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Transcript of Kalol Water Audit Report
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Preliminary Water Audit: Estimation of WaterLossesandStrategyforLossReductionCityofKalol,Gujarat,IndiaSubmitted to:
PAS Project
CEPT University
Prepared by:
Sapient Techno Consultants
In association with Multi Media Consultants Pvt Ltd
November 2010
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PreliminaryWaterAudit:EstimationofWater
LossesandStrategyforLossReduction
Cityof
Kalol,
Gujarat,
India
CEPTUniversity
November2010
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................ii
Abbreviations............................................................................................................................iii
1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................12. OverviewofWaterSupply.................................................................................................3
2.1 PopulationandWaterDemandoftheCity...........................................................32.2 WaterSupplyandDistributionSystem..................................................................42.3 EstimatedCostofWaterandRevenueGeneration..............................................9
3. TheApproachtoWaterAudit...........................................................................................124. ResultsofBasicWaterAudit..............................................................................................155. SuggestionsforReducingWaterLossesandNonrevenueWater...............................20
ANNEXURES
Annexure1:DetailsofKalolMainWaterSupplyNetwork........................................................22
Annexure2:VolumetricMeasurement...........................................................................................39
Annexure3:ESRInletFlowDetails................................................................................................41
Annexure4:ESROutletFlowDetails.............................................................................................42
Annexure5:DetailsofBucketSurveyatConsumersEnd..........................................................43
LISTOFTABLES
Table1:Dailyaveragewatersupplyfromvarioussources..........................................................6
Table2:Waterdemandandpopulation...........................................................................................8
Table3:Ferrulesizewisenumberofauthorisedconnections.....................................................8
Table4:Detailsofpowercostaccordingtoborewell...................................................................10
Table5:Approximatecostofwaterproduction.............................................................................10
Table6:Detailsofrevenuedemand(FY200910)..........................................................................11
Table7:Wardwisedetailsofhouseholdsandconnections.........................................................17
Table8:StandardIWAwaterbalance..............................................................................................18
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Acknowledgements
ThisreportprovidesfindingsofthepreliminarywaterauditconductedbySapientTechno
Consultants in association with Multi Media Consultants Pvt Ltd in Kalol Nagarpalika
duringFebruaryMarch2010.FundingforthewaterauditwasprovidedbythePerformance
Assessment System (PAS) Project initiated by Centre for Environmental Planning and
Technology(CEPT)Universityinearly2009.
The authors would also like to acknowledge the constant support, encouragement and
assistancefromMrAmitbhaiPandya,ChiefOfficer,KalolNagarpalika,andthestaffofthe
NagarpalikaincludingMrNarendraPatel,WaterWorksEngineer.
Our work hasbenefited from the insights of a large number of resource persons. We
particularlyacknowledgeconstantsupportandfeedbackfrommembersofthePASProject
team,particularlyMsMeeraMehta,MrDineshMehta,MsChandanChawlaandMsJaladhi
Vavaliya.Wehavealsobenefited from the suggestionsmadebyparticipantsat theNRW
Expert Group meeting at the CEPT University in January 2009. The methodology and
findings of the water audit were discussed extensively with the PAS Project team and
Project Advisory Committee member. They have contributed significantly to the
development of methodology and field processes. We would like to acknowledge the
support of the entire team ofPASpartners,particularlyMrM.C.Mehta from theUrban
ManagementCentreandMrN.H.KusnurfromAllIndiaInstituteofLocalSelfGovernment.
ThefindingsofthepreliminarywateraudithavebeensharedwiththeNagarpalikastaffand
representatives of the electedbody.We arehighly grateful for their interest and for this
opportunitytopresentthefindingsandcollectivelyworkoutimprovementmeasurestoaim
towardshigher efficiency inmanagementofwater resource in the city.Asother cities in
GujaratandMaharashtrabegintoexploresimilarstudies,lessonsandexperiencesfromthis
pilotstudywillbevaluable.Weseethisasanevolvingpieceofworkthatwillbenefitfrom
thisexperience.
FinallywewouldliketothanktheprojectteammembersMrA.M.Patel,MrMiteshShah
and other colleagues from Sapient andMultiMedia who contributed very generously
duringmeetingswithKalolNagarpalikastaffandfieldwork.
RoshanShah
ApurvaParikh
SapientTechnoConsultantsInassociationwithMultiMediaConsultantsPvtLtd
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Abbreviations
AIILSG AllIndiaInstituteofLocalSelfGovernment
CARL Currentannualreallosses
CPHEEO CentralPublicHealthandEnvironmentalEngineeringOrganisation
DMA Districtmeteredarea
ESR Elevatedservicereservoir
GWSSB GujaratWaterSupplyandSanitationBoard
hr hour
ILI Infrastructureleakageindex
IWA InternationalWaterAssociation
km kilometre
kW kiloWatts
lpcd litrespercapitaperday
m3 cubicmetres
min/day minutesperday
MLD millionlitresperday
mm millimetre
NRW Nonrevenuewater
O&M Operationandmaintenance
OZ Operatingzone
PAS PerformanceAssessmentSystem
PVC Polyvinylchloride
UARL Unavoidableannualreallosses
UFW Unaccountedforwater
UGSR Undergroundservicereservoir
ULB Urbanlocalbody
UMC UrbanManagementCentre
WDS Waterdistributionstation
WTP Watertreatmentplant
Note:1lakh=100,000.
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1.Introduction
Access towater and sanitation services inurban India iswidespread,but little isknown
about the quality and level of service, and coverage of the poor households. For new
investments in the sector tobe effective, it is important to assess theperformance of the
existingsystemandensureitssustainabilityandreachforthepoorandunserved.
CentreforEnvironmentalPlanningandTechnology(CEPT)Universityhasreceivedamajor
grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for developing and implementing a
performanceassessmentsystemforurbanwaterandsanitationinGujaratandMaharashtra.
Theaimofthisresearchprogrammeistodevelopbetterinformationonwaterandsanitation
performance and to ensure its useby the cities for extending services to all, strive for
financialviabilityandimprovereliabilityandqualityofservices.
This research shall focus on the use of these performance indicators andbenchmarks to
facilitateconsistentreporting,monitoring,planning,budgetingand investing inwaterand
sanitationservicesin400urbanareasofGujaratandMaharashtrastates.
TheprojectisbeingimplementedbyCEPTUniversity,withtheUrbanManagementCentre
(UMC)and theAll India InstituteofLocalSelfGovernments (AIILSG).CEPTcoordinates
theproject,withtheUMCcarryingoutactivitiesinGujaratandtheAIILSGinMaharashtra.
Withitspartners,CEPTUniversityisworkingwithstateandlocalgovernmentstodevelopa
reliable and sustainable Performance Assessment System (PAS) for urban water and
sanitationservices.ThePASenvisagedinthisprojectincludes:PerformanceMeasurement,
PerformanceMonitoring,andPerformanceImprovement.
Thekeyprojectobjectivesofthefiveyearprojectare:
Objective 1: To develop and implement a performance measurement system forregularandreliableurbanwatersupplyandsanitationinformation.
Objective 2: To design and share results with urban local bodies (ULBs), stategovernment agencies, other stakeholders and media through a performance
monitoring and dissemination system for use in decision making, providing
incentivesandinfluencingdemand.
Objective3:TofacilitatedevelopmentofperformanceimprovementplansbyULBswithsupportfromstategovernment,nongovernmentalorganisationsandthe
privatesector.
CEPTinitiatedstudiestomeetthefirstobjectivetodevelopandimplementthePerformance
MeasurementSystem.Thepilotresultsfrom30citiesinGujaratandMaharashtrarevealthat
thereareseriousgapsindataavailabilityrelatedtowaterproduced,distributedandlosses
incurred in urban water supply system. There is a need to tackle this data gap and
brainstorm on possible reliablemethods formeasuring efficiency of urbanwater supply
provision. There is also a need to focus more on issues related to the operation and
maintenance(O&M)ofwatersystems.
