Water Project It

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CJHSS CHEMNADKASARAGOD

PROJECT REPORTIT FAIR 2011-12

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IS OUR DRINKINGWATER PURE?

SUB THEMESTATUS OF WATER QUALTY

ANDIT'S IMPACT ON HEALTH

TOPICDETERMINATION OF QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER IN

WARD-I, CHEMNAD GRAMA PANCHAYATH

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GROUP LEADERKHADEEJATH LULU THAHSEEN

MEMBERS

NAFEESATHUL RASEENA M AABDUL NAFIH K C

ABDUL JALEELABDUL KHADER RAFAZ L A

TEACHER GUIDEBINDU M

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DECLARATION

The method of data collection,analysis and findings are clearly authenticand is done by ourself without any partiality.

Name:

Signature

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CERTIFICATE

I certified that Khadeejath Lulu Thahaseen and team of my school hascarried out this project under my guidance and has completed it with self reliancewithin the time assigned. And their finding are clearly authentic and done byhimself without any partiality.

Headmaster

CJHSS Chemnad

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ABSTRACTOur project is based on status of water quality and its impact on health.

Each citizen have the right to get pure drinking water. Also, it is his

responsibility to maintain every water sources clean and hygienic.

Our school situates in ward 1 Chemnad Grama Panchayath, KasaragodDistrict, which is on the bank of the river Chandragiri. Most of the houses inthis ward are closely situated. Hence all water sources and lateral tanks areclosely situated. This is beyond the distance limit recommended by thegovernment. During rainy season, when water level in the river increases, thewater flows into houses and toilets. Several wastes are seen flowing throughChandragiri river. Diarrhoea, Cholera, Skin diseases .etc are noticed. Hence wedecided to do these kind of project.

We determine the quality of drinking water in ward 1 of Chemnad GramaPanchayath of Kasaragod district. For that we have to conduct a survey tounderstand about the water sources and its quality. Through this survey, we canfind healthiness of people and the water born diseases through survey. From thedata analysis, we found the houses suffering from water born diseases. Wecollected water samples from 8 house for water cultural test.

Our project members went to the water authority and observed variousexperiments for detecting various parameters present in water. And conducted

an interview with the assistant engineer of Water authority, quality control labsection, Kasaragod. We clarify our doubts and he gave suitable suggestion tomaintain drinking water good status. Such as to add Calcium hydroxide,bleaching powder .etc

We detected, low pH value and presence of coliform bacteria in the watersamples. Most of samples contain high amount of solids, that is,it is hard water.

We conducted a seminar in science fair and school P.T.A. meeting toexpress the need of usage of pure water and its availability. With the help of thisproject, we are able to aware the people about the quality of their drinking water

and gave necessary instructions about how to remove impurities and bacteriasfrom drinking water. Moreover, to increase the pH value of drinking water up todesirable limit of drinking water.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl.No NAME Page No.

1 Introduction 8

2 Aims and Objectives 9

3 Methodology 10

4 Experiments and Analysis of samples 12

5 Work plan in water Parameter testing 13

6 Test conductivity at Quality Control lab Kasaragod water

authority

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7 Experiments for detecting quality of water 17

8 Interview 19

9 Data consolidation 21

10 Table 1 23

11 Table 2 24

12 Table 3 25

13 Table 4 26

14 Table 5 27

15 Data Analysis 28

16 Conclusion 29

17 Problems and its abatements 30

18 Follow up activities 31

19 Acknowledgement 32

20 Reference 33

21 Appendix 34

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INTRODUCTON

Each citizen have the right to get pure drinking water. Also, it is hisresponsibility to maintain every water source clean and hygienic. However,access to good quality drinking water and at the right place and time is still adream.

NEED STATEMENT

People living in cities and municipalities do get potable water supplied byMunicipal authorities, but its availability is often a question. In rural areas,people face the burden of collecting water from various sources like open well,rivers, ponds, lakes, springs, tube wells etc.

The quality of these various water sources is often threatened fromAgricultural run-off and industrial wastes. At the household purpose several

chemicals like soap, detergent, shampoo, chemical fertilizers, insecticideswhich contribute to water pollution. Bacteria originates from faecal matter andpolluted streams and under ground water may cause serious health threat tohumans.

