scorpions and dogs made come-backs after the long culinary dry spell of the Mao years. Eating animal heads, preferably heavily spiced, is the latest repast to enjoy a growth in popularity. This isn’t novelty food; rather, it’s much-loved local street food with deep cultural roots, which has spread from the provinces into China’s biggest cities.

Few things throw the differ-ences between cultures into such stark relief as what people eat. Frogs and snails in France, offal-and-oat-stuffed stomachs in Scotland, pigs’ feet in Germany — latter-day Americans have long made fun of the specialties served by their European cousins. But in China, cat and rat and donkey pe-nis can give the American palate pause. Or even some Chinese pal-

ates. Thanks to China’s decades-long economic boom, the increas-ingly cosmopolitan, educated and urban-bred young are drifting away from their rustic culinary roots. But that same boom is driv-ing a culinary revival.

No one can pinpoint when the Chinese took a liking to eating ani-mal heads. It began, no doubt, as peasant food — meat was a rare and expensive treat, so people developed a taste for the bits that wealthier classes discarded. This, coupled with repeated famine, ac-counts for most of what Western-ers regard as the odder dishes on Chinese menus.

While pig heads, goat heads and even dog heads are eaten in China, the reigning triumvirate is fish, duck and rabbit, each of which has restaurants devoted to its preparation.

Fish heads have the longest history and widest acceptance, at least in part because they don’t come from mammals.

Eating rabbit head, meanwhile, is a messy business, so much so that some diners are supplied with aprons and plastic gloves.

A rabbit head connoisseur if ev-er there was one, Su’s restaurant

serves 3,000 rabbit heads a day.But rabbit heads are a niche

dish compared with the popu-larity of duck heads. Duck head restaurants range from full ser-vice, tablecloth establishments to simple shops where beer and a bowl of split duck skulls are the main fare.

What does it all taste like? Fish heads are not fishy, but small bones abound. The brain and the eye, which some regard as treats, are acquired tastes. Rabbit heads, meanwhile, come in two flavors: numbingly hot and seasoned with five spices. The meat — predict-ably — tastes like the dark meat of chicken. The eyes, brain, tongue and soft palate, which are present-ed by Su as the most delectable morsels, are more about texture than taste. Duck heads might be the most appealing to a Western palate. Eating one is not unlike eating a super spicy chicken wing (except for the beak and that ac-cusing eye).

And for those who can’t decide, the signature snack in Quzhou, a town south of Shanghai, is “three heads, one foot,” or rabbit head, duck head and fish head served with goose feet. CRAIG S. SMITH

No, not 99 bottles of beer on the wall, but rather, 38 bottles of gin — well, up over the bar, that is. The cocktail menu at Oceana lists them all, which have been selected by Pedro Gonçalves, a gin aficionado who is out to proselytize.

On the list of standard gin drinks, Gonçalves leaves the brand up to

the customer but is happy to offer guidance. The restaurant offers a five-course gin tasting menu with dishes like gravlax cured in gin and pike with juniper.

Oceana, 120 West 49th Street, (212) 759-5941, oceanarestaurant.com; gin cocktails are $14, gin tast-ing menu is $95.

The handle is a bit long for the table but even so, I’d be tempted to use this clever new stainless steel fish spat-ula for serving, not just for re-moving fillets, fish steaks and whole fish from the grill.

And if you need a gift for a cook, espe-cially some-one who cooks outdoors, it will set you back less than a good bottle of wine or box of chocolates.

Angler Fish Spatula is $14.95 at Broadway Panhandler, broadwaypanhandler.com.

Test your Scoville unit tolerance by tasting more than 50 hot sauces at the New York City Hot Sauce Expo this weekend.

Forget Tabasco. The exposition will feature artisanal hot sauces like Torchbearer from Pennsyl-vania, Evil Seed from Florida and PuckerButt from South Carolina.

Sauces will be judged in 11 cat-egories, including label artistry and the people’s choice. Cooking demonstrations and chicken wing and bloody mary contests will also be featured.

The New York City Hot Sauce Expo will be April 20 and 21, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., at East River State Park, 110 Kent Avenue (North Eighth Street), Williams-burg, Brooklyn. For tickets, $11.34 for general admission or $104.49 for V.I.P., including food and an open bar: nychotsauceexpo.com. General admission will be $12 at the gate.