Inresponsetothese,anexpertgroupmeetingwasorganisedbyCEPTinJanuary2010,the
objectivebeingtounderstandandsharetheexperienceofspecialistsinthefieldandwater
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studiesconductedinotherpartsofcountry,understandvariousmethodsandtechniquesof
waterflow/quantitymeasurementandestimationofnonrevenuewater(NRW).
Basedonthediscussionsduringthemeeting,itwasdecidedbyCEPTtoengageanexternal
agency to carry out a basic water audit, to establish benchmark flow parameters and
preliminaryestimation
of
NRW.
The
initial
pilot
study
was
taken
up
in
Kalol
municipality.
CEPThasdecidedtoappointus,thatis,MultimediaConsultantsPvtLtd,inassociationwith
SapientTechnoConsultants,tocarryout thesestudieson itsbehalf inKalol.Basedonthe
experiencegainedfromKalol,furtherstudieswillbetakenupinothercities.
This report discusses how the basic water audit approach has been applied to the
distributionsysteminthecityofKalol,inthestateofGujaratinIndia.Kalolhasahighlevel
ofNRWbutalsosuffersfromashortfallinitsownwaterresources,forcingthelocalbodyto
augmentsupplywith theadditionofuntreatedwater fromgroundwatersources, forcing
thelocalbodytoaugmentsupplywiththeadditionofuntreatedwaterfromgroundwater
sources.
The limited scope of thebasic water audit does not permit a detailed estimation of all
indicators.However,theattemptistoassessandmakeapreliminaryestimateoflossesby
measuring the water produced, water supplied in the distribution network and water
consumptionestimatebasedonasamplestudy.Itadaptstheinternationallyandnationally
acceptedmethodologyof the InternationalWaterAssociation (IWA)usinga standardised
waterbalanceforcalculatinglossesfromdistributionnetworks.
TheresultsofthisstudydemonstratethehighNRWlevelsanditsbasiccomponentsusinga
relatively cost effective method. Further support can be provided to the Kalol ULB to
identifyareasoffocusaswellastodevelopastrategyforregularmeasurementofNRWand
measures for its reduction. In addition,based on this experience, steps in carrying out abasicwaterauditwillalsobeidentified.
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2.OverviewofWaterSupplyinKalol
Kalol is located incentralGujarat,about20kmbyroad from thestatecapitalanddistrict
headquarter ofGandhinagar, and about 30 km fromAhmedabad, in thewesternpart of
India. It has a population of approximately 150,000 (111,700 as per 2001 census) and is
classifiedasAClassmunicipalitywithapopulationofmorethan1lakh.
Whilethemajorityofthepopulationisdependentonfarmingandtradingoffarmproduce,
rapidindustrialisationinGujarathasledtothesettingupofvariousmediumandlargescale
industries in the fertiliser, engineering and pharmaceutical sectors, providing ample
employmentopportunitiesto the localpopulation.Thishasalso led torapidurbanisation,
migrationfromruralareasandriseinpopulationinandaroundthecityofKalol,whichis
destined tobecome an important suburb ofAhmedabad. It is also emerging as amajor
educationcentre.
Thishasoverburdenedtheexistingwatersupplyandseweragesystem,withthecityalready
facingproblem
of
scarce
resources
and
lack
of
proper
funds
to
create
additional
facilities;
insufficientrevenuegenerationdoesnotpermittheassetstobecomeselfsustaining.
So,inFebruary2010,CEPTawardedthecontractformeasuringandestimatingwaterlosses
forthecityofKalol.ThiscontractwasforfourtosixweeksandwasundertakenbySapient
Techno Consultants Pvt Ltd in association with Multi Media Consultants Pvt Ltd. The
studies commenced on February 1, 2010, and were concluded on March 9, 2010, and
includedmeasurementofflowatsourcetoestimatethesysteminput,flowmeasurementto
estimatethesupplyinputtodistributionnetworkandassessthecombinedlossesintreated
watermains andwaterdistribution stations, and flowmeasurement at enduser location
(householdconnection)toestimateconsumptionandlossesinsupplynetwork.
2.1PopulationandWaterDemandofKalolCity
Asper2001IndiaCensus,KalolCitywasestimatedtohaveapopulationofabout111,700
(0.112million).AspermunicipalofficialsofKalol,thepresentpopulationisestimatedtobe
around150,000(0.15million)duetotherapidgrowththatthecityhaswitnessedinthelast
fewyears.
Considering135lpcd(litrespercapitaperday)supplyandallowingfor15percentlossesas
pertheCentralPublicHealthandEnvironmentalEngineeringOrganisation(CPHEEO),the
householdconsumerdemand isestimated tobeabout15.07MLD (million litresperday),
requiringproduction
at
source
of
17.74
MLD
(considering
a
population
of
0.112
million
as
perthe2001Census).
However,assumingthatthepresentpopulationis0.15million,itwouldrequireabout20.25
MLD tomeethousehold consumerdemand,whichwould, in turn, requireproduction at
sourceof23.8MLD.
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2.2TheKalolWaterSupplyandDistributionSystem
ThecityofKalolreceivesitswaterfromtwodifferenttypesofsourcesSurfaceWaterand
GroundWaterSources.This compriseofa total 22different sources includingonemajor
sourcefrom
Pratappura
Water
Treatment
Plant
based
on
Surface
Water
Source
and
rest
twentyoneBoreHole sourceswithinKalolCity,both togetherproducinga totalof17.26
MLD.SchematicdiagramofKalolwatersupplysystemisgiveninfigure1.
Themajor source is fromPratappuraWaterTreatmentPlant setupby theGujaratWater
SupplyandSewerageBoard(GWSSB)thattakeswaterfromNarmadaCanal,aninitiativeby
the Government of Gujarat to provide irrigation water and drinking water facilities to
droughtproneregions.Thisplantislocatedabout4kmfromthecity.Thissourceprovides
approximately12.5to13MLDwateratpresent.
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Figure1:SchematicdiagramofKalolswatersupplysystem
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Figure2:MapofKalolswatersupplysystem
Ofthe21boreholesources,theonelocatedinVankarvasisgenerallynotused,thatis,water
isdrawn only in case of stoppage ofwater treatment plant (WTP)water.Hence, the 20differentboreholesourceswithinKalolcitytogetherproduceabout4.54MLD.
Table 1 provides details of various sources and estimated production quantity at each
source.
Table9:Dailyaveragewatersupplyfromvarioussources
Sr
no
Sourcelocation Avginst
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
working
hr
Avgdaily
flow(m3)
Avg
daily
flow
(MLD)
(A)
Surfacewater
(Pratappura
WTP)
1 Narmadawater(Pratappura) 753 17 12717 12.72
Subtotal(A) 12.72
(B) Groundwater(Tosump)
1 Vankarvasbore (usedonly inabsence
ofWTPwater)
35 0 0 0.00
2 Kalyanpurabore2 61 4.5 274 0.27
3 Kalyanpurabore3 33 5 167 0.17
4 Divadabore 76 3.5 266 0.27
5 MayurHousingbore 36 3 108 0.11
6 KumbharNiChalibore 68 7 476 0.48
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Sr
no
Sourcelocation Avginst
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
working
hr
Avgdaily
flow(m3)
Avg
daily
flow
(MLD)
7 Sardarbagbore 30 2 60 0.06
8 Navjivanbore 35 6 210 0.219 JyoteshNagarbore 54 21 1130 1.13
Subtotal(B) 2.69
(C) Groundwater(toESR)
1 MayurHousingbore 36 1 36 0.04
2 Tersaparubore 14 3.5 49 0.05
Subtotal(C) 0.09
(D) Groundwater(Directtonetwork)
1 CivilHospitalbore 56 5 280 0.28
2 Sardarbagbore 30 1 30 0.03
3 Navjivanbore 35 2.5 87 0.09
4 IFFCObore 62 3.5 218 0.22
5 BhavaniNagarbore 50 6 307 0.31
6 Pavathibore 49 3 147 0.15
7 AyojanNagarbore 81 4 324 0.32
8 JyoteshNagar 54 3 161 0.16
9 MahendraMillboreline1 58 0.45 26 0.03
10 MahendraMillboreline2 20 0.45 9 0.01
11 PumpfortankerfillingatSardarbag 0.05
12 MayurHousingbore 36 1 36 0.04
Sub
total
(D)
1.68(E) Ground water (To garden/ hospital
tank)
1 CivilHospitalbore 56 1 56 0.06
2 Sardarbagbore (gardenwater storage
tank)
30 1 30 0.03
Subtotal(E) 0.09
Grandtotal(A+B+C+D) Auth.
