Karate - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Hanashiro Chōmo

Also knownas

Karate-dō ( )

Focus Striking

Hardness full contact to non contact

Country oforigin

Ryūkyū Kingdom / Japan(from Ryukyu Islands indigenousfighting methods and Chinesekenpō[1][2] and further explored inJapan)

Creator Sakukawa Kanga; Matsumura Sōkon;Itosu Ankō; Arakaki Seishō;Higaonna Kanryō; Gichin Funakoshi;Motobu Chōki

Parenthood Chinese martial arts, indigenousmartial arts of Ryukyu Islands(Naha-te, Shuri-te, Tomari-te)[1][2]

Olympicsport

Not voted in 2005 (for 2012) or in2009 (for 2016)

Karate( )

KarateFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karate ( ) ( /kəˈrɑːtiː/; Japanese pronunciation: [kaɽate] ( listen)) isa martial art developed in the Ryukyu Islands in what is now Okinawa,Japan. It was developed partially from indigenous fighting methodscalled te ( , literally "hand"; Tii in Okinawan) and from Chinese kenpō.[1][2] Karate is a striking art using punching, kicking, knee and elbowstrikes, and open-handed techniques such as knife-hands. Grappling,locks, restraints, throws, and vital point strikes are taught in somestyles.[3] A karate practitioner is called a karateka ( ).

Karate was developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom prior to its 19th-centuryannexation by Japan. It was brought to the Japanese mainland in theearly 20th century during a time of cultural exchanges between theJapanese and the Ryukyuans. In 1922 the Japanese Ministry ofEducation invited Gichin Funakoshi to Tokyo to give a karatedemonstration. In 1924 Keio University established the first universitykarate club in Japan and by 1932, major Japanese universities hadkarate clubs.[4] In this era of escalating Japanese militarism,[5] the namewas changed from ("Chinese hand" or "Tang hand" verbatim, as thename of the Tang dynasty was a synonym to China in Okinawa) to ("empty hand") – both of which are pronounced karate – to indicatethat the Japanese wished to develop the combat form in Japanesestyle.[6] After the Second World War, Okinawa became an importantUnited States military site and karate became popular among servicemenstationed there.[7]

The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatlyincrease its popularity and the word karate began to be used in a genericway to refer to all striking-based Oriental martial arts.[8] Karate schoolsbegan appearing across the world, catering to those with casual interestas well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.

Shigeru Egami, Chief Instructor of Shotokan Dojo, opined "that themajority of followers of karate in overseas countries pursue karate onlyfor its fighting techniques ... Movies and television ... depict karate as amysterious way of fighting capable of causing death or injury with asingle blow ... the mass media present a pseudo art far from the realthing."[9] Shoshin Nagamine said "Karate may be considered as theconflict within oneself or as a life-long marathon which can be won onlythrough self-discipline, hard training and one's own creative efforts."[10]

For many practitioners, karate is a deeply philosophical practice.Karate-do teaches ethical principles and can have spiritual significanceto its adherents. Gichin Funakoshi ("Father of Modern Karate") titledhis autobiography Karate-Do: My Way of Life in recognition of thetransforming nature of karate study. Today karate is practiced forself-perfection, for cultural reasons, for self-defense and as a sport. In2005, in the 117th IOC (International Olympic Committee) voting,karate did not receive the necessary two thirds majority vote to becomean Olympic sport.[11] Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry ofForeign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitionersworldwide.[12]

Contents

Karate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karate&printable=yes

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1 History1.1 Okinawa1.2 Japan