The Key Ingredient Here Is Gin

Serving Fish Is Made Easier

Weekend Forecast: Plenty of Heat

When Dinner Has a Gleam

In Its Eye

agaToN sTrom for ThE NEw york TimEs

kaTiE orliNsky for ThE NEw york TimEs

ToNy cENicola/ ThE NEw york TimEsPhoTograPhs By sim chi yiN for ThE NEw york TimEs

clockwise from top left, a rabbit head in spicy peppercorn sauce at old street rabbit restaurant in Beijing; su yong, the restaurant’s chef; eating the heads is messy.

DInIng Wednesday, april 17, 2013 6

Pat Summerall, the Giants’ outstanding place-kicker who went on to team with John Madden for 21 seasons in network television’s most prominent N.F.L. broadcast twosome, died on Tuesday in Dallas. He was 82.

A family spokeswoman, Valerie Bell, said Summerall had been at Zale Lipshy Univer-sity Hospital since Thursday, when he broke a hip in a fall at his home in Southlake, Tex. She said he was undergoing rehabilitation when he experienced sudden cardiac arrest.

On a December afternoon in 1958, Summer-all kicked a 49-yard field goal in a snowstorm at Yankee Stadium to give the Giants a 13-10 victory over the Cleveland Browns and send the teams to a playoff for the Eastern Confer-

ence title. The Giants beat the Browns again the next Sunday, then played in the first of their three N.F.L. championship games in Summerall’s years with them.

That field goal provided one of the more thrilling moments in Giants history. But when Summerall turned to broadcasting, he shunned the dramatic turn, preferring an understated and spare style in doing the play-by-play. He relished his collaboration with Madden, but liked to point out the contrast in their approaches.

“John looks at it from a coach’s angle; I bring a player’s point of view,” Summerall told The San Diego Union-Tribune when he and Madden prepared for the 2002 Super

Bowl. “What he doesn’t see, I see, and vice versa. But I always remember a bit of great advice from a producer doing golf for CBS. He told me that TV is a visual medium, and you don’t have to tell people what they already can see. His last words were, ‘If I ever hear you say that he made the putt, you’re fired.’ ”

Summerall spent more than 40 years in broadcast-ing with CBS and Fox. Al-though best remembered for his football work, he was also the voice of the Masters golf tour-nament and the United States Open tennis tournament.

But for much of his time at the microphone, Summerall had an addiction that afflicted his professional and his personal life and cost him his health. He was an alcoholic.

In 1992, he was confronted by family mem-bers, friends and associates in an interven-tion and persuaded to enter the Betty Ford substance-abuse clinic in Rancho Mirage, Calif. He emerged sober, remained so, and became a born-again Christian. But his liver had sustained irreparable damage. In 2004, he underwent a transplant.

In his memoir “Summerall: On and Off the Air” (2006), he told of how his time at the Betty Ford Clinic “was full of revelations.”

“As the years and the parties passed,” he said, “I became more erratic in my judgment and less patient as I drank more frequently and recovered more slowly. In addition, I had lowered my standards along the way — pro-fessionally, personally and physically. To my shame, I had become a practiced liar and a seasoned cover-up man. I was spending more and more time on the road just to be around the party scene, always to the detriment of my family. I had walked away from my marriage and alienated my three kids. They didn’t de-serve that treatment.”

RICHARD GOLDSTEIN

Pat Summerall, Star in N.F.L. and Calm Voice on TV, Dies at 82

Pat summerall

ACROSS 1 Org. founded by

Dr. Nathan Smith Davis

4 Rig part 7 Orbital high point13 Minnesota

neighbor16 Triple-A ball and

such17 Downloaded the

new version, say18 Last Oldsmobiles

made19 Department store

superevent21 Russell of

“Felicity”22 Component of

some bills23 Brett on the

gridiron26 Went out with29 Reflexologist’s

place31 Items thrown in

Three Stooges shorts

32 Like photographable copy

37 E.P.A.-banned substance

38 “So that’s it!”39 Words from

Wordsworth40 Italian III41 Big stink42 Title for King or

Jackson: Abbr.

43 Part of a stack at a bank

46 Settled up48 Smidge49 More, musically50 Floor it52 Early second-

century year54 Richie’s mom, to

the Fonz58 “These

allegations are completely false!,” e.g.

62 Three-time title role for Matt Damon

64 Zimbabwe, once65 Reassuring

postaccident remark

66 Mall cop’s job … or a word that can precede the starts of 19-, 32-, 43- and 58-Across

67 Hoofing it68 “Yikes!”69 Primes, e.g.:

Abbr.

