WATER AUDIT DATA COLLECTION AND VALIDATION USING THE AWWA FREE WATER AUDIT SOFTWARE© GEORGE KUNKEL,...

WATER AUDIT DATA COLLECTION AND

VALIDATION USING THE AWWA FREE WATER AUDIT

SOFTWARE©

GEORGE KUNKEL, P.E. WATER EFFICIENCY PROGRAM MANAGER

PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENT

11/29/2012

Compiling the Annual IWA/AWWA Water Audit

Focus of this Section The AWWA Free Water Audit Software©

Data collection Data gradings

Data Validation AWWA Compiler Software© AWWA North American Validated Dataset

Regions requiring water audit data collection for large numbers of water utilities

California Urban Water Conservation Council – as part of Best Management Practice 1.0 for Utility Operations Programs, section 1.2 Water Loss Control

Texas: Texas Water Development Board (2005) TWDB-specific form; similar to AWWA Free Water Audit Software©

Georgia: Under the Water Stewardship Act (2012); initial data is being analyzed

Delaware River Basin Commission: launching in 2013 These efforts offer a frame of reference and opportunity for

learning further about the water audit data collection process

IWA/AWWA Water Audit Method: Water Balance

WaterImported

OwnSources

TotalSystemInput

( allowfor

knownerrors )

TotalSystemInput

(allowfor

knownerrors)

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterSupplied

WaterExported

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

WaterLosses

AuthorizedConsumption

RealLosses

ApparentLosses

UnbilledAuthorized

Consumption

BilledAuthorized

Consumption

Non-Revenue

Water

RevenueWater

Leakage & Overflows at Storage

Billed Unmetered Consumption

Billed Metered Consumption

Billed Water Exported

Leakage on Service Lines

Leakage on Mains

Customer Metering Inaccuracies

Unauthorized Consumption

Unbilled Unmetered Consumption

Unbilled Metered Consumption

Systematic Data Handling Error

Best Practice Tools for Water Loss Control

AWWA M36 Publication Water Audits and Loss Control Programs

(2009), 3rd Edition features the IWA/AWWA Water Audit Methodology

AWWA Water Loss Control Committee’s Free Water Audit Software© Current version is 4.2 in English and

French languages Includes data grading capability Companion “Compiler” Software

Water Research Foundation Reports Project 4372: Leakage Component

Analysis is currently being executed Textbooks www.awwa.com - type “water

loss control” in search box; select first item in list

Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water DepartmentReporting Year:

ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES

WATER SUPPLIEDVolume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year

Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year

Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year

Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.

WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .

Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year

Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year

Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year

Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year

.

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WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.

Apparent Losses .

Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year

Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year

Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year

Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year

Real Losses .

Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.

WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..

NON_REVENUE WATER .

NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year

.

SYSTEM DATA ..

Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main

Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft

.

Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi

.

COST DATA ..

Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)

DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:

- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:

12 as measured values 6 as estimated values 0 without specifying measured or estimated

- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured

- Cost Data: No problems identified

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%

Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518

Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768

Operational Efficiency Indicators

Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day

Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day

Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day

12.17

* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated

AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:

2004

under-registered

$/1000 gallons (US)

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Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.

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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property

Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.

Reporting WorksheetWater Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department

Reporting Year:

All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR

WATER SUPPLIED

Volume from own sources: 7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)

Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300Water imported: n/a MG/Yr

Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr

WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr.

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 7 57,242.400 MG/Yr

Billed unmetered: n/a MG/Yr

Unbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 58,006.600 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr

Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:

Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%

Customer metering inaccuracies: 8 190.300 MG/Yr

Systematic data handling errors: 5 4,674.400 MG/Yr

Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr

Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr

= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered

2,086.300

764.200

AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet

2008

over-registered

7/2007 - 6/2008

<< Enter grading in column 'E'

MG/Yr

190.300

Choose this option to enter a percentage of

billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value

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Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades

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Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied

ORvalue

?Click here: for help using option buttons below

WAS v4.0

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SYSTEM DATA

Length of mains: 9 3,137.0 miles

Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 547,932Connection density: 175 conn./mile main

Average length of customer service line: 7 12.0 ft

Average operating pressure: 10 55.0 psi

COST DATA

Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $219,182,339 $/Year

Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $4.97Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 9 $215.50 $/Million gallons


Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 32.4%Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 17.8%

Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $34,546,470Annual cost of Real Losses: $4,245,264


Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 34.76 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per service connection per day*: 98.50 gallons/connection/day

Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A

Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 1.79 gallons/connection/day/psi

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 2,178.15 million gallons/year

9.04


WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:

PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:

1: Volume from own sources

2: Billed metered

3: Systematic data handling errors

$/1000 gallons (US)

A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score

Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:

*** YOUR SCORE IS: 82 out of 100 ***


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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property boundary)

For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet

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Data Grading

Criteria for “Volume

from own Sources”

Grading “Volume from own Sources” quantity

WATER SUPPLIED << Enter grading in column 'E'

Volume from own sources:

7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)

Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 10 2,779.300 over-registered

Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr


WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr

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8

Data Grading

Criteria for

“Master Meter

Error

Adjustment”

Grading “Master Meter Error Adjustment” quantity

WATER SUPPLIED << Enter grading in column 'E'

Volume from own sources:

7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)

Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 10 2,779.300 over-registered

Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr


WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr

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n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Volume from ow n sources:

Select this grading only if the w ater

utility purchases/imports all

of its w ater resources (i.e. has no sources of its

ow n)

Less than 25% of w ater production

sources are metered, remaining sources are estimated. No

regular meter accuracy testing.

25% - 50% of w ater production sources are metered; other sources estimated. No regular meter accuracy testing.

Conditions betw een 2 and 4

50% - 75% of w ater production sources are metered, other sources estimated. Occasional meter accuracy testing


At least 75% of w ater production

sources are metered, or at least 90% of the

source f low is derived from metered

sources. Meter accuracy testing and/or electronic

calibration conducted annually. Less than

25% of tested meters are found outside of

+/- 6% accuracy.


100% of w ater supply sources are

metered, meter accuracy testing and electronic calibration conducted annually,

less than 10% of meters are found outside of +/- 6%

accuracy


100% of w ater production sources are metered, meter

accuracy testing and electronic calibration

conducted semi-annually, w ith less

than 10% found outside of +/- 3%

accuracy.

Improvements to attain higher data

grading for "Volume from ow n Sources"

component:

to qualify for 2:Organize efforts to begin to collect data

for determining volume from ow n

sources

to maintain 10:Standardize meter

accuracy test frequency to semi-

annual, or more frequent, for all

meters. Repair or replace meters

outside of +/- 3%

to qualify for 4:Locate all w ater production sources on

maps and in f ield, launch meter accuracy testing for existing meters, begin to install meters on unmetered w ater production

sources and replace any obsolete/defective meters

to qualify for 6:Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all source meters. Complete installation of

meters on unmetered w ater production sources and complete replacement of all

obsolete/defective meters.

to qualify for 8:Conduct annual meter accuracy testing on all meters. Complete project to install new ,

or replace defective existing, meters so that entire production meter population is

metered. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6% accuracy.

to qualify for 10:Maintain annual meter accuracy testing for

all meters. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6% accuracy. Investigate new meter technology; pilot one or more replacements w ith innovative meters in attempt to improve

meter accuracy.

The Grading Matrix – grading data and seeking improved data validity

AWWA Free Water Audit Software© Grading Matrix Guidance on Use of Water Audit Data

Functional Focus Area

Audit Data Collection

Short-term loss control

Long-term loss control

Target-setting

Benchmarking

Identify Best Practices/ Best in class - the ILI is very reliable as a real loss

performance indicator for best in class service

For validity scores of 50 or below, the shaded blocks should not be focus areas until better data validity is achieved.

Preliminary Comparisons - can begin to rely upon the

Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for performance

comparisons for real losses (see below table)

Performance Benchmarking - ILI is

meaningful in comparing real loss standing

Continue incremental improvements in short-term and long-term loss control

interventions

Establish long-term apparent and real loss reduction goals

(+10 year horizon)

Establish mid-range (5 year horizon) apparent and real

loss reduction goals

Evaluate and refine loss control goals on a yearly

basis

Begin to assess long-term needs requiring large

expenditure: customer meter replacement, water main

replacement program, new customer billing system or

Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system.

Begin to assemble economic business case for long-term needs based upon improved

data becoming available through the water audit

process.

Conduct detailed planning, budgeting and launch of

comprehensive improvements for metering,

billing or infrastructure management

Annual water audit is a reliable gauge of year-to-year

water efficiency standing

Research information on leak detection programs. Begin

flowcharting analysis of customer billing system

Conduct loss assessment investigations on a sample

portion of the system: customer meter testing, leak survey,

unauthorized consumption, etc.