2 Practice2.1 Kihon2.2 Kata2.3 Kumite2.4 Dojo Kun2.5 Conditioning2.6 Sport2.7 Rank2.8 Dishonest practice

3 Philosophy4 Etymology5 Karate and its influence outside Japan

5.1 Canada5.2 Korea5.3 Soviet Union5.4 United Kingdom5.5 United States5.6 France

6 Film and popular culture in the West7 Karate in mixed martial arts8 See also9 References10 External links

History

Okinawa

See also: Okinawan martial arts

Karate began as a common fighting system known as te (Okinawan: ti) among the Pechin class of the Ryukyuans. Aftertrade relationships were established with the Ming dynasty of China by King Satto of Chūzan in 1372, some forms ofChinese martial arts were introduced to the Ryukyu Islands by the visitors from China, particularly Fujian Province. Alarge group of Chinese families moved to Okinawa around 1392 for the purpose of cultural exchange, where theyestablished the community of Kumemura and shared their knowledge of a wide variety of Chinese arts and sciences,including the Chinese martial arts. The political centralization of Okinawa by King Shō Hashi in 1429 and the 'Policy ofBanning Weapons,' enforced in Okinawa after the invasion of the Shimazu clan in 1609, are also factors that furthered thedevelopment of unarmed combat techniques in Okinawa.[2]

There were few formal styles of te, but rather many practitioners with their own methods. One surviving example is theMotobu-ryū school passed down from the Motobu family by Seikichi Uehara.[13] Early styles of karate are oftengeneralized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.[14] Each area andits teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Members of the Okinawan upper classes were sent to China regularly to study various political and practical disciplines.The incorporation of empty-handed Chinese Kung Fu into Okinawan martial arts occurred partly because of theseexchanges and partly because of growing legal restrictions on the use of weaponry. Traditional karate kata bear a strongresemblance to the forms found in Fujian martial arts such as Fujian White Crane, Five Ancestors, and Gangrou-quan(Hard Soft Fist; pronounced "Gōjūken" in Japanese).[15] Many Okinawan weapons such as the sai, tonfa, and nunchakumay have originated in and around Southeast Asia.

Sakukawa Kanga (1782–1838) had studied pugilism and staff (bo) fighting in China (according to one legend, under theguidance of Kosokun, originator of kusanku kata). In 1806 he started teaching a fighting art in the city of Shuri that hecalled "Tudi Sakukawa," which meant "Sakukawa of China Hand." This was the first known recorded reference to the art


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Ankō ItosuGrandfather of Modern Karate

Masters of karate in Tokyo (c.1930s)Kanken Toyama, Hironori Otsuka,Takeshi Shimoda, Gichin Funakoshi,Motobu Chōki, Kenwa Mabuni,Genwa Nakasone, and Shinken Taira(from left to right)

of "Tudi," written as . Around the 1820s Sakukawa's most significant student Matsumura Sōkon (1809–1899) taught asynthesis of te (Shuri-te and Tomari-te) and Shaolin (Chinese ) styles. Matsumura's style would later become theShōrin-ryū style.

Matsumura taught his art to Itosu Ankō (1831–1915) among others. Itosu adaptedtwo forms he had learned from Matsumara. These are kusanku and chiangnan[citation needed]. He created the ping'an forms ("heian" or "pinan" in Japanese)which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1901 Itosu helped to get karateintroduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children atthe elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms hecreated are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some ofthe most well known karate masters, including Gichin Funakoshi, Kenwa Mabuni,and Motobu Chōki. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of ModernKarate."[16]

In 1881 Higaonna Kanryō returned from China after years of instruction with RyuRyu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te. One of his students was thefounder of Gojū-ryū, Chōjun Miyagi. Chōjun Miyagi taught such well-knownkarateka as Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, MiyazatoEi'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life,An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).