billed
in MLD 17.17
Grandtotal(A+B+C+D+E) Tot.
auth.
in MLD 17.26
Source:ActualflowmeasurementusingportableflowmeteratKalol.Note: The water supply at (E) areforpublic utilities likegarden and civil hospital whichformspart ofauthorisedconsumptionbutshallnotbeapartofbilledconsumption.Weshallbeconsideringthissupplyforthepurposeofwaterbalancechartonlyandisignoredforothercalculations.
While the water supply of 17.17 MLD is adequate to meet the water demand of the
population(asper2001census),itcanbeestimatedthatthereisacurrentshortfallofwater
of about 28per cent considering thedemand of 24MLD for thepresentpopulation (see
Table2).
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Table10:Waterdemandandpopulation
Populationasper Popula
tion
Demand
@135
lpcd(MLD)
Provisio
nfor
15%losses
(MLD)
Total
demand
(MLD)
Actual
water
supply(MLD)
Supply
shortfall
(MLD)
%
Shortfall
ofsupply
2001Census 100,008 13.5 2.02 15.53 17.17
Present 2010
(assumed)
150,000 20.25 3.57 23.82 17.17 6.65 27.92%
Till a few years ago, Kalol was totally dependent on ground water sources. The water
supply from the recently commissioned Pratappura WTP has helped Kalol reduce its
relianceon,andexploitationof,groundwatersources,andalsoledtoimprovedqualityof
water.
The Kalol transmission main is about 9 km; the distribution system comprises asbestos
cement, PVC and CI pipe work. There are approximately 17,874 service connections of
varioussizesofinch,inchand1inchconnections.Asummaryoftheconnectionsizes
andnumberofconnectionsofeachsizeisgiveninTable3.
Table11:Ferrulesizewisenumberofauthorisedconnections
Sr
no
Typeofconnection Domestic
connections
Commercial
connections
Authorised
connections
1 1/2inch 17725 58 17783
2 3/4inch 55 3 58
3 1inch 10 23 33
Total 17790 84 17874
Source:Kalolpropertytaxdepartment.A
transmission
main
of
Kalols
water
supply
system
is
850
mm
diameter
M.S.
line
linking
the main source of water, the Pratappura WTP, and the town of Kalol in the newly
developedwaterdistribution station (WDS) atCivilHospitalWaterWorks campus. The
treated mains supply water to TP46, Vankarvas and Town Hall WDS on way to Civil
HospitalCampusthroughbranchlines.
ThetreatedwatermainsbranchesoffbeforeTownHallWDSonwaytoCivilHospitalWDS
to supplywaterup toMainWaterWorksWDSofKalolCity,which is theoldest supply
system of Kalol through 500 mm, 450 mm and 400 mm size lines, and also feeds to
KalyanpuraandDivadaWDSenroute.
TheCivilHospitalWDSinturnsupplieswatertoSardaNagar,SardarbagandKumbharNi
Chali (tobe commissioned) WDS through one transmission main, and to Navjivan and
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DrainageWDS throughanother.Both thesemainsare interconnectedandeach is fedbya
dedicatedsetofpumpingmachinery.
TheseM.S.transmissionmainshavebeenlaidrecently.Problemsorlossesarethereforenot
anticipatedinthem.
However,thedistributionnetworkofKalolisacombinationofsomeveryoldandnewlines;thenetworkisinterconnectedandnorecords/drawingsareavailablewithKalolauthorities
andpose aproblem indeterminingbothphysical losses andnonphysical losses (mainly
theft of water). The distribution network comprises a variety of pipematerial including
asbestoscementpipes,PVCpipesandcastironpipesofvarioussizeswhicharesuspectto
leakagedue tovarious factors includingage/lifeofpipe,workmanship/quality, tampering
forunauthorised connections, sections ofpipes subjected toveryhighpressures toboost
pressure before supply, illegal drawl of water by pumping machinery leading to low
pressure/cavitationsofpipelines,etc.
In
absence
of
network
drawings
and
records,
the
system
was
visually
surveyed.
Location
wise sketcheswereprepared incorporatingall the relevantdetails required tounderstand
thesystem(seeAnnexure1fordetails).
Supply to the city is intermittent,with supplyhours varying from 0.75 to 1.5 hours; the
averagesupplyhoursobservedarelessthanonehour.Theconnectionsareunmetered.
2.3EstimatedCostofWaterandRevenueDemandforKalol
ThewatertariffchargedbytheGWSSBfortreatedwatersupplyfromthePratappuraWTP
isRs4per1,000litres(perm3).
The
cost
of
power
for
operating
bore
wells
was
estimated
by
measuring
the
actual
power
consumedbyeachbore(exceptKalyanpuraborenumber3wherepowermeasurementwas
notpossible).ThedetailsarepresentedinTable4.
Itshouldbenoted that themeasuredvaluesofactualcurrentandpowerconsumedwere
observed tobemuchhigher than the ratedborewell ratings furnishedby theauthorities
duringdatacollection.Thisindicatesthateitherthepump/motorsetefficiencyisverylow,
orthepumpmaynotbeoperatingatdutypointortheremaybehigherfrictionallossesdue
to lower linesize,etc. Itshouldalsobenoted that thewindingof themotor isnotasper
designed requirement ormighthavebeen changedduring operation as it is observed to
carrymuchhighercurrentthantheratedcurrentallowedasperpump/motorrating.
BasedontheconnectedloadofborewellandassumingpowertariffofRs4.50perunit,the
estimatedcostofoperatingborewellforaugmentingwatersupplytocityisexpectedtobe
aroundRs21,918perdaywithconnectedloadtotallingtoabout650kW.
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Table12:Detailsofpowercostaccordingtoborewell
Sr
no
Sourcelocation Avg
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
workin
ghrs
Pump
kW
Current
measure
ment
(Amp)
Actual
kW
Approx
powercost
(Rs)
(A) Groundwater(tosump)
1 Vankarvasbore (used only in
absenceofWTPwater)
35 0 30 55.0 34.8 0
2 Kalyanpura bore 2 (in
compoundwall)
61 4.5 45 62.0 33.7 682
3 Kalyanpura bore 3 (o/s
compound wall) (current/kW
not measured, so power is
assumed)
33.5 5 25 15.0 337
4 Divadabore 76 3.5 45 68.0 42.2 664
5 MayurHousingbore 36 5 30 63.0 39.0 877
6 KumbharNiChalibore 68 7 45 96.6 61.1 1925
7 Sardarbagbore 30 3 45 67.4 50.6 683
8 Navjivanbore 35 8.5 45 76.0 45.4 1736
9 Tersaparubore 14 3.5 22 42.0 26.7 421
10 JyoteshNagarbore 53.8 24 45 80.0 70.0 7560
11 CivilHospitalbore 56 5 45 97.0 65.0 1462
12 IFFCObore 62.5 3.5 45 98.0 73.7 1161
13 BhavaniNagarbore 50 6.15 45 73.0 79.4 2197
14 Pavathibore 49 3 45 87.5 53.7 725
15 AyojanNagarbore 81 4 45 93.0 72.3 1301
16 MahendraMillbore 58 0.9 45 62.0 45.4 184
Total 645 21918
Costperm3forproducing4,453.05m3waterperday(Rs) 4.92
Note:Basedonmeasurementofactualpowerconsumption.TheestimatedtotalcostofproductionperannumisthusexpectedtobeasperTable5.