DOWN 1 In a frenzy 2 Bat wood 3 Management

course topic 4 Musical ending 5 Has ___ for (is

naturally skilled at)

6 Extreme form, as of an illness

7 Second of a Latin 101 trio

8 Rice dish 9 400 meters,

maybe10 “1876” novelist11 Ranch addition?12 Slalom figure14 Bluffer’s

declaration15 Roofer’s material20 Some Yanks in

Paris, e.g.24 ___-wip (dessert

topping)25 Bar, legally

27 Youngest 600-homer man, informally

28 Got one’s feet wet?

30 Sopping wet32 U.S.M.C. part33 Oodles34 Cinephile35 Prepare to fly

home from vacation, say

36 Himalayan legend44 “Heads,” to a

numismatist45 Gordon ___

(Sting’s real name)

47 Texas border city

51 “Hawaii Five-O” nickname

53 “… ___ wed”55 “Mr. Mojo ___”

(repeated Doors lyric)

56 Japanese colonel in “The Bridge on the River Kwai”

57 Potters’ supplies59 Classic

depilatory brand60 Tie up at harbor61 End of a

professor’s address?

62 Obit, essentially63 Every, in an Rx

ANSWER TO PREVIOUS PUZZLE

PUZZLE BY SAMUEL A. DONALDSON

4/17/13 (No. 0417)

R E I N I N A M I D O T BE U N I C E R A R E N E OD R A C O S C R A B W A L KB A C K S T R O K E E D E NU S A A L E G E I C OL I S P E X H A L E M O WL A T I N E L A N E M S

G O B E L L Y U PS I N R E A L S O D O ME M E M E T A L S R O B EX A X I S A C E I S TS G T S L I M B O D A N C EH I G H J U M P L I N G E RO N E A L O E D C N I N EP E N R U N G S T O N E D

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16

17 18

19 20

21 22 23 24 25

26 27 28 29 30 31

32 33 34 35 36 37

38 39 40 41

42 43 44 45

46 47 48 49

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

58 59 60 61

62 63 64

65 66

67 68 69

For answers, call 1-900-289-CLUE (289-2583), $1.49 a minute;or, with a credit card, 1-800-814-5550.Online subscriptions: Today’s puzzle and more than 5,000 past puzzles, nytimes.com/crosswords ($39.95 a year).Annual subscriptions are available for the best of Sunday crosswords from the last 50 years: 1-888-7-ACROSS.Read about and comment on each puzzle: nytimes.com/wordplay.

Crosswords for young solvers: nytimes.com/learning/xwords.

CroSSworD Edited By Will Shortz

oBItUarY Wednesday, april 17, 2013 7

620 eighth avenue, new york, ny 10018•

Tom Brady, editore-mail: digesteditor@nytimes.com

•Timesdigest sales Officephone: (212) 556-1200

fax: (646) 461-2364e-mail: timesdigest@nytimes.com

•For advertising informationand to request a media kitcontact inMotion Media:phone: (212) 213-5856

e-mail: info@immww.com•

Home delivery subscribers who have not received Timesdigest should call

(800) 698-4637 or e-mail customercare@nytimes.com

Huge news from the scorched desert of im-migration reform: germination!

At last, there is a bill, released on Tuesday by a bipartisan group of senators, that promises at least the hope of citizenship for 11 million un-documented immigrants. It is complicated, full of mechanisms and formulas meant to tackle border security, the allocation of visas, meth-ods of employment verification and the much-debated citizenship path.

The first part of the bill is a dreary reasser-tion of the doctrine that an insufficiently mili-tarized border is the source of all our immigra-tion problems. It throws $6.5 billion over 10 years at the southern border, and envisions the creation of a commission of border governors telling the Homeland Security Department how to spend more billions on “manpower, technology and infrastructure.”

Though foolishly costly, this border fixation will be tolerable as long as it is not fatal to the heart and soul of the bill: legalization for 11 mil-lion. The bill includes arbitrary benchmarks that have to be achieved before legalization kicks in. These cannot be allowed to justify de-lay in getting immigrants right with the law.

Here is where things get interesting. The bill gets around the “amnesty” stalemate by turn-ing the undocumented into Registered Provi-sional Immigrants — not citizens or green-card holders, but not illegal, either. They will wait in that anteroom for a decade at least before they can get green cards. But they will also work, and travel freely.