In addition to the three early te styles of karate a fourth Okinawan influence is thatof Kanbun Uechi (1877–1948). At the age of 20 he went to Fuzhou in FujianProvince, China, to escape Japanese military conscription. While there he studied under Shushiwa. He was a leading figureof Chinese Nanpa Shorin-ken at that time.[17] He later developed his own style of Uechi-ryū karate based on the Sanchin,Seisan, and Sanseiryu kata that he had studied in China.[18]

Japan

See also: Japanese martial arts

Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan karate, is generally credited with havingintroduced and popularized karate on the main islands of Japan. In addition manyOkinawans were actively teaching, and are thus also responsible for thedevelopment of karate on the main islands. Funakoshi was a student of both AsatoAnkō and Itosu Ankō (who had worked to introduce karate to the OkinawaPrefectural School System in 1902). During this time period, prominent teacherswho also influenced the spread of karate in Japan included Kenwa Mabuni, ChōjunMiyagi, Motobu Chōki, Kanken Tōyama, and Kanbun Uechi. This was a turbulentperiod in the history of the region. It includes Japan's annexation of the Okinawanisland group in 1872, the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895), the Russo-JapaneseWar (1904–1905), the annexation of Korea, and the rise of Japanese militarism(1905–1945).

Japan was invading China at the time, and Funakoshi knew that the art ofTang/China hand would not be accepted; thus the change of the art's name to "wayof the empty hand." The dō suffix implies that karatedō is a path to self knowledge,not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like most martial arts practicedin Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -dō around the beginning of the 20th century. The "dō" in "karate-dō"sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaidofrom iaijutsu.

Funakoshi changed the names of many kata and the name of the art itself (at least on mainland Japan), doing so to getkarate accepted by the Japanese budō organization Dai Nippon Butoku Kai. Funakoshi also gave Japanese names to manyof the kata. The five pinan forms became known as heian, the three naihanchi forms became known as tekki, seisan ashangetsu, Chintō as gankaku, wanshu as empi, and so on. These were mostly political changes, rather than changes to thecontent of the forms, although Funakoshi did introduce some such changes. Funakoshi had trained in two of the popularbranches of Okinawan karate of the time, Shorin-ryū and Shōrei-ryū. In Japan he was influenced by kendo, incorporatingsome ideas about distancing and timing into his style. He always referred to what he taught as simply karate, but in 1936 he


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Gichin FunakoshiFounder of Shotokan Karate

built a dojo in Tokyo and the style he left behind is usually called Shotokan afterthis dojo.

The modernization and systemization of karate in Japan also included the adoptionof the white uniform that consisted of the kimono and the dogi or keikogi—mostlycalled just karategi—and colored belt ranks. Both of these innovations wereoriginated and popularized by Jigoro Kano, the founder of judo and one of the menFunakoshi consulted in his efforts to modernize karate.

In 1922, Hironori Otsuka attended the Tokyo Sports Festival, where he sawFunakoshi's karate. Otsuka was so impressed with this that he visited Funakoshimany times during his stay. Funakoshi was, in turn, impressed by Otsuka'senthusiasm and determination to understand karate, and agreed to teach him. In thefollowing years, Otsuka set up a medical practice dealing with martial arts injuries.His prowess in martial arts led him to become the Chief Instructor of ShindōYōshin-ryū jujutsu at the age of 30, and an assistant instructor in Funakoshi's dojo.

By 1929, Otsuka was registered as a member of the Japan Martial Arts Federation.Okinawan karate at this time was only concerned with kata. Otsuka thought that thefull spirit of budō, which concentrates on defence and attack, was missing, and thatkata techniques did not work in realistic fighting situations. He experimented withother, more combative styles such as judo, kendo, and aikido. He blended thepractical and useful elements of Okinawan karate with traditional Japanese martialarts techniques from jujitsu and kendo, which led to the birth of kumite, or free fighting, in karate. Otsuka thought thatthere was a need for this more dynamic type of karate to be taught, and he decided to leave Funakoshi to concentrate ondeveloping his own style of karate: Wadō-ryū. In 1934, Wadō-ryū karate was officially recognized as an independent styleof karate. This recognition meant a departure for Otsuka from his medical practice and the fulfilment of a life'sambition—to become a full-time martial artist.