HYPOTHESIS

Our school situate in ward 1 of Chemnad Grama Panchayath, which is onthe bank of the river Chandragiri. Most of the house in this ward are closelysituated. Hence all water source and lateral tank are closely situated. This isbeyond the distance limit recommended by Government. During rainy season,

when water level in river increases, water flows into houses and toilets. Severalwastes are seen flowing through Chandragiri. Diarrhoea, skin diseases etc arenoticed. Hence we decided to do these kind of project.

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AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To collect the information about the various water born diseases affectingthe people and to know about the water sources, type of lateral tank anddistance between water sources and lateral tank.

Test the quality of water used specially for drinking purposes.

To identify ourselves, various method of purification of drinking water.

To aware the public about the importance of standard quality drinkingwater and maintenance of well.

To inform the public, the various method of purification of drinkingwater.

To inform the public about the various water-born diseases and themethod of preventing it.

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METHODOLOGY

1. Area

Ward 1 of Chemnad Grama Panchayath, Kasaragod district which is onthe bank of Chandragiri river.

2. Duration

We have formed science club on June 30th.Then we have started ourproject on July 15th, Friday. We have completed our project on August

15th, Monday. After data consolidation, we visited water authority on27th September, Tuesday.

We collected water samples for cultural test. We got the result on 15 thOctober. We informed the householders on 21st October, Friday.

3. Questionaire

This consist questions regarding the diseases caused by the people,

type of water source and lateral tank, distance between lateral tank andwater sources etc.

4. Data consolidation and Analysis based on survey

Data consolidation and analysis based on survey. Data consolidationconsist of three categories. First category, includes houses, second,hotels and third include schools.

5. Visit to quality control lab

Visited to quality control lab and observed different experiments fordetecting the presence of bacteria, solids, dissolved oxygen etc.

6. Interview

Interview with assistant engineer of quality control officer ofKasaragod water authority.

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7. Testing of selected water samples

Water cultural test

Physical parameter

pH value

Total Solids

Toxic materials

Testing microbiological

Dissolved oxygen

8. Analysis of result of water cultural test

9. Seminar

As a part of follow up activities, we informed to the public about thewater-born diseases, importance of keeping the well clean, variousmethod of maintaing the drinking water good quality.

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EXPERIMENTS AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES

a) Physical parameters- colour, odour, turbidity, suspended solids,temperature etc.

b) Acidity or Alkalinity- using pH paper recorded in tubular form.

c) Total solids- suspended solids, dissolved solids.

d) Deleting toxic materials- dissolving gases.

e) Testing microbiological- presence of E-coli.

f) To detect the dissolved oxygen.

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WORK PLAN IN WATER PARAMETERSTESTING

Collect water samples from polluted part of a water source and from anunpolluted part of the same and examine the following parameters:

1. Colour:

Observe the colour of water sample in a transparent container against awhite background. Potable water should be colourless. Normally riverwater looks pale greenish blue.

2. Odour:

Find out whether the water sample has any odour specially similar tocooking gas or rotten eggs. Potable water should be odourless.

3. Turbidity:

The water should be observed against white background to see whether itis clean or not.

4. Presence of suspended solids:

Filter the water sample through double layers of a clean white muslincloth to check for any suspended particles.

5. Presence of dissolved solids:

Evaporate the water sample (that has been filtered) to check for anyresidue.

6. pH (Hydrogen ion concentration):

With universal pH paper find out the nature to water sample. The potable

water should be natural in nature .

7. Presence of dissolved gases:

Warm the water up to 70 degree celcious in a clean transparent container

and observe the air bubble formation.

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8. Temperature:

Measure the temperature of water body with sample thermometer.

9. Plankton:

Plankton net can be build very easily. It is a meshed net attained to aframe and having a test tube at its apex. When you move it through waterand lift it out, the water escapes through the mesh, but small life farm willbe trapped in the test tube along with small amount of water.

10. Hardness:

If proper form comes with the soap application, then the water is cold assoft water, if not, it is hard water. We can quantify the hardness by EDTA

method.11. Chloride:

The water with more of Chloride is salty in taste but the same is notharmful till level is very high. Qualification can be done by its titrationwith Silver Nitrate.