Establish ongoing mechanisms for customer

meter accuracy testing, active leakage control and

infrastructure monitoring

Refine, enhance or expand ongoing programs based

upon economic justification

Stay abreast of improvements in metering,

meter reading, billing, leakage management and infrastructure rehabilitation

Launch auditing and loss control team; address production metering

deficiencies

Analyze business process for customer metering and billing

functions and water supply operations. Identify data gaps.

Establish/revise policies and procedures for data collection

Refine data collection practices and establish as routine business process

Water Loss Control Planning GuideWater Audit Data Validity Level / Score

Level I (0-25) Level II (26-50) Level III (51-70) Level IV (71-90) Level V (91-100)

Water Audit – Keys to Reliable Data Collection

Steps to set procedures for reliable water audit data collection

Set reliable inhouse procedures Watch for “flagged” data in the AWWA Free Water Audit Software©

Built-in checks in the software help alert the auditor to data issues

Water audit components to watch: Production Metering – “Volume from Own Sources” and “Water Imported”

quantities Exported water quantity Unbilled authorized consumption Systematic Data Handling Error Length of Private Pipe Annual Cost of Operating the Water System

Be objective in grading all components – refer to the grading matrix criteria

Data Collection – Setting Reliable Inhouse Data Collection Procedures

When launching the auditing process, it is important to bring together the utility staff most familiar with:

Production Metering

Customer Metering

Customer Billing

Distribution System operations & leak

detection

Mapping/Geographical Information

Systems

Hydraulic Modeling (if available)

Strive to have the knowledgeable people participating- the water audit is not an administrative task (Don’t assign water audit data collection to the secretary)

Data Collection Integrity – Avoid Reporting Bad Data

Water Audit Report for: City of Somewhere, USAReporting Year:


WATER SUPPLIED


Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 9 264.950Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr




Billed unmetered: 10 26.9 MG/Yr

Unbilled metered: 9 531.800 MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 8 506.500 MG/Yr 1.25% 24061


Check input values; WATER SUPPLIED should be greater than AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION

WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) -9,666.279 MG/Yr


Unauthorized consumption: 6 5.900 MG/Yr 0.25%



Apparent Losses: 1,386.000

Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: -11,052.279 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: -9,666.279 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: -8,627.979 MG/Yr


72.400



5.900

Check input values; APPARENT LOSSES should be less than WATER LOSSES

506.500


2010

under-registered

1/2010 - 12/2010


MG/Yr

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WAS v4.2Software features “flags” for bad data

It’s impossible for a utility to bill more water than they supply

If this occurs, the software gives a red “flag” to alert the auditor to recheck the data inputs

Unfortunately, some utilities are submitting water audits with such flagged data

Suggestion:The lead person of

the water utility should sign-off on the water audit

when it is submitted to the reporting

agency.

Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”

Several steps exist to reliably quantify the “water supplied”

quantity1. Source water, imported water and

exported water should always be metered

a. Ideally, these meters should be the continuously recording type ideally linked to a Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) System

b. If meters are not linked to a SCADA System, then data should be collected as frequently as possible, at least weekly

c. If meters are not continuously recording type, and are read infrequently, plan to upgrade the metering installation as soon as possible

This is the most important quantity in the Water Audit!

It is the largest number in the Water Audit Any error in this value carries throughout the entire Water

Audit


Testing Approach

Volumetric Meter Test Comparative Meter Test


2. Meters should be regularly verified for accuracy

a. Large meters can be compared with an inline insertion or strap-on meter measuring flow downstream of the primary meter

i. Make certain that the temporary metering location is representative and accurate

ii. Strive for minimum 24-hr period if using this method

iii. Philadelphia Water Department conducts over 50 verifications each year in this manner

b. Smaller meters might be tested using field test apparatus as is conducted on large customer meters

c. Document/store the inaccuracy values to serve as a basis for data adjustments

d. Recognize that calibration of the related instrumentation (differential pressure transmitters) does not verify the flow measuring capability of the meter!