Otsuka's personalized style of Karate was officially registered in 1938 after he was awarded the rank of Renshi-go. Hepresented a demonstration of Wadō-ryū karate for the Japan Martial Arts Federation. They were so impressed with hisstyle and commitment that they acknowledged him as a high-ranking instructor. The next year the Japan Martial ArtsFederation asked all the different styles to register their names; Otsuka registered the name Wadō-ryū. In 1944, Otsuka wasappointed Japan's Chief Karate Instructor.

A new form of karate called Kyokushin was formally founded in 1957 by Masutatsu Oyama (who was born a Korean, ChoiYeong-Eui ). Kyokushin is largely a synthesis of Shotokan and Gōjū-ryū. It teaches a curriculum that emphasizesaliveness, physical toughness, and full contact sparring. Because of its emphasis on physical, full-force sparring, Kyokushinis now often called "full contact karate", or "Knockdown karate" (after the name for its competition rules). Many otherkarate organizations and styles are descended from the Kyokushin curriculum.

The World Karate Federation recognizes these styles of karate in its kata list [19]

Shōtōkan-ryū,Shitō-ryū,Gōjū-ryū,Wadō-ryū.

The World Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF) recognizes these styles of karate in its kata list.[20]

Shōtōkan-ryū,Shitō-ryū,Gōjū-ryū,Wadō-ryū,Shōrin-ryū,Uechi-ryū,Kyokushinkai,Budōkan.

Many schools would be affiliated with, or heavily influenced by, one or more of these styles.


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Motobu Chōki in Naihanchi-dachi, oneof the basic karate stances

Practice

See also: Okinawan kobudō and Japanese martial arts#Philosophical and strategic concepts

Karate can be practiced as an art (budō), as a sport, as a combat sport, or as self defense training. Traditional karate placesemphasis on self development (budō).[21] Modern Japanese style training emphasizes the psychological elementsincorporated into a proper kokoro (attitude) such as perseverance, fearlessness, virtue, and leadership skills. Sport karateplaces emphasis on exercise and competition. Weapons (kobudō) is important training activity in some styles.

Karate training is commonly divided into kihon (basics or fundamentals), kata (forms), and kumite (sparring).

Kihon

Main article: Kihon

Karate styles place varying importance on kihon. Typically this is performance in unison of a technique or a combination oftechniques by a group of karateka. Kihon may also be prearranged drills in smaller groups or in pairs.

Kata

Main article: Karate kata

Kata ( : ) means literally "shape" or "model." Kata is a formalized sequence ofmovements which represent various offensive and defensive postures. Thesepostures are based on idealized combat applications.

Some kata use low and wide stances. This practice develops leg strength, correctposture, and gracefulness. Vigorous arm movements enhance cardiovascular fitnessand upper body strength. Kata vary in number of movements and difficulty. Thelonger kata require the karateka to learn many complex movements. Diligenttraining and correct mindfulness lead to real understanding of combat principles.

Physical routines were a logical way to preserve this type of knowledge. Thevarious moves have multiple interpretations and applications. Because theapplicability for actual self-defense is so flexible there is no definitively correct wayto interpret all kata. That is why only high ranking practitioners are qualified tojudge adequate form for their own style. Some of the criteria for judging the qualityof a performance are: Absence of missteps; correct beginning and especiallyending; crispness and smoothness; correct speed and power; confidence; andknowledge of application. Kata with the same name are often performed differentlyin other styles of karate. Kata are taught with minor variations among schools of thesame style. Even the same instructor will teach a particular kata slightly differentlyas the years pass.

To attain a formal rank the karateka must demonstrate competent performance of specific required kata for that level. TheJapanese terminology for grades or ranks is commonly used. Requirements for examinations vary among schools.

Kumite

Main article: Kumite

Sparring in Karate is called kumite ( : ). It literally means "meeting of hands." Kumite is practiced both as a sport andas self-defense training. Levels of physical contact during sparring vary considerably. Full contact karate has severalvariants. Knockdown karate (such as Kyokushin) uses full power techniques to bring an opponent to the ground. InKickboxing variants ( for example K-1), the preferred win is by knockout. Sparring in armour (bogu kumite) allows fullpower techniques with some safety. Sport kumite in many international competition under the World Karate Federation isfree or structured with light contact or semi contact and points are awarded by a referee.