That said, a decade-plus path is too long and

expensive. The fees and penalties stack up: $500 to apply for the first six years of legal sta-tus, $500 to renew, then a $1,000 fine. If the goal is to get people on the books and the economy moving, then shackling them for years to fees and debt makes no sense.

The means of ejection from the legalization path, too, cannot be arbitrary and unjust. It should not take superhuman strength and rec-titude, plus luck and lots of money, for an immi-grant to march the 10 years to a green card.

Then there is the mere two years set aside for taking legalization applications — you can-not fit 11 million people through a window that small. Lobbyists for business say there are far too few temporary worker visas. Advocates for families will lament the loss of visas for siblings and adult children. Environmentalists will not like giving Homeland Security unfettered ac-cess to all federal borderlands.

Our quick read of a fresh bill finds other en-couraging things. It includes a good version of the Dream Act, to help young people who were brought here illegally as children speed-ily become citizens. It allows, amazingly, some deportees to re-enter the country to join their spouses and young children.

The Border Security, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 will not win prizes for brevity or eloquence. But it exists; it is a starting point, something to be nurtured and improved. It will be judged by how it unlocks the potential of the immigration system, choked by inefficiency and illegality. Time to start repairs.

A dozen years after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, an independent, nonpartisan panel’s examination of the interrogation and detention programs carried out in their after-math by the Bush administration may seem to be musty old business. But the sweeping re-port issued on Tuesday by an 11-member task force convened by the Constitution Project, a legal research and advocacy group, provides a valuable, even necessary reckoning.

The work of the task force is informed by in-terviews with dozens of former American and foreign officials, as well as former prisoners.

It is the fullest independent effort so far to assess the treatment of detainees at Guan-tánamo Bay, in Afghanistan and Iraq, and at the C.I.A.’s secret prisons. Those who sanc-tioned the use of brutal methods will continue to defend their use. But the report’s conclusion that “the United States engaged in the practice of torture” is impossible to dismiss.

Reaching a stronger national consensus on the issue of torture is crucial because, as the re-port says, “as long as the debate continues, so too does the possibility that the United States could again engage in torture.”

Brutality is not uncommon in warfare. But, as the panel notes, there never was before “the

kind of considered and detailed discussions that occurred after 9/11 directly involving a president and his top advisers on the wisdom, propriety and legality of inflicting pain and tor-ment on some detainees in our custody.”

The panel further details the ethical lapses of government lawyers in the Bush years who served up “acrobatic” advice to justify brutal interrogations, and of medical professionals who helped oversee them. It is also rightly critical of the Obama administration’s use of expansive claims of secrecy to keep the details of rendition and torture from becoming public and to block victims’ lawsuits.

The report’s appearance is a reminder of the lost opportunity for a full accounting in 2009 when President Obama chose not to sup-port a national commission to investigate the post-9/11 detention and interrogation pro-grams. But identifying past mistakes so they can be avoided is central to looking forward. The portrait of what happened is still incom-plete. For starters, a separate 6,000-page re-port by the Senate Intelligence Committee, based on C.I.A. records, has yet to be declas-sified and made public. The next step should be its release.

There is no excuse for further delay.

Looking at scenes of the Boston sidewalk a few hours after Monday’s bombing — torn clothing, bloodstains, shards of glass — I found my mind going back to a similar sidewalk in Tel Aviv in September 2003. A Hamas suicide bomber had blown himself up at a bus stop out-side the Tsrifin army base, and by coincidence I was nearby and got there to witness the im-mediate aftermath. As I wrote then, parts of the bomber were still on the street, including his hairy leg. But what I remember most was something the police spokesman said to me: “We will have this whole area cleaned up in two hours. By morning, the bus stop will be re-paired. You will never know this happened.”

We still do not know who set off the Boston Marathon bombs or why. But we do know now, after 9/11, what the right reaction is: wash the sidewalk, wipe away the blood, and let whoev-er did it know that while they have sickeningly maimed and killed some of our brothers and sisters, they have left no trace on our society or way of life.

So let’s return life to normal there as fast as possible. Let’s defy the terrorists, by not allow-ing them to leave even the smallest scar on our streets, and honor the dead by sanctifying our values, by affirming life and all those things that make us stronger and bring us closer to-gether as a country.