Insertion pito rod measuring and recording flow


3. Meters should be recalibrated, repaired or replaced regularly to maintain reliable performance

a. New, current-technology meters should replace dated or defective meters

b. Permanently installed insertion type meters can be a less costly means of establishing or renewing reliable metering

c. Refer to AWWA M33 guidance manual “Flowmeters in Water Supply” for information on meter selection

d. Many dated meters exist throughout the North American water industry

Magnetic Flow meter replacement on 48-inch

untreated water line 2008 in Philadelphia


4. Regularly determine Master Meter Error Adjustment

a. Data should be reviewed at least weekly, but ideally, each business day, for trends/anomalies

b. Balance flows to account for storage level changes and district water transfers

c. Adjust for recorded inaccuracy levels of given meters

d. Adjustments due to data error

e. Adjustments due to data gaps

f. Aggregate master meter error is:

i. Added if source meter under-registration exists

ii. Subtracted if source meter over-registration exists

16-inch turbine meter on wholesale account being verified via inline pito rod

Know Your Production Metering Configuration

PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENTQUEEN LANE WATER TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION

HIGH SERVICE PUMPING

B FILTERS C

FW STORAGE

RAW WATER BASIN METERS

RAW WATER PUMPING

A A = Raw water pumping flow

SCHUYLKILL RIVER B = Pretreatment flow GRAVITY MAIN DISTRIBUTION

METERS C = Treated Water Flow

Plant Output = Meter Rates C +/- Changes in Volume of Filtered Water Storage Basins

SYSTEM LOSSES

A to B: Loss in transmission mains, flume, and raw water basin leakage; typically 1% - 2% of raw water pumped

B to C: Loss in treatment process; chemical application, filter backwash, typically 5% - 8% of raw water pumped

A to C: Overall total = sum of A to B and B to C and metering inaccuracies; typically 7% - 10%

(Note: changes in raw water basin and filtered water storage basins are included when determing loss)

By monitoring the differences (A-B, B-C, A-C) on a daily basis, anomalies are detected when these relative differences begin to stray from typical trends

Adjusting for Data Gaps

Production flow data should be reviewed on a frequent basis to monitor for data gaps

Gaps occur due to: Unplanned interruption:

lightning strike, power failure

Planned interruption: instrumentation calibration

Gaps in water flow data should be quantified and added back to the daily total

8/15/2012,hrs

High Service Pumping Rate, mgd

actual flow

High Service Pumping Rate, mgdraw recorded data

High Service Pumping Rate, mgd

adjusted data0:00 8.69 8.69 8.691:00 8.65 8.65 8.652:00 8.32 8.32 8.323:00 8.11 8.11 8.114:00 7.94 0 85:00 8.02 0 86:00 8.44 0 87:00 8.98 0 98:00 9.34 0 9.39:00 9.25 0 9.3

10:00 9.17 0 9.311:00 9.12 9.12 9.1212:00 9.27 9.27 9.2713:00 9.22 9.22 9.2214:00 9.08 9.08 9.0815:00 8.99 8.99 8.9916:00 9.14 9.14 9.1417:00 9.18 9.18 9.1818:00 9.25 9.25 9.2519:00 9.22 9.22 9.2220:00 8.82 8.82 8.8221:00 8.78 8.78 8.7822:00 8.75 8.75 8.7523:00 8.71 8.71 8.710:00 8.68 8.68 8.68

Total 212.43 151.29 212.19Average 8.85 6.30 8.84

Difference 2.55 0.01

Example of Water Pumping Data Gaps and Adjustments

Assembling Data for the Annual Water Audit

DiffMonth Number of days

Original SCADA

System data: unedited daily average water system input

based on SCADA A

history morning report-

Monthly total system input volume based

on original (unedited) total delivery - MG

Average daily system input

volume based on

edited SCADA B

history report-MGD*

Monthly total system input volume based

on edited SCADA B

history report-MG

Difference

July'10 31 276.9 8583.2 276.0 8556.4 -0.9Aug'10 31 263.1 8155.9 262.3 8131.7 -0.8Sep'10 30 257.7 7732.0 253.2 7594.5 -4.6Oct'10 31 244.6 7582.5 239.0 7408.5 -5.6Nov'10 30 243.6 7309.1 239.9 7196.1 -3.8Dec'10 31 252.5 7828.5 251.4 7792.4 -1.2Jan'11 31 264.1 8186.7 262.7 8143.1 -1.4Feb'11 28 258.5 7237.9 256.8 7191.0 -1.7Mar'11 31 248.0 7687.4 239.0 7408.6 -9.0Apr'11 30 238.4 7151.9 231.0 6929.4 -7.4May'11 31 241.1 7473.2 237.3 7355.8 -3.8Jun'11 30 256.2 7684.7 251.7 7551.6 -4.4Sum 365 92613.0 91259.1 1353.9Average 253.7 250.0 3.7

Composite Water System Input Adjustments - Fiscal Year 2011

Philadelphia Water Department

*Adjustments are based upon several factors including regular master meter verification testing, mass balance comparisons of flows into and out of water treatment plants, operational histories at facilities and instrumentation history.