In structured kumite (Yakusoku – prearranged), two participants perform a choreographed series of techniques with onestriking while the other blocks. The form ends with one devastating technique (Hito Tsuki).


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In free sparring (Jiyu Kumite), the two participants have a free choice of scoring techniques. The allowed techniques andcontact level are primarily determined by sport or style organization policy, but might be modified according to the age,rank and sex of the participants. Depending upon style, take-downs, sweeps and in some rare cases even time-limitedgrappling on the ground are also allowed.

Free sparring is performed in a marked or closed area. The bout runs for a fixed time (2 to 3 minutes.) The time can runcontinuously (Iri Kume) or be stopped for referee judgment. In light contact or semi contact kumite, points are awardedbased on the criteria: good form, sporting attitude, vigorous application, awareness/zanshin, good timing and correctdistance. In full contact karate kumite, points are based on the results of the impact, rather than the formal appearance ofthe scoring technique.

Dojo Kun

Main article: Dojo kun

In the bushidō tradition dojo kun is a set of guidelines for karateka to follow. These guidelines apply both in the dojo(training hall) and in everyday life.

Conditioning

Okinawan karate uses supplementary training known as hojo undo. This utilizes simple equipment made of wood andstone. The makiwara is a striking post. The nigiri game is a large jar used for developing grip strength. Thesesupplementary exercises are designed to increase strength, stamina, speed, and muscle coordination.[22] Sport Karateemphasises aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise, power, agility, flexibility, and stress management.[23] All practices varydepending upon the school and the teacher.

Sport

Gichin Funakoshi ( ) said, "There are no contests in karate."[24] In pre–World War II Okinawa, kumite was not part ofkarate training.[25] Shigeru Egami relates that, in 1940, some karateka were ousted from their dojo because they adoptedsparring after having learned it in Tokyo.[26]

Karate is divided into style organizations. These organizations sometimes cooperate in non-style specific sport karateorganizations or federations. Examples of sport organizations are AAKF/ITKF, AOK, TKL, AKA, WKF, NWUKO, WUKFand WKC.[27] Organizations hold competitions (tournaments) from local to international level. Tournaments are designedto match members of opposing schools or styles against one another in kata, sparring and weapons demonstration. They areoften separated by age, rank and sex with potentially different rules or standards based on these factors. The tournamentmay be exclusively for members of a particular style (closed) or one in which any martial artist from any style mayparticipate within the rules of the tournament (open).

The World Karate Federation (WKF) is the largest sport karate organization and is recognized by the International OlympicCommittee (IOC) as being responsible for karate competition in the Olympic games.[28] The WKF has developed commonrules governing all styles. The national WKF organizations coordinate with their respective National Olympic Committees.

Karate does not have 2012 Olympic status. In the 117th IOC Session (July 2005), karate received more than half of thevotes, but not the two-thirds majority needed to become an official Olympic sport.

WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata). Competitors may enter either asindividuals or as part of a team. Evaluation for kata and kobudō is performed by a panel of judges, whereas sparring isjudged by a head referee, usually with assistant referees at the side of the sparring area. Sparring matches are typicallydivided by weight, age, gender, and experience.

WKF only allows membership through one national organization/federation per country to which clubs may join. TheWorld Union of Karate-do Federations (WUKF)[29] offers different styles and federations a world body they may join,without having to compromise their style or size. The WUKF accepts more than one federation or association per country.

Sport organizations use different competition rule systems. Light contact rules are used by the WKF, WUKO, IASK andWKC. Full contact karate rules used by Kyokushinkai, Seidokaikan and other organizations. Bogu kumite (full contact withprotective shielding of targets) rules are used in the World Koshiki Karate-Do Federation organization.[30] Shinkaratedo


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Karatekas wearing different colouredbelts

A young student graduates up a rank inbelt in front of his dojo.

