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Transcript of Wall - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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5/10/2015 WallWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall 1/8
Decorativeexteriorwall,MexicoCity,Mexico,2008.
Abrickwall
WallFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Awallisastructurethatdefinesanarea,carriesaload,orprovidesshelterorsecurity.Therearemanykindsofwalls:
DefensivewallsinfortificationWallsinbuildingsthatformafundamentalpartofthesuperstructureorseparateinteriorsections,sometimesforfiresafetyRetainingwalls,whichholdbackearth,stone,orwaterWallsthatprotectfromoceans(seawallsorriverslevees)Permanent,solidfencesBorderbarriersbetweencountries(sometimes)
Contents
1Etymology2Defensivewall3Buildingwall
3.1Curtainwall3.2Mullionwall3.3Partitionwall3.4Partywall3.5Infillwall3.6Firewall3.7Shearwall3.8Kneewall3.9Cavitywall3.10Ponywall3.11Movablepartitions3.12Solarenergy
4Shipbuilding5Boundarywall6Borderwall7Retainingwall8Sharedwall9Portablewall10Temporarywall11Wallsinpopularculture12Seealso13References14Externallinks
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Etymology
WallcomesfromLatinvallummeaning"...anearthenwallorrampartsetwithpalisades,aroworlineofstakes,awall,arampart,fortification..."whiletheLatinwordmurusmeansadefensivestonewall[1]Englishusesthesamewordtomeananexternalwallandtheinternalsidesofaroom,butThisisnotuniversal.Manylanguagesdistinguishbetweenthetwo.InGerman,someofthisdistinctioncanbeseenbetweenWandandMauer,inSpanishbetweenparedandmuro.
Defensivewall
Thewordwalloriginallyreferredtodefensivewallsandramparts.
Buildingwall
Buildingwallspurposesaretosupportroofs,floorsandceilings,encloseaspaceaspartofthebuildingenvelope,alongwitharooftogivebuildingsform,andtoprovideshelterandsecurity.Inaddition,thewallmayhousevarioustypesofutilitiessuchaselectricalwiringorplumbing.Wallconstructionfallsintotwobasiccategories:framedwallsormasswalls.Inframedwallstheloadistransferredtothefoundationthroughposts,columnsorstuds.Framedwallsmostoftenhavethreeormoreseparatecomponents:thestructuralelements(suchas24studsinahousewall),insulation,andfinishelementsorsurfaces(suchasdrywallorpanelling).Masswallsareofasolidmaterialincludingmasonry,concreteincludingslipformstonemasonry,logbuilding,cordwoodconstruction,adobe,rammedearth,cob,earthbagconstruction,bottles,tincans,strawbaleconstruction,andice.
Therearethreebasicmethodswallscontrolwaterintrusion:moisturestorage,drainedcladding,orfacesealedcladding.[2]Moisturestorageistypicalofstoneandbrickmasswallbuildingswheremoistureisabsorbedandreleasedbythewallsofthestructureitself.Drainedcladdingalsoknownasscreenedwalls[3]acknowledgesmoisturewillpenetratethecladdingsoamoisturebarriersuchashousewraporfeltpaperinsidethecladdingprovidesasecondlineofdefenseandsometimesadrainageplaneorairgapallowsapathforthemoisturetodraindownthroughandexitthewall.Sometimesventilationisprovidedinadditiontothedrainageplanesuchasinrainscreenconstruction.Facesealedalsocalledbarrierwallorperfectbarrier[3]claddingreliesonmaintainingaleakfreesurfaceofthecladding.Examplesoffacesealedcladdingaretheearlyexteriorinsulationfinishingsystems,structuralglazing,metalcladpanels,andcorrugatedmetal.
Buildingwallsfrequentlybecomeworksofart,externallyandinternally,suchaswhenfeaturingmosaicworkorwhenmuralsarepaintedonthemorasdesignfociwhentheyexhibittexturesorpaintedfinishesforeffect.