SCADA “A” history: raw data from the field

SCADA “B” history: corrected, final data

Data Collection – Exported Water Quantity

Extract the Exported Water Quantity from the Customer Billing System

Don’t “double-count” this quantity by including it additionally in “Billed Authorized Consumption”

The “Exported Water” quantity is a separate item in the water audit because: It stems from one or more bulk quantity

measurements It is typically billed under a different billing rate

than retail customer sales Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department

Reporting Year:


WATER SUPPLIED


Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300Water imported: n/a MG/Yr




Billed unmetered: n/a MG/Yr

Unbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:

Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%


WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr


Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%



Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr

Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr

WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr

NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr


2,086.300

764.200


2008

over-registered

7/2007 - 6/2008


MG/Yr

190.300



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Data Collection – Unbilled Authorized Consumption

Unbilled Authorized Consumption components metered and/or un-metered consumption, e.g.: Street cleaning Mains flushing Fire fighting

Generally small portion of the “water supplied” volume

Don’t spend lots of time on quantify this valueif data is not available

Instead, use the default value for “Unbilled Unmetered Consumption”

Improve data validity over time

Data Collection – Systematic Data Handling Error

Deals with the customer meter reading and billing processes

This quantity is perhaps the least understood component of apparent loss

Like unauthorized consumption, every water utility has some amount of systematic data handling error, even if it is a low amount

Important to include at least a minimal volume here – don’t leave this volume at zero. The software does not provide a default value for this component

Detailed auditing of billing records will likely lead to sources of this error and quantification of a value

Length of Private Pipe

Can be difficult to understand the concept around this parameter, however:

If customer water meters are typically located in a meter pit outside of the customer premises then this value is zero

AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Customer Service Line Diagrams

Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. WAS v4.0Back to Instructions

Average Length of Customer Service Line

The three figures shown on this worksheet display the assignment of the Average Length of Customer Service Line, Lp, for the three most common piping configurations.

Figure 1 shows the configuration of the water meter outside of the customer building next to the curbstop valve. In this configuration Lp = 0 since the distance between the curbstop and the customer metering point is essentially zero.

Figure 2 shows the configuration of the customer water meter located inside the customer building, where Lp is the distance from the curbstop to the water meter.

Figure 3 shows the configuration of an unmetered customer building , where Lp is the distance from the curbstop to the first point of customer water consumption, or, more simply, the building line.

In any water system the Lp will vary notably in a community of different structures, therefore the average Lp value is used and this should be approximated or calculated if a sample of service line measurements has been gathered.

Return to Reporting Worksheet

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

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information

Data Collection – Financial Data: Cost to Operate the System

Includes costs for drinking water operations only – do not include sewer, stormwater or other costs in this quantity

Typically includes power costs to treat and convey water, chemical and other costs at the water treatment plant, staff costs for drinking water only

May include liability costs related to water events (ex: damage from main breaks)

Don’t include depreciation effects

Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011 & 2012

Effort of the AWWA Water Loss Control Committee

Goal: create a dataset of validated water utility water audit data (IWA/AWWA Method)

Steps: Enlist water utilities that are motivated to

employ best practices Gather the water audit data via AWWA

Free Water Audit Software© Conduct a 60-90 minute telephone

interview w/ key utility personnel Post the utility data on the AWWA website

as examples of best practice adopters and their data

Primary Focus: “Validation” of data; key on data grading values














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AWWA Free Water Audit Software© - Companion “Compiler” Software

EXCEL spreadsheet tool that allows data from multiple water audits to be “compiled” into one spreadsheet

Date can be copied to user’s EXCEL files

Available for free download from AWWA website

Name of City or Utility City of AsheboroAustin Water Utility City of Belmont

Country USA United States USAReporting Year FY08-09 2010 FY 09-10Start Date 7/1/2008 10/1/2009 7/1/2009End Date 6/1/2009 9/1/2010 6/30/2010Name of Contact Person Michael Rhoney Dan Strub Chuck FlowersE-Mail [email protected]@[email protected] 336-626-1234 512-972-0349 704-825-0512Telephone Ext