Federation use boxing gloves.[31] Within the United States, rules may be under the jurisdiction of state sports authorities,such as the boxing commission.

Rank

See also: Kyū

In 1924 Gichin Funakoshi, founder of Shotokan Karate, adopted the Dan systemfrom judo founder Jigoro Kano[32] using a rank scheme with a limited set of beltcolors. Other Okinawan teachers also adopted this practice. In the Kyū/Dan systemthe beginner grades start with a higher numbered kyū (e.g., 10th Kyū or Jukyū) andprogress toward a lower numbered kyū. The Dan progression continues from 1stDan (Shodan, or 'beginning dan') to the higher dan grades. Kyū-grade karateka arereferred to as "color belt" or mudansha ("ones without dan/rank"). Dan-gradekarateka are referred to as yudansha (holders of dan/rank). Yudansha typicallywear a black belt. Requirements of rank differ among styles, organizations, and schools. Kyū ranks stress stance, balance,and coordination. Speed and power are added at higher grades.

Minimum age and time in rank are factors affecting promotion. Testing consists ofdemonstration of techniques before a panel of examiners. This will vary by school,but testing may include everything learned at that point, or just new information.The demonstration is an application for new rank (shinsa) and may include kata,bunkai, self-defense, routines, tameshiwari (breaking), and/or kumite (sparring).

Dishonest practice

Due to the popularity of martial arts, both in mass media and reality, a large numberof disreputable, fraudulent, or misguided teachers and schools have arisen,approximately over the last 40 years. Commonly referred to as a "McDojo"[33] or a"Black Belt Mill," these schools are commonly headed by martial artists of eitherdubious skill or business ethics.

Philosophy

Gichin Funakoshi interpreted the "kara" of Karate-dō to mean "to purge oneself of selfish and evil thoughts. For only witha clear mind and conscience can the practitioner understand the knowledge which he receives." Funakoshi believed thatone should be "inwardly humble and outwardly gentle." Only by behaving humbly can one be open to Karate's manylessons. This is done by listening and being receptive to criticism. He considered courtesy of prime importance. He saidthat "Karate is properly applied only in those rare situations in which one really must either down another or be downed byhim." Funakoshi did not consider it unusual for a devotee to use Karate in a real physical confrontation no more thanperhaps once in a lifetime. He stated that Karate practitioners must "never be easily drawn into a fight." It is understoodthat one blow from a real expert could mean death. It is clear that those who misuse what they have learned bring dishonorupon themselves. He promoted the character trait of personal conviction. In "time of grave public crisis, one must have thecourage...to face a million and one opponents." He taught that indecisiveness is a weakness.[34]

Etymology

Karate was originally written as "Chinese hand" ( literally "Tang dynasty hand") in kanji. It was later changed to ahomophone meaning empty hand ( ). The original use of the word "karate" in print is attributed to Ankō Itosu; he wrote itas " ". The Tang Dynasty of China ended in AD 907, but the kanji representing it remains in use in Japanese languagereferring to China generally, in such words as " " meaning Chinatown. Thus the word "karate" was originally a way ofexpressing "martial art from China."

Since there are no written records it is not known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally writtenwith the character meaning China or the character meaning empty. During the time when admiration forChina and things Chinese was at its height in the Ryūkyūs it was the custom to use the former character whenreferring to things of fine quality. Influenced by this practice, in recent times karate has begun to be writtenwith the character to give it a sense of class or elegance.