Table13:Approximatecostofwaterproduction
Sourceof
water
Supply
(m3/annum)Cost
(Rs/m3) Total
cost
(Rs/year)
PratappuraWTP 4,641,705 4.00 18,566,820
Borewell 1,607,478 4.92 7,908,793
Total(Rs/annum) 26,475,613
Groundwaterextractioncost(Rs4.92perm3whichincludesonlyoperationalcost)ishigher
thanNarmadabulkpurchasecost(Rs4perm3).Theoperationcostofborewellisassumed
considering thepowercostonlyand theactualcostshallbemuchhigherafteradding the
costofmanpower,spares,etc,incurredaspartoftheO&Mschedule.Allthewatersupply
connectionsin
Kalol
are
unmetered
and
the
authorities
till
now
levied
a
fixed
charge
based
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on size and type of connection. Recently Kalol has also introduced a special water tax.
Accordingly,theapproximateamountofrevenuedemandisasperTable6.
Table14:Detailsofrevenuedemand(FY200910)
Sizeofconnections 1/2inch 3/4inch 1inch
1 DOMESTIC
Noofconnections 17,725 55 10
Watercharges 300 900 1800
Subtotal(A) 5,317,500 49,500 18,000
Watertax/connection 120 120 120
Subtotal(B) 2,127,000 6,600 1,200
TotalDomestic(A+B) 7,444,500 56,100 19,200
2 COMMERCIAL
Noofconnections 58 3 23
Watercharges
600
1,800
3,600
Subtotal(C) 34,800 5,400 82,800
Watertax/connections 120 120 120
Subtotal(D) 6,960 360 2,760
TotalCommercial(C+D) 41,760 5,760 85,560
Total Domestic +
Commercial 7,486,260 61,860 104,760
Grandtotal(Rs) 7,652,880
Source:Kalolpropertytaxdepartment.Table6suggeststhattherevenuedemandisonlyaboutRs76.5 lakhagainsttheestimated
cost of production of about Rs 264.7, excluding the cost ofmanpower and maintenance
incurredbyKalolmunicipality.
It isworthnoting that that thebilleddemand isonly50percentofestimatedenergyand
rawwatercosts.Thus,Kalolmunicipalityneeds to initiatemeasuresonall fronts tomake
theoperation financiallyselfsustaining throughmeasuressuchaswaterconservationand
improveddistributionefficiency,andpolicydecisions forenhanced revenuegeneration to
reducethisdeficit.Beforeresortingtotariffincreases,theULBneedstoreduceitscostsand
increaseitsrevenuesasfaraspossible.OnekeyelementinthisistoreduceNRWwhichwill
help to reduceneed fornew resourcegenerationand reduceoperatingcosts. It is for this
purposethat
a
basic
water
audit
was
conducted
for
Kalol
municipality.
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3.TheApproachtoWaterAuditinKalol
The water audit is a well established procedure that identifies productive uses and
needlesswaste.
Ifone
knows
where
water
is
used
and
lost,
a
saving
plan
of
water
can
be
planned.
By
conductingawateraudit,onecantrackwaterusageandfocusonactivitiesthatcausewater
lossandwhatthatlosscoststheutility.Identifyingandrepairing leakssavesasubstantial
quantityofwater,savingexpenditure for theULBandalsoavoiding theneed to look for
newwatersources tomeet the increase inwaterdemand.Thus,awaterauditcandeliver
expected results by identifying and fixing water problems and make a water utility
financiallysustainable.
The overall goal of a water audit should be to select and implement programmes that
reduce water losses.By conducting awater audit, an assessment of the capacity of total
water produced and actual quantity water distributed is worked out. This will help to
computeestimationofwaterlossesinthesystem.
In the caseofKalol, the studywas limited to abasicwater audit tomake apreliminary
assessmentofwaterlossesbymeasuringflowsatsource,intermediatelocationsinnetwork
aspermissibleandat the consumers end (random sampling).The studywas carriedout
over a period of onemonth. It focused ondeveloping good estimates of total supply of
waterandwaterreceivedattheconsumersend.Amoredetailedwaterauditwhichwould
includedemarcationofdistrictmeteredareas(DMAs)alongwithhydraulicmodellingcould
betakenuplateriftheresultsshowhighNRWlevels.
Sketchesofimportantnodesofthenetworkwhichwerepreparedaftervisual inspection
andwerebasedondataobtainedfromtheKalolNagarpalikaaregiveninAnnexure1.
MethodologyAdoptedforConductingaBasicWaterAuditinKalol
Thestudieswereconducted inKalolcityoveramonth inFebruaryandMarch2010.The
majoraspectscoveredinthestudyinclude:
BackgroundStudy:
Understanding the supply system and familiarisation with existing distributionnetwork.Astimeandotherconstraintsdidnotpermitundertakingdetailedsurvey
andsystemmappingof theentiresupplyanddistributionnetworkofKalolcity, it
was agreed to cover only major components of the system such as WTPs,underground storage reservoirs (UGSRs),elevatedservice reservoir (ESRs),etc, for
thestudy.
AmeetingwasconductedwithULBofficialstounderstandthewatersupplyschemeofKalol cityandobtain themapsof the supplynetwork.Details forquantityand
quality of supply, supply pattern, time of supply and other aspects were also
discussed.
Avisit/visualinspectionwascarriedoutatallmajorpointsofsupply,thatis,WTPs,UGSRs,ESRs,etc, toverify thedataprovidedby theULBandprepareanupdated
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sketchofmajorpointsofthesupplysystem.Itwasalsostudiedtocheckpossibility
formeasurementofflowandpressureinthesystem.
Detailsofregisteredconnectionsofvarioussizeswerecollected from theULB.Thelatestpopulationdatawerealsoobtained.
QuantityMeasurement:
Measurementofsupplyincluded:o System input, that is, flowsat source (production) comprising supply from
WTPs as well as measurement of ground water resource supply, that is,
tube/bore wells. System input (water produced at source) was measured
usingportableultrasonic flowmeters.The sourcemeasurement comprised
measuringflowsoftreatedwaterpumpsatWTPsandtube/borewellpumps
withinKalolcity.
oThe
assessment
of
treated
water
mains
feeding
the
treated
water
to
various
UGSRswas carried outbymeasuring the volume ofwater supplied from
WTPs and reaching critical/last point UGSRs in the network. The WTP
flow/volumeduringstudywasmonitoredwithportableflowmeterandthe
watersupplyvolumeatUGSRswasmeasuredbyvolumetricmethod.
o Thebooster pump dischargeprovided in variousUGSRs feedingwater toassociatedESRsaswellasflowonESR inletpipetoESR,wherepossibleas
per site conditions,were assessedusing portable flowmeters. Thiswould
enablegettinganideaofthetotalwatersupplyfedtoESRsandalsoarough
estimationofthevolume/capacityofESRs.
o ESRoutletdischargewasmeasured (except foroneveryoldESR) toassessthe quantity of water fed to the distribution system using portable flow
meters.ThetotalsupplytothecitycomprisedESRoutletflowplustubewell
supply fed into the network toboost pressure aswell as direct supply to
populationincertainpocketsofthecity.