12. Dissolved Oxygen (DO):

Through the Sodium azide method we can measure the amount of

dissolved Oxygen in the water sample and keep another sample at 20degree celcious for 5 days and then again find out the DO. The differencewould really out of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD).

13. Micro organism:

Studying the water sample with the microscope, we can recognise theMicro organisms, with the help of appropriate reference.

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DISSOLVED OXYGEN

Living organisms need oxygen to maintain their metabolic process.Dissolved Oxygen is also important in precipitation and dissolution ofinorganic's substance in water. The solubility of oxygen in water depends up onits temperature. Analysis DO is key test in sanitary engineering practice. Thefollowing illustrations reveal importance of DO as a parameter. DO can bedetected by using the BOD method and COD method.

BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of O2required by micro organisms. While stabilising biologically decomposable.Organic matter in a waste under aerobic conditions. The BOD test is widelyused to determine

1. The pollution load of waste waters

2. The degree of pollution in lakes and streams at any time and their self-purification capacity.

3. Efficiency of waste water treatment methods.

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMNAD (COD)

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test determines the oxygen requiredfor chemical oxidation of organic matter with the help of strong chemicaloxidant. The test can be employed for the same purposes as the BOD test after

taking into account its limitations.

The intrinsic limitation of the test lies in its inability to differentiate

between the biological oxidizable and biological inert material.

COD determination has advantages over BOD determination in that theresult can be obtained is about 5 hours. The test is relatively easy, givesreproducible result and is not affected by interference as in the BOD test.

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TEST CONDUCTIVITY AT QUALITY CONTROLELAB, KASARAGOD WATER AUTHORITY

Physical Test

Characteristics Acceptability Cause for rejection

Colour 5 25

Turbidity 5 10

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 8.5

Electric conductivity

Chemical Test


Acidity -

Alkanity 200 600

Total hardness 300 600

Chloride 250 1000

Iron 0.3 1

Nitrate 45 100

Sulphate 200 400

Calcium 75 200

Fluoride 1 1.5

Magnesium 30 150

Bacteriological Test


Coliform Nil -

E.coli - -

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EXPERIMENTS FOR DETECTING QUALITY OFWATER

The different stages of experiment done in Quality Control Lab ofKasaragod Water Authority.

1. Acidity or Alkalinity Volumetric analysis

Phenolphthalein is added to the sample water and it is titrated by usingNaoH.

Titration is stopped when sample get pink colour.

2. pH pH meter

Rinse the tip of pH metre by using distilled water and dip it into thesample water.

We can see the reading, when it is switched on.

3. Conductivity Conductivity metre

Conductivity of distilled water is 28.8. Conductivity of ordinary water isabove this.

4. Turbidity Nelphlometer

Turbidity of distilled water is zero. Turbidity of ordinary water can beseen 5-9.

5. Fluoride, Iron Visible spectrometer

Fluoride 25 ml sample is mixed in the reagent (span silconol acid) andkept in the spectrometer. Colour of distilled water and sample water iscompared. Colour change can be up to 1-1.4 (according to colour chart).

Iron comparing the colour of distilled water and sample water with thehelp of UV spectrometer.

If Iron is present, there will Orange Yellow colour.

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6. COD

Compare the oxygen level in distilled water and that of sample water.Boil Potassium Tricormate and sample water in condensation instrumenfor 2 hour and then cool it. Then add Ferroine to this solution, and dotitration. Based on the Oxygen level the orange colour will increase.

7. Coliform

Take 10ml sample water in sterilized bottle and add 10ml. MacconkeyBroth to this. Here we use an instrument called Autoclaft for

sterilization. Keep this mixture in incubator. A colour change is seen in24-48 hours. If the solution having yellowish red colour and form oversits surface, then the presence of bacteria is high.

8. E. Coliform

Take 10ml sample water in sterilized bottle and add 10ml. Peptone andbroth into it and keep it in an incubator. After 24 hours, if e-coli ispresent in an solution, then e-coli will create red-rings in the solution.

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INTERVIEW

Interview with the Scientist Quality Control Section Water AuthorityKasaragod

Which experiment is used to find out the presence of petroleumcomponent in water ?