Volume Units Million gallons (US)Million gallons (US)Million gallons (US)Volume From Own Sources 1,491.690 43,786.936 593.075

Master meter error adjustment 138.572 893.611 12.104 Water imported - - - Water exported - - -

WATER SUPPLIED 1,630.262 44,680.547 605.179 Billed metered 1,311.441 39,367.872 438.054

Billed unmetered - 311.434 - Unbilled metered 35.791 90.417 -

Unbilled unmetered 113.521 191.471 45.612 Unbilled unmetered (1 = Default; 2 = Value) 2 2 2

AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION 1,460.753 39,961.194 483.665 WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 169.509 4,719.353 121.513

Unauthorized consumption 4.076 125.480 1.513 Unauthorized consumption (1 = Default; 2 = Value) 1 2 1

Customer metering inaccuracies 41.667 857.613 18.252 Systematic data handling errors - 24.885 -

Apparent Losses 45.743 1,007.978 19.765 Real Losses = (Water Losses - Apparent Losses) 123.766 3,711.375 101.748

WATER LOSSES 169.509 4,719.353 121.513 Non-Revenue

Water NON-REVENUE WATER

318.821 5,001.241 167.125 Length of mains 237 3,639 95

Number of active AND inactive service connections 13,000 210,893 4,600 Connection density 54.9 58.0 48.4

Average length of customer service line 20 0 20Average operating pressure 75 77.3 66

Total annual cost of operating water system $3,048,480 $168,249,678 $1,357,542Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses $5.90 $3.91 $6.98

Customer retail unit cost (units) $/100 cubic feet (ccf)$/1000 gallons (US)$/1000 gallons (US)

Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses) $510.00 $341.00 $330.00

Non-revenue water as percent by volume 19.6% 11.2% 27.6%Non-revenue water as percent by cost 16.4% 3.2% 13.7%

Annual cost of Apparent Losses $360,779 $3,941,194 $137,961Annual cost of Real Losses $63,121 $1,265,579 $33,577

Apparent Losses per service connection per day 9.640 13.095 11.772 Real Losses per service connection per day* 26.084 48.215 60.600

Real Losses per length of main per day* N/A N/A N/AReal Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure 0.348 0.624 0.918

Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL) 98.591 1,447.995 32.151 Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL] 1.255 2.563 3.165

Performance Indicators

Administrative

Authorized Consumption

Water Supplied

Audit Data

Water Losses

System Data

Cost Data

Financial Indicators


Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011

2011 Data Collection notables: 21 water utilities (19 USA, 2 Canada) 17 systems over 10,000 connections;

4 systems under 10,000 connections Observations from the data:

Validation results: ave data validity score dropped from 78 to 74 after validation

Wide variation in production costs: $183/mg (KY) to $2,110/mg (TN) – ave. $726/mg

Customer retail costs: ave. $4.57/1,000 gals Range $1.11 to $8.38

Ave apparent losses: 15 gal/connection/day

Ave real losses: 63 gal/connection/day














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AWWA Water Audit Compiler© features readily displayed graphs – Apparent Losses (gal/conn/day)

2011 Validated Water Audit Data - AWWA Water Loss Control CommitteeCopyright © 2011, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved

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AWWA Water Audit Compiler© features readily displayed graphs – Real Losses (gal/conn/day)


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Real (leakage) losses in gal/service connection/day: good for performance tracking

This is the BEST Performance Indicator for monitoring progress within an individual water utility.(Note: utilities with very low connection densities and meters located after the curb stop

use this indicator in the form of gallons/mile of pipeline/day)

Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011

Summary – key steps for valid data collection

Standardized Water Audit Data Collection is occurring across the United States

The data collection process is still relatively young but is maturing

Water utilities should assign knowledgeable staff members from all functional areas to assemble the water audit

The lead person of the water utility should review the water audit before it is submitted to the reporting agency

Valid data is needed to accurately represent the water efficiency of the water utility and guide improvements


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WATER AUDIT DATA COLLECTION AND VALIDATION USING THE AWWA FREE WATER AUDIT SOFTWARE© GEORGE KUNKEL,...

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