Consumption (or supply at the consumers end) was measuredby studying thedemographyandnumberofconnectionsofvarioussizesandfinalisingthelocation
and number of samples tobe studied in consultation with CEPT. A survey was
conductedanddetailswereobtainedforthesupplyhours.Theteamwasdeputedto
theselected
locations/households
during
the
supply
hours
to
measure
the
quantity
of
water received and also get an idea of the residual pressure at connection with
respect to ground level. The flow was measured usingbucket method, wherein
graduatedbuckets of 12litre capacity were used; twothree measurements were
carried out at each location during supply hours, and supply timings were also
observed to derive average quantity of water received by the household. Data
regarding the number ofmembers servedby the connection undermeasurement
werealsoobtained incaseofindividualhouseholdsandforcommonconnectionto
flats, average five members per flat for total number of flats served by the
connection.
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AsagreedwithCEPT,measurementsweretobecarriedoutaspersiteconditionin
existingsystemonlywithoutanymodificationorpunctureinthepipeline/system.
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4.ResultsofBasicWaterAuditforKalol
Thebasicwater audit forKalol comprised fivemain steps.The results for each step are
describedhere.
Step1:
Estimating
Water
Supply
per
Day
Thesystem input, that is,waterproducedatsource,wasmeasuredand found tobe17.26
MLD(17.17MLDexcludingpublicutilities)withaveragewatersupplyof12.72MLDfrom
WTPs,and rest4.54MLD fromgroundwatersourcesatvarious locations,as indicated in
Table1.
The supply topublicuse/utilities inKalol isobserved tobemaintained separatelyby the
ULB, which is about 0.09 MLD as indicated in (E) of Table 1. No standposts are
provided/maintainedbytheULBasperrecords.However,watersupplyof0.05MLDfedby
tankersisconsideredbyusasper(D)11ofTable1insysteminput
ItisfurtherobservedthattheaveragepumpcapacityofWTPsis750m3/hrwithanaverage
17hoursofdailypumping,therebyprovidingdailysupplyofabout12.513MLDtoKalol.
ThereispermanentflowmeasurementfacilityonKalolwatermainsandlogbooksatWTPs
wereobservedtobemaintainedproperly.ThebillingdataoftheGWSSBtotheULBwere
alsocheckedandverified.
Theremaining4.54MLDsupplyofthecityismetbygroundwatersources,fromabout20
tubewells,withone to24hoursofworking.While theworkinghoursof tubewellshave
beenreduced,itisobservedthattheULBcannotdoawaywithtubewellsinmanylocations
forthefollowingreasons:
Beinganintermittentsupply,usedinfillingboosterpumpstomaintainpressure inline
CertainpocketsoftheULBarestilldependentononlygroundwatersourcesastherequirednetworktofeedtheWTPwaterdoesnotexist.
TubewellsactasadditionalsourcesNarmada(WTP)waterreceivedisinsufficientatagivenlocation.
Step2:EstimatingWaterSupplyfromTreatedWaterMains
Ascanbeseenfromthenetworksketches inAnnexure1,theWTP feedswaterto thecity
throughtwo
major
branches
of
treated
water
mains:
one
up
to
the
main
water
works
sump
andtheothertotheCivilHospitalsump.Asisapparentfromthenetworkscheme,theWTP
suppliestreatedwaterto11UGSRslocatedinvariouspartsofKalolcity.
Themeasurementofflowreachinguptomainwaterworkssumpalongwithothersumps
enroute inonebranchandflowatCivilHospitalsumpforthesecondbranchwascarried
outwithvolumetricmethodinparalleltomeasurementofflowvolumedischargedfromthe
WTP during the same time duration, and the results were compared as indicated in
Annexure2.
Asobserved from thestudy, the flowvariation ranges from0.03percent to5.75percent
duringthree
different
studies,
and
considering
meter
inaccuracy
as
well
as
inaccuracy
of
up
to5percentassociatedwithvolumetricmeasurement,theresultofthestudyforassessment
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of treatedwatermains are observed tobe satisfactory.Wepresume the losses in treated
watermainsasnegligibleornearthepermissible limitof1percentaspernorms,andwe
believethesameasthislineisnewandlaidrecentlywiththecommissioningoftheWTP.
Step3:EstimatingTreatedWaterConveyanceESR+Direct
The supply to thedistributionnetwork is through12ESRsand11borewells feeding thenetwork directly. Out of 12 ESRs, 11 are fedbybooster pumps provided in associated
UGSRs andoneESR isbeing filleddirectlyby aborewell.Thedetails are elaborated in
Annexures3and4.
ThesupplytotheESRfromtheUGSRanddirectsupplyfromgroundwatersourceswere
measuredusingportable flowmeter. Formainwaterworks, thedatawere taken asper
detailsfurnishedbyULBstaffasmeasurementsattheselocations,eithervolumetricorwith
flowmeter,wasnotpossible.Theflowsweremeasuredindividuallyateachlocation,with
supplyderivedbyassessingflowandtimeofpumpoperation.
As canbe observed from the measurements as per Annexure 3, the total treated waterconveyancefromUGSR/directbyborewellwasobservedtobe15.58MLDasagainstsupply
of17.17MLD(excludingpublicutilitysupply),whichindicatesalossofabout9.26percent
whichincludesmeasurementinaccuracyofupto5percent.
Inaddition, theESRoutlet flowsweremeasuredduring thesupplyhoursat theoutletof
eachESR(exceptmainW/W)usingportableflowmeter.Thetotalsupplytothedistribution
network fromESRsplusdirectborewell supplywas observed tobe 14.97MLD against
system input of 17.17 MLD representing a variation/loss of about 12.81 per cent,which
includesmeasurementinaccuracyofupto5percent,errorduetowaterbalanceatUGSRs
asthemeasurementmethodspannedoverafewdaysandactualloss.
ItcanbepresumedthatthelossfromWTPsupplyuptothepointof inputtodistribution
network canbe 35per cent,mainly resulting fromwater seepage fromUGSRs, leaking
treatedwaterconveyancelines,minortoheavyleakagesinESRs,pump/valveandpipejoint
leakages,etc.
Step4:MeasurementofConsumption
As per the details obtained from the ULB, the city has 17,874 authorised water supply
connections comprising 17,783 inch connections, 58 inch connections and 33 1inch
connections.Thisincludesbothdomesticaswellascommercial.(SeeTable3fordetails.)
Thedistributionofconnections isconcentrated towards residentialproperties;alsowithineacharea,theconcentrationofinchconnectionsismore.Toarriveatreliableestimateswe
need toconsider twoaspects. In the firstplacewe should identifya samplesizewhich is
statistically reliable toprovidemeaningfulestimatesatamunicipality levelwithacertain
precision.Thesecondstepistomakesurethatthesampleisallocatedacrossthepopulation
sothatitrepresentsalltheunitswithinthepopulation.
ItwasagreedjointlywithCEPTtocarryoutmeasurementofabout39samples.Thissample
sizewillprovidereliableestimatesata90percentconfidencelevel.Ideallyonewouldneed
to take about 137 samples for a 95 per cent confidence level. The shortage of time and
resourcesdictatedthata90percentconfidencelevelcouldbeconsideredadequate.
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The final task is todistribute thesampleacrosswardsand typeofconnectionsso thatall
wardsandalltypesofconnectionsarerepresented.Anestimatedwardwisedistributionof
populationandhouseholdsisgivenintable7.Thereare17,874watersupplyconnectionsof
inchandinchconnections.