Curtainwall
Inarchitectureandcivilengineering,curtainwallreferstoabuildingfacadethatisnotloadbearingbutprovidesdecoration,finish,front,face,orhistoricalpreservation.
Mullionwall
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GlassPartitionWall
Mullionwallsareastructuralsystemthatcarriestheloadofthefloorslabonprefabricatedpanelsaroundtheperimeter.
Partitionwall
Apartitionwallisawallthatseparatesrooms,ordividesaroom.Partitionwallsareusuallynotloadbearing.Partitionwallsareconstructedofmanymaterials,includingsteelpanels,bricks,blocksofclay,terracotta,concrete,orglassblocks.
Somepartitionwallsaremadeofsheetglass.Glasspartitionwallsareaseriesofindividualtoughenedglasspanelsmountedinwoodormetalframing.Theymaybesuspendedfromorslidealongarobustaluminiumceilingtrack.[4]Thesystemdoesnotrequiretheuseofafloorguide,whichallowseasyoperationandanuninterruptedthreshold.
Atimberpartitionconsistsofawoodenframework,supportedonthefloororbysidewalls.Metallathandplaster,properlylaid,formsareinforcedpartitionwall.Partitionwallsconstructedfromfibrecementsheetingarepopularasbasesfortilinginkitchensorinwetareaslikebathrooms.Galvanizedsheetfixedtowoodenorsteelmembersaremostlyadoptedinworksoftemporarycharacter.Plainorreinforcedpartitionwallsmayalsobeconstructedfromconcrete,includingprecastconcreteblocks.Metalframedpartitioningisalsoavailable.Thispartitionconsistsoftrack(usedprimarilyatthebaseandheadofthepartition)andstud(verticalsectionsfixedat600mmcentres).
Internalwallpartitions,alsoknownasofficepartitioning,isusuallymadeofplasterboard(drywall)orvarietiesofglass.Toughenedglassisacommonoption,asislowironglass(betterknownasoptiwhiteglass,whichincreaseslightandsolarheattransmission.
Wallpartitionsareconstructedusingbeadsandtrackingthatiseitherhungfromtheceilingorfixedintotheground.[5]Thepanelsareinsertedintothetrackingandfixed.Somewallpartitionvariationsspecifytheirfireresistanceandacousticperformancerating.
Partywall
Partywallsarewallsthatseparatebuildingsorunitswithinabuilding.Theymayprovidesoundresistanceorserveasafirewall.Ownershipofsuchwallscanbecomealegalissue.
Infillwall
Aninfillwallisthesupportedwallthatclosestheperimeterofabuildingconstructedwithathreedimensionalframeworkstructure.
Firewall
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Firewallsarespecialwallsthatresistspreadoffirewithinorsometimesbetweenstructurestoprovidepassivefireprotection.Adelayinthespreadoffiregivesoccupantsmoretimetoescapeandfirefightersmoretimetoextinguishthefire.Suchwallshavenowindows,andaremadeofnoncombustiblematerialsuchasconcrete,cementblock,brick,orfirerateddrywallandhavewallpenetrationssealedwithspecialmaterials.Adoorwayinafirewallmusthavearatedfiredoor.Firewallsprovidevaryingresistancetothespreadoffire,someintendedtolastonetofourhours.Firewalls,generally,arealsosmokebarriers.
Shearwall
Shearwallsresistlateralforcessuchasinanearthquakeorseverewind.Therearedifferentkindsofshearwallssuchasthesteelplateshearwall.
Kneewall
Kneewallsareshortwallsthateithersupportraftersoraddheightinthetopfloorroomsofhouses.Inaoneandonehalfstoryhouse,thekneewallsupportsthehalfstory.
Cavitywall
Cavitywallsarewallsmadewithaspacebetweenthe"skins"toallowdrainage.