—Gichin Funakoshi[35]


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The first documented use of a homophone of the logogram pronounced kara by replacing the Chinese character meaning"Tang Dynasty" with the character meaning "empty" took place in Karate Kumite written in August 1905 by ChōmoHanashiro (1869–1945). Sino-Japanese relations have never been very good, and especially at the time of the Japaneseinvasion of Manchuria, referring to the Chinese origins of karate was considered politically incorrect.[36]

In 1933, the Okinawan art of karate was recognized as a Japanese martial art by the Japanese Martial ArtsCommittee known as the "Butoku Kai". Until 1935, "karate" was written as " " (Chinese hand). But in 1935,the masters of the various styles of Okinawan karate conferred to decide a new name for their art. Theydecided to call their art "karate" written in Japanese characters as " " (empty hand).[14]

Another nominal development is the addition of dō ( : う) to the end of the word karate. Dō is a suffix having numerousmeanings including road, path, route, and way. It is used in many martial arts that survived Japan's transition from feudalculture to modern times. It implies that these arts are not just fighting systems but contain spiritual elements whenpromoted as disciplines. In this context dō is usually translated as "the way of ___". Examples include aikido, judo, kyudo,and kendo. Thus karatedō is more than just empty hand techniques. It is "The Way Of The Empty Hand".

Karate and its influence outside Japan

Canada

Karate began in Canada in the 1930s and 1940s as Japanese people immigrated to the country. Karate was practisedquietly without a large amount of organization. During the Second World War, many Japanese-Canadian families weremoved to the interior of British Columbia. Masaru Shintani, at the age of 13, began to study Shorin-Ryu karate in theJapanese camp under Kitigawa. In 1956 after 9 years of training with Kitigawa, Shintani travelled to Japan and metHironori Otsuka (Wado Ryu). In 1958 Otsuka invited Shintani to join his organization Wado Kai, and in 1969 he askedShintani to officially call his style Wado.[37]

In Canada during this same time, karate was also introduced by Masami Tsuruoka who had studied in Japan in the 1940sunder Tsuyoshi Chitose.[38] In 1954 Tsuruoka initiated the first karate competition in Canada and laid the foundation forthe National Karate Association.[38]

In the late 1950s Shintani moved to Ontario and began teaching karate and judo at the Japanese Cultural Centre inHamilton. In 1966 he began (with Otsuka's endorsement) the Shintani Wado Kai Karate Federation. During the 1970sOtsuka appointed Shintani the Supreme Instructor of Wado Kai in North America. In 1979, Otsuka publicly promotedShintani to hachidan (8th dan) and privately gave him a kudan certificate (9th dan), which was revealed by Shintani in1995. Shintani and Otsuka visited each other in Japan and Canada several times, the last time in 1980 two years prior toOtsuka's death. Shintani died May 7, 2000.[37]

Korea

See also: Korea under Japanese rule

Due to past conflict between Korea and Japan, most notably during the Japanese occupation in the early 20th century, theinfluence of karate in Korea is a contentious issue. From 1910 until 1945, Korea was annexed to the Japanese Empire. Itwas during this time that many of the Korean martial arts masters of the 20th century were exposed to Japanese karate.After regaining independence from Japan, many Korean martial arts schools that opened up in the 1940s and 50's werefounded by masters who had trained in karate in Japan as part of their martial arts training.

Won Kuk Lee, a Korean student of Funakoshi founded the first martial arts school after Japanese Occupation of Korea in1944-5 called Chung Do Kwan. Having studied under Gichin Funakoshi at Chuo University, Lee had incorporatedtaekkyon, kungfu and karate in the martial art that he taught which he called "Tang Soo Do", the Korean transliteration ofthe Chinese characters for "Way of Chinese Hand" ( ).[39] Chung Do Kwan was first of the various martial arts schoolsthat opened in Korea following the period of Japanese Occupation. In the mid-1950s the martial arts school were unifiedunder President Park Chung-hee's order and became taekwondo under the leadership of Choi Hong Hi and a committee ofKorean masters. Choi, a significant figure in taekwondo history, had also studied karate under Funakoshi Gichin. Karatealso provided an important comparative model for the early founders of taekwondo in the formalization of their artincluding kata and the belt rank system. Original taekwondo hyung were identical to karate kata. Eventually originalKorean forms (poomse, hyung) were developed by individual schools and associations. Although WTF (Olympic) and ITFforms are prevalent throughout the taekwondo world, there are still karate, tang soo do, schools where Japanese kihon and


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kata are regularly practiced as they were originally conveyed to Won Kuk Lee and his contemporaries from Funakoshi.