And while we are at it, let’s schedule another Boston Marathon as soon as possible. Cave dwelling is for terrorists. Americans? We run in the open on our streets with abandon and never fear, eyes always on the prize, never on all those “suspicious” bundles on the curb. In today’s world, sometimes we pay for that quintessentially American naïveté, but the benefits — living in an open society — always outweigh the costs.

Trust is built into every aspect, every build-ing, every interaction and every marathon in our open society. Terrorists can steal it for a moment or even a while, but we dare not let them fundamentally erode it. When you watch the video of the bombing aftermath, notice how many people you see running toward the blast to help, even though more bombs easily could have been set to explode there.

Fortunately, we don’t frighten easily any-more. You could feel it in the country on Tues-day morning. We’ve been through 9/11. We probably overreacted then, but never again. We tracked down Osama bin Laden with police and intelligence work, and we’ll do the same in this case. But meanwhile, even in this age of terrorism, let’s keep heeding the advice of an advertisement that you could see hanging in a Boylston Street window in a picture taken af-ter the blast. The picture showed a marathoner sifting through unclaimed runners’ bags left behind after the explosion. Behind him, in the window, the ad poster says: “Your home should be a place to rest easy.”

Only we can take that away from ourselves — not some terrorist with one despicable spasm of madness.

e d i t o r i a l s o f t h e t i m e s

An Immigration Blueprint

Indisputable Torture

tHoMaS l. FrIEDMan

Bring on Next Marathon

oPInIon Wednesday, april 17, 2013 8

PORTLAND, Ore. — The Uni-versity of Oregon has acknowl-edged major N.C.A.A. violations in connection with football recruit-ing and proposed a self-imposed two-year probation with the loss of one scholarship in each of the next three years, according to doc-uments released by the school.

The revelations were made in a summary disposition report in-cluded in the documents released Monday. The contents were first reported by KATU television in Portland.

Oregon and the N.C.A.A. have failed to come to an agreement on the matter and the case is ex-pected to go before the infractions committee at some point this year. The N.C.A.A. began looking into possible violations following reports about payments Oregon

made to recruiting services, in-cluding a $25,000 payment to Willie Lyles and Houston-based Complete Scouting Services in 2010. Lyles had a connection with an Oregon recruit.

The university released 515 pages of documents on Monday night in response to public re-cords requests. The documents were heavily redacted and includ-ed several drafts of the summary disposition report.

The report included details of Oregon’s relationship with Lyles. Following allegations of possible violations in 2011, Oregon released information that Lyles had pro-duced but it was largely outdated.

“There were underlying major violations coupled with failure to monitor violations involving the head coach (2009 through

2011) and the athletics depart-ment (2008-2011),” the report said. “While the violations were not intentional in nature, coaches and administrators of a sports program at an N.C.A.A. member institution have an obligation to ensure that the activities being engaged in comply with N.C.A.A. legislation.”

However, the summary disposi-tion also noted no “lack of institu-tional control,” typically one of the most severe charges the N.C.A.A. can bring after an investigation of rules violations.

Chip Kelly was head coach at Oregon for the past four seasons, leading the Ducks to a 46-7 record with appearances in four straight BCS bowl games. He left Oregon to become head coach of the Phila-delphia Eagles. (AP)

Investigators in Boston are still sifting through evidence to deter-mine who set the bombs that killed three people and injured scores more Monday.

But the explosions at the Boston Marathon have already raised a chilling and perhaps unanswer-able question for organizers of other major road races: How to better police events that can in-clude tens of thousands of runners and millions of spectators spread across miles of roads?

The reality is that it is all but impossible to control every cor-ner of a racecourse, especially for marathons in cities like Bos-ton, London and New York which wind through narrow city streets and over bridges that offer places

where bombs can be hidden and snipers can hide.

But the police can secure the most vulnerable parts of a course, including the start and finish lines and grandstands, to ward off would-be attackers, and use searches, bomb-sniffing dogs and other techniques to minimize the risks elsewhere, security experts said. “There’s no way you’re going to 100 percent protect an event like that, but you can come up with countermeasures,” said Michael O’Neil, the president of MSA Security and the command-ing officer of the New York Police Department’s counterterrorism division from 2002 to 2007. “What you’re really trying to do is to cre-ate a hostile environment for them

to carry out an attack.”Race organizers, the police and

security experts will have just days to prepare for their next major challenges, marathons in London and Hamburg, Germany, which will be run Sunday. Frank Thaleiser, who is organizing the race in Germany, said 400 police officers would be on duty.