Ponywall
Ponywallisageneraltermforshortwalls,suchas:
Ahalfwallthatonlyextendspartwayfromfloortoceiling,withoutsupportinganythingAstemwallaconcretewallthatextendsfromthefoundationslabtothecripplewallorfloorjoistsAcripplewallaframedwallfromthestemwallorfoundationslabtothefloorjoistsAkneewall,whichextendsfromthefloortoacountertop,rafter,orhandrail
Movablepartitions
Movablepartitionsarewallsthatopentojointwoormoreroomsintoonelargefloorarea.Theseinclude:
Slidingaseriesofpanelsthatslideintracksfixedtothefloorandceiling,similarslidingdoorsSlidingandfoldingsimilartoslidingfoldingdoors,thesearegoodforsmallerspansScreensusuallyconstructedofametalortimberframefixedwithplywoodandchipboardandsupportedwithlegsforfreestandingandeasymovementPipeanddrapefixedortelescopicuprightsandhorizontalsprovideagroundsupporteddrapesystemwithremovablepanels
Solarenergy
Atrombewallinpassivesolarbuildingdesignactsasaheatsink.
Shipbuilding
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StonewallofanEnglishbarn
AnoldItalianwallsurroundedbyflowers
Onaship,awallthatseparatesmajorcompartmentsiscalledabulkhead.Athinnerwallbetweencabinsiscalledapartition.
Boundarywall
Boundarywallsincludeprivacywalls,boundarymarkingwallsonproperty,andtownwalls.Theseintergradeintofences.Theconventionaldifferentiationisthatafenceisofminimalthicknessandoftenopeninnature,whileawallisusuallymorethananominalthicknessandiscompletelyclosed,oropaque.Moretothepoint,anexteriorstructureofwoodorwireisgenerallycalledafencebutoneofmasonryisawall.Acommontermforbothisbarrier,whichisconvenientforstructuresthatarepartlywallandpartlyfenceforexampletheBerlinWall.Anotherkindofwallfenceambiguityisthehahawhichissetbelowgroundleveltoprotectaview,yetactsasabarrier(tocattle,forexample).
Beforetheinventionofartillery,manyoftheworld'scitiesandtowns,particularlyinEuropeandAsia,haddefensiveorprotectivewalls(alsocalledtownwallsorcitywalls).Infact,theEnglishword"wall"derivesfromLatinvallumatypeoffortificationwall.Thesewallsarenolongerrelevantfordefense,sosuchcitieshavegrownbeyondtheirwalls,andmanyfortificationwalls,orportionsofthem,havebeentorndownforexampleinRome,ItalyandBeijing,China.ExamplesofprotectivewallsonamuchlargerscaleincludetheGreatWallofChinaandHadrian'sWall.
Borderwall
Somewallsformallymarktheborderbetweenonepopulationandanother.Aborderwallisconstructedtolimitthemovementofpeopleacrossacertainlineorborder.Thesestructuresvaryinplacementwithregardtointernationalbordersandtopography.Themostfamousexampleofborderbarrierinhistoryisprobablythe
GreatWallofChina,aseriesofwallsthatseparatedtheEmpireofChinafromnomadicpowerstothenorth.ThemostprominentrecentexampleistheBerlinWall,whichsurroundedtheenclaveofWestBerlinandseparateditfromEastGermanyformostoftheColdWarera.
Retainingwall
Inareasofrockysoilsaroundtheworld,farmershaveoftenpulledlargequantitiesofstoneoutoftheirfieldstomakefarmingeasierandhavestackedthosestonestomakewallsthateithermarkthefieldboundary,orthepropertyboundary,orboth.
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DrystonewallGrendon
AshlarwallIncawallatMachuPicchu,Peru
Retainingwallsresistmovementofearth,stone,orwater.Theymaybepartofabuildingorexternal.Thegroundsurfaceorwaterononesideofaretainingwallistypicallyhigherthanontheotherside.Adikeisaretainingwall,asisalevee,aloadbearingfoundationwall,andaseawall.