Table15:
Ward
wise
details
of
households
and
connections
Wardno 2009projectedpopulation 2009 projected
households Connections
Zone
1 9,908 2,583 1,350
Zone12 9,309 2,428 1,269
3 9,323 2,431 1,271
4 9,643 2,514 1,314
5 10,192 2,658 1,390Zone2
6 9,340 2,435 1,273
7
8,533
2,225
1,163
Zone38 9,926 2,589 1,354
9 9,014 2,351 1,229
10 9,232 2,408 1,259
11 8,768 2,286 1,195
Zone212 10,001 2,608 1,365
13 9,219 2,403 1,256
14 8,454 2,205 1,153
Total 130,862 34,124 17841
Astheconnectionsareunmetered,consumptionwasmeasuredthroughindirectmeans:12
litrecapacitybucketswereusedtomeasuretheflowrate.Twotothreemeasurementswere
madeduringthesupplytimeateachlocationtoobtainanaverageflowrateandusingthe
totaltimeofsupplythetotalsupplytoeachconnectionwasderived.Hereanassumptionis
madethatallthewatersuppliedatthetapisconsumed.RefertoAnnexure5fordetails.
AsperthemeasurementsindicatedinAnnexure5,thetotalsupplyconsumedwasobserved
tobe9.26MLDasagainstasysteminputof17.17MLD.
Step5:AnalysisofDataandComputationofNRW
ThemeasurementofNRWwasdoneusingtheIWAwaterbalancechart,throughninetasksasdepictedinTable8.DetailsaregiveninAnnexes2to5.
Task1:SystemInputVolume:ThesysteminputvolumeforKalolis6,299ML/annumbased
on17257.05 m3/day(17.26MLD)supply.
Task 2: Billed Metered and Billed Unmetered Consumption: Kalol does not have any
metered consumption. The billed unmetered consumption is estimated to be 3,381
ML/annum.
Task 3: Calculate the Volume ofNonrevenuewater: The volume of nonrevenue water
worksoutto2,918ML/annum.
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Task 4: Calculate the Unbilled Authorised Consumption: The unbilled authorised
consumption is observed tobe 33 ML/annum considering authorised supply of 86,000
litres/dayforpublicutilities.
Table16:StandardIWAwaterbalance
System
input
volume6,299
(Task1)
Authorised
consumption
(54.2%)
3,414(Task5)
Billedauthorised
consumption
(53.7%)
3,381(Task2)
Billedmeteredconsumption
0.0Revenuewater
(53.7%)
3,381Billedunmeteredconsumption(53.7%)
3,381
Unbilled
authorised
consumption
(0.5%)
33(Task4)
Unbilledmeteredconsumption
0
Nonrevenue
water,NRW
(46.3%)
2,918(Task3)
Unbilledunmeteredconsumption
(0.5%)
33
Waterlosses
(45.8%)
2,885(Task6)
Apparent
losses
(16.8%)
1,058(Task7)
Unauthorisedconsumption(16.8%)
1,058
Consumermeteringinaccuracies
0
Reallosses(29%)
1,827(Task8)
Leakageonserviceconnectionsupto
pointofcustomermetering(15.6%)
980(Task9)
Leakageontransmissionmains(9.9%)
624(Task9)
Leakageandoverflowsatutilitys
storagetanks(3.5%)
223(Task
9)
Source:Basedonactualflowmeasurementusingportableultrasonicflowmeterandbucketsurveymethodattheconsumersend.Task5:CalculateAuthorisedConsumption:The totalauthorisedconsumption isobserved
tobe3,414ML/annum(BilledNonmetered+UnbilledAuthorised).
Task6:CalculateWaterLosses(NRW):
Waterloss=SysteminputAuthorisedconsumption
Accordingly,waterlossisobservedtobe2,885ML/annum.
Task7Calculate
Apparent
Losses:
As thescopeofstudydidnot involve the totalsurvey
andmapping of network and also the leakdetection programme, itwas not possible to
identifyandcalculate theapparentandreal losses.Butanestimateofapparent losseshas
beenmadefromthebucketsurveyandotherdetailsofwaterconnectionsinslumareasthat
arenotpaying the specialwater tax.Around 6,000 connections are estimated tobe 1,058
ML/annum(2.9MLD).
Task8:CalculateRealLosses:
Reallosses=WaterlossesApparentlosses
Accordingly,reallossesarecalculatedtobe1,827ML/annumwhichis29percentofsystem
inputvolume.
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Task9:KalolWaterBalanceCalculation:Basedonthisanalysis,NRWinKalolisobserved
tobe46percent.TheNRWfiguresforKalolcityareobservedtobehighandsimilartothe
figuresarrivedatbyvariousauthoritiesafterconductingwaterstudies invariouscitiesof
thecountryandasassociatedwith intermittentsupplysystemprevailing inmostpartsof
country. There is considerable scope for improvement in the efficiency of the delivery
system.
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5.SuggestionsforReducingNonrevenueWater
Based on the observationsmadeduring thebasicwater audit and its results, a few key
suggestions for improved measurement of NRW as well as for its reduction havebeen
identified.Thefirstsetofsuggestions includesthosethatcanbetaken immediatelyandat
relatively lower costsby the Kalol municipality. A second set of suggestions for moredetailed studies is also identified for further diagnostic to reduce NRW and improve
efficiencyinserviceprovision.
Urgent/immediatestepsforNRWmeasurementandreduction:
RepairESRsand leakingvalves,and reduceoverflowof tanks:From thestandardIWAwaterbalance (Table8), it isnoticed that3.5percentwater lossesareat the
WDS level.These aremainlydue to leakage invalves and storage tanks andalso
their overflow. Field studies and results showed that Kalyanpura, Divada, Sarda
Nagar, Sardarbag and Navjivan ESRs are leaking heavily and require immediate
repair.
Maintenanceofvalvesandfittingssuchastightening loosebolts,positioninggland
packing,replacingdamagedpartsofvalvesandfittings,etc,areneededtoreduceor
stopleakagefromvalvesandfittings.
Staffsawarenessisneededtoreduceoverflowofstoragetanks.
Identify and regularise illegal connections: Illegal withdrawal of water fromdistributionlinesisoneofthereasonsresultinginloworevennegativepressure.To
overcome this, Kalol municipality needs to undertake steps to detect and then
regularise illegal connections to reduce NRW. This will also avoid illegal use of
boosterpumps
and
result
in
improved
performance
of
the
water
distribution
network.
There is also a need to introduce a simpler and special procedure for giving
connectionstoslumhouseholds.Apropertytaxbillisrequiredasproofofresidence
whenapplyingforawaterconnection.Slumpropertiesareoftennotassessedandso
donothavepropertytaxbills.Therefore,slumhouseholdsarenoteligibletoapply
for water connections. There is a need to provide a property tax bill for slum
householdsandthuseasetheprocessofgivingconnectionstoslumhouseholds.
Establishwaterquantitydatarecordingandprocessingsystemtoregularlymonitorand
reduce
water
losses.
There
is
no
data
recording
system
at
present
which
results
innonavailability ofdata for records to assess theperformance atvarious levels.
Creating awareness and training the staff is needed for maintaining proper log
books. It is also necessary to set up a system to report the hours of pumping to
concernedofficersofthewatersupplydepartment.Thisinformationshouldthenbe
usedwiththecalibratedpumpdischargefromthebasicwateraudit,tocalculatethe
water quantity supplied from various sources and WDS. This will help improve
reliabilityofdataandmeasureNRWona regularbasis. Ideally, theULBneeds to
installbulk flowmetersandpressuregauges tomeasure flowandpressure in the
linesatallpumpdischargesandcriticalpointsinthenetwork.
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Furtherstudiestoimprovesystemperformance:
Carry out energyaudit: From field studies it is observed thatpumps are runninginefficiently.Toidentifyreplacementandrehabilitationofpumpingmachineries,itis
necessary to carry out energy audits and implement suggestions resulting from
them.Thiswillhelpreducebothenergyusageandthehighexpenditureonenergy.
Prepare system/network map and connections information: At present, Kalolmunicipalitydoesnothavepropermapsofthedistributionnetwork.Asurveyofthe
completedistributionsystemneedstobecarriedoutbytheULBtoprepareaseries
of systemmaps.Thisshouldalso includehousetohouse surveys toobtaindetails
about the actual connections, authorised and unauthorised, aswell as household
detailscateredtobytheseconnections.