If petroleum components is present in the water, if it is Kerosene, we can

detect it by its odour. Also some poisonous substance like Mercury-presence of mercury should not exceed .00001mgl in water.

How can we dissolve Potassium Permanganate in water ?

Potassium Permanganate should not dissolve in drinking water becausethis water is not suitable for drinking.

How can dissolve Chlorine water?

We can dissolve Chlorine from 2ppm 1ppm in drinking water. WhenChlorine is dissolved up to 1ppm, there will be yellow colour, if it is morethan this, there will be red colour.

Where is water purified by Ozonisation?

Ozonisation is very expensive method. So this method is adopted only bydeveloped countries.

How much quantity of Bleaching powder is dissolved in water?

The amount of Bleaching powder should be 250kg/10lakh litre

If the water is purified by this method, how long it can remain pure?

Water will be pure up to 24 hours 32hours.

If the usage of Bleaching powder is harmful for health?

If the amount of Bleaching powder is above 1ppm, it is harmful. Thisaffects internal organs mainly small intestine, food pipe etc.

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What can we do to remove smell of Bleaching powder?

Keep the water dissolved bleaching powder open.

Sometimes we can see yellow colour in the surface of water in the openwell. What is the reason for this? What is the remedy?

If there is high amount of iron and algae in water. There will be yellowcolour. So cover the well after removing the Algae.

Which are the metals and substance, which should not present in thedrinking water?

Metals like Cadmium, Zinc, Mercury etc. and Petroleum components likeKerosene.

We can dissolve bleaching powder directly into water in open well only.What is the reason?

Because the poisonous gas, Trichloro methane is forming.

Why it is said that, the foot value of motor should not dip into bottom ofwell?

Foot valve should not touch the soil at the bottom of well. Foot valveshould be kept above 1 feet from bottom. Otherwise, it will carry Bacteriaand other dust particles from the soil to the tank.

Why it is said that to use low power motor?

Otherwise, it will suck out the water from well and also other water

sources or from toilet tank near the well.

Why it said that the well near the river bank and seashore should not be so

deep?

When the depth is doubled than the water level, it is mixing with saltwater. That is why, it is says so.

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DATA CONSOLIDATIONBy consolidating data's obtained through surveying in ward 1 of

Chemnad Grama Panchayath, we determined the consumption of water andhealth condition of peoples in this area. We divided this data consolidation intothree categories A) Houses, B) Hotels, C) Schools.

A) Houses

We conducted survey on 90 houses. Through this, we found out, thewater born diseases affecting in this area. Most of peoples were affecting Enterviral infection. We found out that, skin diseases were affected in 6 houses, 35houses, suffered from Enter viral infection and a person suffering from

Typhoid.

Most of the houses, around 81 houses are consuming water from openwell in their houses. 23 houses among these are using well water and also PHDwater line. Only 8 householders are using filtered drinking water. Most of themare unknown about the purity of drinking water and water used for cookingpurpose.

Among these, 41 houses the distance between the lateral tank and theopen well are below the distance recommended by the department (8M). And

also 37 houses using lateral tank, just a pit only.

Most of the water tank were made up of plastic as well as cement. 82house holders use cement water tank and 63 householders use water tank madeup of plastic. Among these 20 house holders are depending on both. 75householders refills the water tank daily and 24 householders refills the watertank only after finishing the tank after 3 days.

B) Hotels

There are 5 hotels and 2 Kudumbashree hotels in ward 1 of ChemnadGrama Panchayath. Most of people are using well water for drinking andworking purposes. Hotels on the river bank are using river water for washingutensils. In each hotels at least 150 people come there to eat food.

For drinking purposes, they are giving hot water, although they are notgiving boiled water.

The lateral tank are constructed 6m away from the water sources. Noneof the diseases were reported as per hotel owners.

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C) Schools

There are 1 Higher Secondary School, 2 Upper Primary School and 1

Anganvadi in ward 1 of Chemnad Grama Panchayath. Among this, there are1865 students, 100 teaching and non teaching staff present in HigherSecondary School. They are using well water for drinking and other purpose.All these institution use 3 pit lateral tank. They clean the water sources once ina month. Hence, water born diseases are not seen in these water sources.Filtered water is provided for drinking purpose in these institutions.