In London, the police are on alert because of the funeral Wednesday of Margaret Thatcher, the former British prime minister. The mara-thon, which nearly 36,000 runners finished last year — about 12,000 more than in Boston — winds through central London and typi-cally attracts hundreds of thou-sands of spectators.

KEN BELSON

Documents: Oregon Proposed 2-Year ProbationBraves Hit 5 Homers to win 10th Straight

Justin Upton, Jason Heyward and Dan Uggla homered in the eighth inning, and Juan Fran-cisco hit a pair of solo shots earlier in the game to help the Braves win their 10th straight with a 6-3 victory over the Kan-sas City Royals on Tuesday. At-lanta’s 10-game winning streak is its longest since 2000. (AP)

Security Is a Challenge for Sprawling Racecourses

wEatHErHigh/low temperatures for the 21 hours ended at 4 p.m. yesterday, eastern time, and precipitation (in inches) for the 18 hours ended at 1 p.m. yesterday. expected conditions for today and tomorrow.

Weather conditions: C-clouds, F-fog, H-haze, i-ice, pC-partly cloudy, r-rain, s-sun, sh-showers, sn-snow, ss-snow showers, T-thunderstorms, Tr-trace, W-windy.

U.S. CItIES Yesterday Today Tomorrowalbuquerque 79/ 48 0 67/ 26 W 56/ 32 pCatlanta 79/ 60 0 82/ 63 pC 79/ 65 pCBoise 53/ 35 0 53/ 29 pC 61/ 38 pCBoston 64/ 39 Tr 62/ 44 pC 56/ 50 CBuffalo 64/ 60 0.21 56/ 46 pC 74/ 60 TCharlotte 77/ 58 0 81/ 60 pC 80/ 62 pCChicago 57/ 40 0.04 52/ 51 r 68/ 44 rCleveland 68/ 58 0.16 60/ 52 C 78/ 59 Tdallas-Ft. Worth 87/ 71 0 82/ 67 T 70/ 40 Tdenver 39/ 22 0.01 32/ 18 sn 39/ 24 pCdetroit 62/ 50 0.01 54/ 48 T 73/ 59 r

Houston 82/ 72 0 82/ 72 pC 79/ 52 TKansas City 47/ 40 0.05 60/ 47 T 50/ 31 Clos angeles 67/ 50 0 74/ 54 s 80/ 56 sMiami 88/ 74 0 85/ 74 pC 85/ 75 pCMpls.-st. paul 47/ 33 0 38/ 34 r 44/ 31 snnew york City 62/ 47 0 68/ 50 pC 59/ 52 COrlando 87/ 69 0 87/ 66 T 85/ 68 pCphiladelphia 73/ 46 0 70/ 52 pC 67/ 57 Cphoenix 83/ 66 0 75/ 55 s 76/ 57 ssalt lake City 46/ 39 0.01 45/ 28 pC 52/ 39 pCsan Francisco 61/ 45 0 66/ 48 W 68/ 49 sseattle 58/ 39 0.10 57/ 44 C 55/ 48 rst. louis 56/ 47 0.09 79/ 68 T 77/ 42 TWashington 74/ 56 0 76/ 60 T 77/ 62 C

ForEIgn CItIES Yesterday Today Tomorrowacapulco 88/ 71 0 90/ 72 s 89/ 72 sathens 66/ 53 0 65/ 52 s 65/ 51 pCBeijing 70/ 43 0 64/ 45 pC 61/ 37 sBerlin 66/ 50 0 65/ 54 C 77/ 46 pCBuenos aires 66/ 43 0 73/ 54 s 77/ 57 sCairo 73/ 60 0 75/ 57 pC 75/ 58 s