HydraulicmodellingandcreationofDMAs:AsreportedinAnnexure6,thepressureatgroundlevelforeachmeasurementconnectioninvariousareaswasverylowwith
negative pressure at several places against the desired minimum 7 m to 12 m
pressure for satisfactory delivery. A hydraulic study of the present network is
requiredtocheckitsadequacy,toidentifywhetheranyreplacementsorupgradation
is required orwhethernew lines are required tobe laid to ensureproper service
deliveryincludingrequiredpressureateachnode.Thiswouldalsohelpinreducing,
toagreatextent,theproblemofinequitableflowdistributioninKalol.
Demarcationof supply zones and formationofDMAs shouldbe carriedoutwith
necessary isolationofeachzoneandmeteringof input toeachsupplyzone,DMA
andothercriticalnodes.Thiswouldhelpbringawarenessaboutthesupplytoeach
locality including leakages, if any, with followup corrective actionsby the ULB
including leakdetection. Inaddition,thesupplycanbestaggered toenablesupply
withadequatepressure.
Metering:Kalolmunicipalityalsoneedstoexplorethepossibilityofmeasuringflowandpressure in the linesatallpumpdischargeandcriticalpoints innetwork.For
this, theULB needs to adoptmetering of supply ofwater. Thiswill also require
creatingawarenessamongthepublicandcreatingpoliticalwillbyassuringeveryone
about the benefits of continuous supply as against intermittent supply system.
Proper steps taken by the ULB in this direction can lead to improved system
efficiencyandservicedelivery.
DevelopabankableprojecttoreduceNRW:GiventhehighNRW,thereisscopeforintroducingaperformancebasedmanagementcontractbythemunicipalcouncilto
reduce NRW levels over time. This will require an assessment of capacity and
interestofpotentialcontractorstoundertakesuchacontract.Todevelopthis,abetter
andmore reliable set of datawillbe needed asdiscussed earlier.Adetailed risk
assessmentanalysiswillalsobeneededtodevelopariskmanagementplanforsuch
acontract.
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Annexure1:DetailsofKalolMainWaterSupplyNetwork
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Annexure2:VolumetricMeasurement
PipelineWTPtoMainWaterWorks(Divada/Kalyanpura/MainWaterWorks)
Timeof
measurement:
2:40
to
3:00
pm
Sr
no
Location/de
scription
Time
duration
ofmeas.
(hr)
Areaof
sump
(m2)
Level
rise
(m)
UGSR
fill
volume
asper
level
rise(m3)
Booster
pump
status
Booster
pump
flow
cap
(m3/hr)
Booster
pump
correcti
on
volume
(m3)
Total
fill
volum
eof
UGSR
(m3)
1 Divada
UGSR0.333 216.05 0.01 2.16 on 145 48 50.49
2 Kalyanpura
UGSR0.333 183.28 0.01 1.83 on 213 71 72.83
3 Main W/W
UGSR0.333 256.04 0.35 89.61 off 0 0 89.61
TotalmeasuredvolumeatUGSR(m3) 212.94
PratappuraWTPvolumereadingattotaliser 226.00
%variation 5.78%
PipelineWTPtoMainWaterWorks(Vankarvas/Kalyanpura/MainWaterWorks)
Timeofmeasurement:10:30to10:50am
Sr
no
Location/De
scription
Time
duration
ofmeas.
(hr)
Areaof
sump
(m2)
Level
rise
(m)
UGSR
fill
volume
asper
level
rise(m3)
Booster
pump
status
Booster
pump
flow
cap
(m3/hr)
Booster
pump
correcti
on
volume
(m3)
Total
fill
volum
eof
UGSR
(m3)
1 Vankarvas 0.333 121.09 0.19 23.01 off 0 0 23.01
2 Kalyanpura
UGSR0.333 183.28 0.16 29.32 on 213 71 100.32
3 Main W/W
UGSR0.333 256.04 0.37 94.73 off 0 0 94.73
TotalmeasuredvolumeatUGSR(m3) 218.07
PratappuraWTPvolumereadingattotaliser 218.00
%variation 0.03%
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PipelineWTPtoCivilHospitalSump
Timeofmeasurement:7:00to7:30pm
Sr
no
Location/D
escription
Time
duration
ofmeas.
(hr)
Areaof
sump
(m2)
Level
rise
(m)
UGSR
fill
volume
asper
level
rise(m3)
Booster
pump
status
Booster
pump
flow
cap
(m3/hr)
Booster
pump
correcti
on
volume
(m3)
Total
fill
volum
eof
UGSR
(m3)
1 Civil
Hospital
Sump
0.500 1243.47 0.36 447.65 OFF 0 0 447.65
TotalmeasuredvolumeatUGSR(m3) 447.65
PratappuraWTPvolumereadingattotaliser 466.00
%variation 3.94%
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Annexure3:ESRInletFlowDetails
A. ESRInletFlow(UGSRboosterpumptoESR)Sr
no
Boosterpump/ESRlocation Pump
discharge
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
working
hrs
Avgdaily
flow(m3)
Avgdaily
flow(MLD)
1 TP 46 140 7 980 0.98
2 Vankarvas 124 3 372 0.37
3 Kalyanpura 213 14 2,982 2.98
4 Divada 145 10.5 1,522.5 1.52
5 Main Water Works (2W Pumps)
(VolumetricEstimationofESRflow
as flow measurement on pump
dischargenotpossible)
110 9.5 1,045 1.05
6 MayurHousing(BoretoESR) 36 3 108 0.11
7 TownHall 101 6.75 681.75 0.68
8 SardaNagar 149 9.75 1,452.75 1.45
9 Sardarbag 177 7 1,239 1.24
10 Navjivan 203 3 609 0.61
11 Drainage 196 14 2,744 2.74
12 Tersaparu(BoretoESR) 14 3.5 49 0.05
Subtotal(A) 13.79
B. DirectGroundWaterFlowtoDistributionNetworkSr
no
Sourcelocation
Avg
inst
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
workinghrs
Avgdaily
flow(m3)
Avgdaily
flow(MLD)
1 CivilHospitalbore 56 5 280 0.28
2 Sardarbagbore 30 1 30 0.03
3 Navjivanbore 35 2.5 87.5 0.09
4 IFFCObore 62.5 3.5 218.75 0.22
5 BhavaniNagarbore 50 6.15 307.5 0.31
6 Pavathibore 49 3 147 0.15
7 AyojanNagarbore 81 4 324 0.32
8
JyoteshNagar
53.8
3
161.4
0.16
9 MahendraMillboreline1 58 0.45 26.1 0.03
10 MahendraMillboreline2 20 0.45 9 0.01
11 KumbharNiChali(WTP+ground
water by booster pump direct to
n/w)
68 3 204 0.20
Subtotal(B) 1.80
Grandtotal(A+B) 15.58
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42
Annexure4:ESROutletFlowDetails
A. ESROutletFlowtoDistributionNetworkSr
no
ESRlocation Totalflow
reading
(m3/hr)
Supplyhrs Avgdaily
quantity
(m3)
Avgdaily
quantity
(MLD)
1 TP 46 633 2 1,266 1.27
2 Vankarvas 274 2 548 0.55
3 Kalyanpura 531 4.5 2,389.5 2.39
4 Divada 559 2 1118 1.12
5 Main Water Works (2W Pumps)
(ESR inflow taken asESR outflow
asflowisnotmeasurable)
2 1,045 1.05
6 MayurHousing(boretoESR) 149 2 298 0.30
7 TownHall 475 2 950 0.95
8 SardaNagar 381 3 1,143 1.14
9 Sardarbag 534 2 1,068 1.07
10 Navjivan 279 2 558 0.56
11 Drainage(ESRinflowtakenasESR
outflowasflowisnotmeasurable)2,744 2.74
12 Tersaparu(boretoESR) 14 3.5 49 0.05
Subtotal(A) 13.18
B. DirectGroundWaterFlowtoDistributionNetworkSr
no
Sourcelocation Avginst
flow
(m3/hr)
Avg
workinghrs
Avgdaily
flow(m3)
Avgdaily
flow(MLD)
1 CivilHospitalbore 56 5 280 0.28
2 Sardarbagbore 30 1 30 0.03
3 Navjivanbore 35 2.5 87.5 0.09
4 IFFCObore 62.5 3.5 218.75 0.22
5 BhavaniNagarbore 50 6.15 307.5 0.31
6 Pavathibore 49 3 147 0.15
7
Ayojan
Nagar
bore
81
4
324
0.32
8 JyoteshNagar 53.8 3 161.4 0.16
9 MahendraMillboreline1 58 0.45 26.1 0.03
10 MahendraMillboreline2 20 0.45 9 0.01
11 KumbharNiChali(WTP+ground
water by booster pump direct to
network
68 3 204 0.20
Subtotal(B) 1.80
Grandtotal(A+B) 14.97
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43
Annexure5:DetailsofBucketSurveyatConsumersEnd
A. Volumetric Bucket Method: inch and inch Connection SupplyMeasurement
Sr
no
Locationof
sample
measurement
Househol
d
members
Timeof
supplyas
perULB
(min/day)
Average
flow
measured
(LPM)
Measured
apptime
ofsupply
atlocation,
(min/suppl
y)
Measured
timeof
supplyat
location
(min/day)
Avg
pressure
fromGL
(m)
Avg
water
available,
(lit/day)
Avg.