Sharedwall
Speciallawsoftengovernwallsthatneighbouringpropertiesshare.Typically,oneneighbourcannotalterthecommonwallifitislikelytoaffectthebuildingorpropertyontheotherside.Awallmayalsoseparateapartmentorhotelroomsfromeachother.Eachwallhastwosidesandbreakingawallononesidewillbreakthewallontheotherside.
Portablewall
Portablewalls,suchasroomdividersorportablepartitionsdividealargeropenspaceintosmallerrooms.Portablewallscanbestatic,suchascubiclewalls,orcanbewallpanelsmountedoncasterstoprovideaneasywaytoreconfigureassemblyspace.Theyareoftenfoundinsideschools,churches,conventioncenters,hotels,andcorporatefacilities.
Temporarywall
Atemporarywallisconstructedforeasyremovalordemolition.Atypicaltemporarywallcanbeconstructedwith12"(6mm)to58"(16mm)sheetrock(plasterboard),metal23s(approx.57cm),or24s,ortaped,plasteredandcompounded.Mostinstallationcompaniesuselattice(stripsofwood)tocoverthejointsofthetemporarywallwiththeceiling.Thesearesometimeknownaspressurizedwallsortemporarypressurizedwalls.
Wallsinpopularculture
Wallsareoftenseeninmanypopularcultures,representingbarrierspreventingprogressorentry.Forexample,theprogressive/psychedelicrockbandPinkFloydusedametaphoricalwalltorepresenttheisolationfeltbytheprotagonistoftheir1979conceptalbumTheWall.AmericanpoetlaureateRobertFrostdescribesapointlessrockwallasametaphorforthemyopiaofthecultureboundinhispoem"MendingWall",publishedin1914.Inareallifeexample,theBerlinWall,constructedbytheSovietUniontodivideBerlinintoNATOandWarsawPactzonesofoccupation,becameaworldwidesymbolofoppressionandisolation.
Insomecases,awallmayrefertoanindividual'sdebilitatingmentalorphysicalcondition,seenasanimpassablebarrier.
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ViewofthewesternenclosingwalloftheGreatMosqueofKairouan(alsocalledtheMosqueofUqba)inthecityofKairouaninTunisia.
Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopdiaBritannicaarticleWall.
Anothercommonusageisasacommunalsurfacetowriteupon.ForinstancethesocialnetworkingsiteFacebookpreviouslyusedanelectronic"wall"tologthescrawlsoffriendsuntilitwasreplacedbythe"timeline"feature.
Seealso
AshlarClimbingwallDrystonewallFabricstructureHyRibListofwallsLoadbearingwallSleeperwallStonewallTensilestructureThinshellstructureWallpaper
References1. Wall.Whitney,WilliamDwight,andBenjaminE.Smith.TheCenturydictionaryandcyclopedia,vol.8.New
York:CenturyCo.,1901.6,809.Print.2. CommitteeonDampIndoorSpacesandHealth,BoardonHealthPromotionandDiseasePrevention.Damp
indoorspacesandhealth.InstituteofMedicine,(U.S.).NationalAcademiesPress.Washington,D.C..2004.3435.Print.
3. Straube,J.F.andBurnett,E.F.P.,"DrivingRainandMasonryVeneer".WaterLeakagethroughBuildingFacades,ASTMSTP1314.R.J.KudderandJ.L.Erdly,Eds.AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials(ASTM),1998.75.Print.
4. "PARTITIONWALL"(http://niceduniya.blogspot.com/2007/12/partitionwall.html).PrinciplesofDesign.Retrieved17July2013.
5. "PartitionWalls"(http://www.ceilingspartitions.co.uk/partitionswalls/partitions/).Excellenceincraftsmanship.Retrieved17July2013.
ExternallinksThedictionarydefinitionofwallatWiktionaryMediarelatedtoWallsatWikimediaCommons
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