Cape Town 66/ 55 0.16 64/ 54 r 64/ 52 pCdublin 57/ 48 0.02 54/ 43 r 53/ 35 shGeneva 73/ 50 0 74/ 52 s 71/ 50 pCHong Kong 81/ 72 0 81/ 75 C 79/ 75 TKingston 86/ 79 0.04 87/ 74 pC 87/ 76 pClima 74/ 64 0 80/ 62 s 79/ 62 pClondon 63/ 49 0 61/ 46 sh 57/ 39 shMadrid 79/ 48 0 81/ 54 s 81/ 52 pCMexico City 87/ 57 0 88/ 53 s 89/ 54 sMontreal 57/ 46 0.23 54/ 36 s 55/ 54 rMoscow 61/ 36 0 63/ 42 pC 60/ 46 pCnassau 84/ 74 0 82/ 73 s 83/ 74 pCparis 66/ 52 0 66/ 53 pC 61/ 42 pCprague 68/ 46 0 64/ 50 C 74/ 50 pCrio de Janeiro 84/ 69 0 79/ 69 pC 78/ 69 srome 68/ 48 0 72/ 50 pC 72/ 53 ssantiago 81/ 46 0 82/ 48 s 79/ 48 sstockholm 54/ 41 0.50 54/ 39 pC 55/ 39 rsydney 68/ 63 0.21 73/ 57 T 73/ 59 pCTokyo 68/ 52 0 73/ 57 W 72/ 55 pCToronto 59/ 50 0 56/ 42 pC 67/ 52 rVancouver 55/ 39 0 53/ 44 C 51/ 46 rWarsaw 66/ 36 0 63/ 45 sh 70/ 50 pC

In Brief

BaSEBall — a.l.

BaSEBall — n.l.

n.H.l. SCorESMONDAY’S LATE GAMEsan Jose 4, phoenix 0TUESDAYWinnipeg 4, Tampa Bay 3, sOst. louis 2, Vancouver 1, sOislanders 5, Florida 2Washington 5, Toronto 1Ottawa 3, Carolina 2philadelphia 4, rangers 2

n.B.a. SCorESMONDAY’S LATE GAMESphoenix 119, Houston 112Golden state 116, san antonio 106TUESDAYToronto 113, atlanta 96indiana at Boston, Canceled

MONDAY’S LATE GAMEOakland 11, Houston 2TUESDAYyankees 4, arizona 2Boston 7, Cleveland 2Baltimore 5, Tampa Bay 4Chicago White sox 4, Toronto 3atlanta 6, Kansas City 3

MONDAY’S LATE GAMEsan diego 6, l.a. dodgers 3TUESDAYColorado 8, Mets 4, 1st gamest. louis at pittsburgh, ppd., rainatlanta 6, Kansas City 3Miami 8, Washington 2Texas 4, Chicago Cubs 2

SPortS Wednesday, april 17, 2013 9

WASHINGTON — In their fi-nal years before moving to Min-nesota, the Washington Senators struggled to keep fans interested. They were never contenders.

“I wasn’t too big on telling peo-ple, ‘This guy’s now hitting .202,’ ” said the broadcaster, Bob Wolff, now 92. “I’d look for human-in-terest stories all the time to keep people listening to the game.”

Wolff’s curiosity sustained him for 15 years in this city, and many more elsewhere in a professional journey that wound through Mad-ison Square Garden and continues today for News 12 Long Island. His 74-year career is the longest in sports broadcasting history, as certified by Guinness World Re-cords.

And, incredibly, Wolff recorded and retained almost all of it.

“He was an archivist at heart, in the best sense of the word,” said Gene DeAnna, the head of the recorded sound section of the Library of Congress. Wolff has do-nated about 1,400 audio and video recordings, consisting of well more than 1,000 hours, to the Li-brary of Congress, which will hon-or him in a ceremony next week.

Much of the material, DeAnna said, comes from an era when broadcasts were erased or not recorded at all. Wolff called some of the most memorable sports mo-ments of the last century, includ-ing Don Larsen’s perfect game

in the 1956 World Series. But the jewels of the collection are his in-terviews.

The subjects in Wolff’s trove range from Babe Ruth and Connie Mack to Derek Jeter and Alex Ro-driguez, plus Vince Lombardi, Joe Louis and Jim Thorpe. He was a pioneer in the creation of pre- and postgame shows, which he syndi-cated for local broadcasts.

“In the early days, the people doing interviews, for the most part, were former athletes,” Wolff said. “They were people who had spent their time answering ques-tions because they were stars, and had never asked a question in their lives.”

Wolff wanted to be a baseball

star, but broke his ankle in a run-down play as a freshman at Duke. He turned to broadcasting for WDNC in Durham, N.C., in 1939, and soon found a winning formula for his interviews: start with an offbeat, relaxing question; move to something newsworthy; finish with a question that focuses on a source of pride for the subject.

The prize of the collection might be Wolff’s interview with Ty Cobb, conducted, he says on the record-ing, in Cobb’s room at the Statler Hotel in Washington.

Wolff flatters Cobb, calling him the game’s greatest player, but al-so asserts that Cobb was “a pretty mean man on the bases.”