LPCD
supply
Remarks
Zone1
1TP46 (Patel
Colony)4 45 4.97 56 56.00 0.35 278 69.52
2TP46
(Talavadi) 6
45
3.08
60
60.000.95
185
30.77
3Shakti Vijay
Society5 90 4.77 18 36 1.58 172 34.33
4 Tersaparu 6 45 24.83 25 25.00 4.50 621 103.45
5TP46 (St
Xaviers)4 45 20.77 39 39.00 0.35 810 202.54
6TP46 (Ayojan
pura)8 45 14.55 75 75.00 1.24 0 0.00
Motor
operated
Average(Zone1) 413 88
Zone2
1 Vaghrivas 4 90 10.54 20 40 2 421 105.37
2Railway East
Area 5 90 13.85 30 60 0.76 831 166.15
3 BhavaniNagar 15 90 14.03 25 50 1 701 46.76
4 Drainage 10 90 5.85 22 44.00 0.18 258 25.76
5
Swadesini
Chali 6 90 30 60 0 0 0.00
Hand
pump/moto
roperated
6Navjivan Mill
NiChali5 90 17.42 30 60 3 1045 209.05
7Vakharia Char
Rasta7 90 1.89 15 30 0.08 57 8.11
8 Fatepura 4 90 2.66 20 40 0.92 106 26.6
9 Pandyavas 5 90 30 60 0 0 0.00Hand
pump/moto
roperated
10 Motinagar 7 90 5.9 30 60 0 354 50.57
11 SardaNagar 4 90 13.27 38 76.00 2.2 1009 252.17
12
Nathji Ni
Wadi 3 90 0 0 0
Hand
pump/moto
roperated
13Juni Hadka
Mill6 45 6.52 15 30 0.04 195 32.58
14 IFFCONagar 4 210 6.46 210 210 0.5 1356 339.01
15MahendraMill
NiChali
7 90 7.38 20 40 0.73 295 42.17
16 Navjivan Mill 4 90 12 30 60 1.15 720 180
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44
Sr
no
Locationof
sample
measurement
Househol
d
members
Timeof
supplyas
perULB
(min/day)
Average
flow
measured
(LPM)
Measured
apptime
ofsupply
atlocation,
(min/suppl
y)
Measured
timeof
supplyat
location
(min/day)
Avg
pressure
fromGL
(m)
Avg
water
available,
(lit/day)
Avg.
LPCD
supply
Remarks
NiChali
Average(Zone2) 565 114
Zone3
1Somanath
Society3 45 6.64 20 20 0.70 133 44.24
2Gay No
Tekro4 90 17.7 30 60 2.41 1062 265.50
3Ambika
Nagar2 0
4 BarotVas 4 90 5.65 30 60 1.52 339 84.71
5Rajnagar
Society5 45 5.6 15 30 0.5 168 33.6
6
AmrutKunj
5 90 0 0 0
Hand
pump/moto
roperated
7Dwarkesh
Apartment90 90 13.84 20 40 2.7 1107 12.3
8Vardhaman
Nagar10 90 15.65 25 50 3.20 783 78.26
9 JainWadi 6 90 8.57 30 60 3.025 514 85.71
10
Taluka Vikas
Officer
Kacheri90 30 60 0 0
Commercial
hand
pump/moto
roperated
11Nano
Thakorvas8 90 3.99 30 60 0.95 239 29.93
12
Vallabhnagar
Society 4 90 20 40 0 0 0
Hand
pump/Moto
roperated
13
Jai Bhavani
Nagar 7 45 20 0 0.00
Hand
pump/moto
roperated
Average(Zone3) 543 79
Zone
Noof
registered
connectionsAverage
supply
per
connection(litre)Average
supply
per
day(litre)Total
supply
(MLD)
1 5,204 413 2,149,445 2.15
2 7,632 565 4,314,416 4.31
3 5,005 543 2,718,364 2.72
Total 17,841 9,182,225 9.18
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45
B. VolumetricBucketMethod:1inchConnectionSupplyMeasurementSrno Locationof
sample
measurement
Househol
d
members
Timeof
supplyas
perULB
(min/day)
Averageflow
measured
(LPM)
Measured
apptime
ofsupply
at
location
(min/sup
ply)
Measured
timeof
supplyat
location
(min/day)
Avg
pressure
fromGL
(m)
Avgwater
available
(lit/day)
Avg.
LPCD
Supply
1 Ganesh
Apartment
120 90 159 20 40 6.00 6360 106
2 ParkAvenue 90 90 53 20 40 0.50 2120 47
3 Jyoteshvar
Mahadev
5 90 9 20 40 2.54 360 72
4 KashibaNivas 4 90 15.31 30 60 3.05 918.6 229.65
219 2,439.65 114
Noof
registered
connections
Averagesupplyper
connection(litre)
Averagesupply
perday(litre)
Total
supply
(MLD)
33 2,440 80,508 0.08
C. SummaryStatementofTotalSupplytoKalolCityType
of
connection
No of
registered
connections
Total
supply
(lit/day)Total
supply
(MLD)
inchandinchconnection 17,841 9,182,225 9.18
1inchconnection 33 80,508 0.08
Totalbilledconsumption 17,874 9,262,733 9.26
Systeminput 17.26
Nonrevenuewater(NRW) MLD 7.99
NRW % 46.32%
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ThePerformanceAssessmentSystem(PAS)Project
The PAS Project aims to develop appropriate methods and tools to measure, monitor and
improvedeliveryofwaterandsanitationincitiesandtownsinIndia.ThePASProjectincludes
three major components of performance measurement, performance monitoring and
performance improvement. It covers all the 400+ urban local governments in Gujarat and
Maharashtra.
CEPTUniversityhasreceivedagrantfromtheBillandMelindaGatesFoundationforthePAS
Project. It is being implemented by CEPT University with support of Urban Management
Centre
(UMC)
in
Gujarat
and
All
India
Institute
of
Local
SelfGovernment
(AIILSG)
in
Maharashtra.
PASProject
CEPTUniversity
Kasturbhai Lalbhai Campus, University Road, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 Gujarat,
India
Tel:
+91
79
26302470
Fax:917926302075
www.pas.org.in