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DATA ANALYSIS

Findings from survey1. There are 81 householders depending upon open well and 23

householders depending upon open well and PHD water line.

2. Enter viral infection is affected in 25 houses and skin diseases in 6 houses

3. In 41 houses, the distance between lateral tank and open well is below 8mand 37 householders depend on lateral tank with 1 pit.

4. In hotels, the water for drinking purpose is only collected from well.

They use river water for other purpose.

5. In hotels, the distance between lateral tank and water source is below 6m.

6. In school filtered water and in Anganvadi boiled water is using fordrinking.

7. In schools, lateral tank is constructed 8m away from open well and theyare of 3 pits.

Findings from water cultural test

1. pH value is between 6.5-8.5 in 5 of the samples collected and 3 watersamples have low pH.

2. We found the 4 water samples with turbidity.

3. The amount of dissolved solids is not above the desirable limit but it is inthe range of desirable limit in all samples.

4. The amount of dissolved solids like Calcium, Iron, Magnesium is in therange of desirable limit.

5. There is the presence of coliform bacteria in all samples we selected.

6. E. coliform bacteria is not present in all samples.

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CONCLUSION

ASSUMPTIONS

(1) Majority of peoples in ward 1 of Chemnad Grama Panchayathdepends upon good quality drinking water.

(2) Most of peoples are unaware about the parameters of water like pH,

Hardness, presence of bacteria in water. Even though they use boiledwater for drinking purpose.

(3) They are living near river bank, but they are not using river water forhousehold purpose. Therefore water born diseases are restricted to alimit.

(4) Many peoples are unaware about the importance of lateral tank with 2pits or 3 pits. But the influence of new culture made peoples toconstruct lateral tanks with 2 pits or 3 pits.

We determined the quality of drinking water consumed in ward 1 ofChemnad Grama Panchayath through this project. It is the right of all citizensto get good quality drinking water and it is our duty to maintain water sourceclean.

By conducting survey, we understand about water sources and itsquality. We find the good health of people using pure water and found some ofwater born discuses in people.

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PROBLEMS AND IT'S ABATEMENTS

PROBLEMS (OUR FINDINGS)

The distance between lateral tanks and water source are closely situated,this is beyond the limit recommended by the government.

The people are unaware about the importance of 3 pits lateral tank.

They usually use hot water and open well water directly.

In this area, commonly hard water has been found.

Peoples are unaware about the methods of removing hardness from water.

The presence of coliform bacteria in the drinking water.

Less pH value in drinking water.

SOLUTIONS (OUR SUGGESSTIONS)

Keep the distance between the lateral tank and water source asrecommended by the government. That is, greater than 6m.

Construct 3 pits septic tank.

Drink boiled water and Chlorinated water only.

For removing hardness, boil the water before each purpose. Moreover,use sock pit for the waste water and construct it far from the well.

Use periodically, Bleaching powder to destruct the germs like coliformand e. coliform from the open well or water tank.

Occasionally, use slaked lime to maintain the pH of drinking water.

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FOLLOW UP ACTIVITIES

Conducted a seminar in school science fair and school P.T.A. to express

the need of usage of pure water and the methods for maintaining its purity.

Aware the villagers by going to their houses about the method ofpurifying the open well and the need of covering the well by net.

Aware the head of the institution to the importance of filtered water.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

We express our hearty thanks to our teacher guide, Smt..Bindu.M. We also

express our thanks to Assistant Engineer of Quality Control Lab of Kasaragodwater Authority for co-operating with us. We are grateful to our Headmaster, Sri..Rajeevan.K.O., for supporting us and providing us necessary facilities for doingour project. We also express our gratitude to householders of ward 1 of ChemnadGrama Panchayath giving us true information to complete our project. We alsoexpress our thanks to all our friends who helped us in all sphere of project.

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REFERENCE

National Children's Science Congress 2004 and 2005 Kerala State levelprogrammes -

ACTIVITY GUIDEState co-ordinator The Jawahar Bhalabhavan kollam

http/www.google.com

http/en.wikepedia.org/wiki/water-testing

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APPENDIX

Questionaire

Movies

Posters

Photos

Survey form

Report on analysis of water

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Water Project It

Documents

Transcript of Water Project It