As much as he hears about his aggressive style, Cobb grumbles, plenty of fielders spiked his ankles and knees by jumping for throws and landing on him.

Wolff hangs in, like a fearless second baseman with Cobb bar-reling down. “And you played up to the rules all the time, I’m sure of that,” Wolff says.

At this point, Cobb lets up.“Well,” he concedes, after a

pause, “a lot of the times.”Wolff has stood his ground, ap-

plying the metaphorical tag to the great Cobb. The audience is surely entertained, and after a while, Cobb even seems to enjoy himself. The interview is saved, for decades and decades, and now, for posterity. TYLER KEPNER

Broadcaster’s Trove Is Calling All Ears

An American Cycles Past a Taboo in AfghanistanIn November, Shannon Gal-

pin was riding her single-speed mountain bike through the hills outside Kabul. It was her 11th visit to Afghanistan, and she had grown accustomed to the sight of camel caravans, abandoned So-viet tanks and soldiers sweeping the desert for land mines.

One thing she had not seen was another woman on a bicycle. But one afternoon a barista at a local cafe told Galpin that not only were Afghan women riding bikes, but that they had formed their own national cycling team. Dressed in long pants and full sleeves, with headscarves tucked beneath their helmets, they practiced on the highways before dawn on dated road bikes, accompanied by the coach of the men’s cycling team.

“I couldn’t believe it,” said Gal-pin, a 38-year-old from Brecken-ridge, Colo. “I’d been in the most

liberal areas of the country, and I’d never even seen a little girl on a bike, let alone a grown woman.”

For women in Afghanistan, riding a bicycle is taboo. In the hierarchy of cultural offenses committed by women, it ranks somewhere between driving a car and so-called moral crimes, which includes running away from home or being spotted in the company

of a man who is not a rela-tive.

Galpin, who claims to be the first woman to have

ridden a mountain bike through the Afghan countryside, once pedaled across the Panjshir Val-ley, a distance of 140 miles and 4,000 vertical feet of rough terrain. Having also founded the nonprofit organization Mountain2Mountain in 2006 to aid women in conflict zones, she decided to do some-thing for Afghanistan’s cyclists.

On Wednesday, Galpin plans to

return to Afghanistan to distribute more than 40 duffel bags worth of cycling gear to the men and wom-en’s national cycling teams. The items include bicycle tools, seats, shoes and about 200 jerseys.

To document the event, Gal-pin is taking five other women: a photographer, a writer, a social media manager and two filmmak-ers, who plan to make a short film about the women’s team titled “Af-ghan Cycles.”

Despite having received death threats, many of the female cy-clists are eager to speak publicly about the team, Galpin said.

“They’re no different than women in Afghanistan who risk their lives to attend school or run for Parliament,” she said. “They know the only way to challenge and break the taboo is for other women to see them riding bikes.”

JED LIPINSKI

courTEsy BoB wolff

The subjects in Bob wolff’s trove given to the library of congress include Babe ruth.

JusTiN EdmoNds for ThE NEw york TimEs

shannon galpin, preparing to take gear to afghanistan, at her home in Breckenridge, colo., which she said looked like an episode of “hoarders.”

DENVER — The simple sight of dirt and grass here Tuesday was, at least by baseball standards, a fairly extraordinary thing.

An overnight snowstorm brought around a foot of snow to Denver, and as few as five hours before Juan Nicasio of the Colo-rado Rockies threw the first pitch, there was barely a speck of green perceptible around Coors Field.

Unlike some sports, baseball is expected to be played on an im-maculate surface. Thanks to the shoveling efforts of several dozen members of the Rockies’ grounds crew and office staff, a team own-er, the other team’s general man-ager and a costumed mascot, the two teams were able to play a dou-bleheader Tuesday, free of snow if not frigid temperatures.

In the opener, the Mets’ first game since Saturday, they lost, 8-4, failing to capitalize on David Wright’s 19th multiple-home-run game. Then they retreated to their clubhouse, hoping to warm up be-fore Game 2.

“We don’t want to have to fly back here for a doubleheader or anything else, so we want to get the games in,” Manager Terry Col-lins said. “But I could tell, the two days off really hurt us today.”

He added of the cold: “It’s tough to move. It’s tough to get that first step.” ANDREW KEH

Snow Shovels Come Before Bats

SPortS Wednesday, april 17, 2013 10