Soviet Union

Karate appeared in the Soviet Union in the mid-1960s, during Nikita Khrushchev's policy of improved internationalrelations. The first Shotokan clubs were opened in Moscow's universities.[40] In 1973, however, the government bannedkarate—together with all other foreign martial arts—endorsing only the Soviet martial art of sambo. Failing to suppressthese uncontrolled groups, the USSR's Sport Committee formed the Karate Federation of USSR in December 1978.[40] On17 May 1984, the Soviet Karate Federation was disbanded and all karate became illegal again. In 1989, karate practicebecame legal again, but under strict government regulations, only after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 didindependent karate schools resume functioning, and so federations were formed and national tournaments in authenticstyles began.[41]

United Kingdom

In the 1950s and 1960s, several Japanese karate masters began to teach the art in the United Kingdom. In 1965, TatsuoSuzuki began teaching Wadō-ryū in London. In 1966, members of the former British Karate Federation established theKarate Union of Great Britain (KUGB) under Hirokazu Kanazawa as chief instructor[42] and affiliated to JKA. KeinosukeEnoeda came to England at the same time as Kanazawa, teaching at a dojo in Liverpool. Kanazawa left the UK after 3years and Enoeda took over. After Enoeda’s death in 2003, the KUGB elected Andy Sherry as Chief Instructor. Shortlyafter this, a new association split off from KUGB, JKA England.

An earlier significant split from the KUGB took place in 1991 when a group led by KUGB senior instructor Steve Cattleformed the English Shotokan Academy (ESA). The aim of this group was to follow the teachings of Taiji Kase, formerlythe JKA chief instructor in Europe, who along with Hiroshi Shirai created the World Shotokan Karate-do Academy(WKSA), in 1989 in order to pursue the teaching of “Budo” karate as opposed to what he viewed as “sport karate”. Kasesought to return the practice of Shotokan Karate to its martial roots, reintroducing amongst other things open hand andthrowing techniques that had been side lined as the result of competition rules introduced by the JKA. Both the ESA andthe WKSA (renamed the Kase-Ha Shotokan-Ryu Karate-do Academy (KSKA) after Kase’s death in 2004) continuefollowing this path today.

In 1975 Great Britain became the first team ever to take the World male team title from Japan after being defeated theprevious year in the final.

United States

After World War II, members of the US military learned karate in Okinawa or Japan and then opened schools in the USA.In 1945 Robert Trias opened the first dojo in the United States in Phoenix, Arizona, a Shuri-ryū karate dojo. In the 1950s,Edward Kaloudis, William Dometrich (Chitō-ryū), Ed Parker (Kenpo), Cecil Patterson (Wadō-ryū), Gordon Doversola(Okinawa-te), Louis Kowlowski, Don Nagle (Isshin-ryū), George Mattson (Uechi-ryū), Paul Arel (Sankata, Kyokushin, andKokondo) and Peter Urban (Gōjū-kai) all began instructing in the US.

Tsutomu Ohshima began studying karate while a student at Waseda University, beginning in 1948, and became captain ofthe university's karate club in 1952. He trained under Shotokan's founder, Gichin Funakoshi, until 1953. Funakoshipersonally awarded Ohshima his sandan (3rd degree black belt) rank in 1952. In 1957 Ohshima received his godan (fifthdegree black belt), the highest rank awarded by Funakoshi. This remains the highest rank in SKA. In 1952, Ohshimaformalized the judging system used in modern karate tournaments. However, he cautions students that tournaments shouldnot be viewed as an expression of true karate itself.

Ohshima left Japan in 1955 to continue his studies at UCLA. He led his first U.S. practice in 1956 and founded the firstuniversity karate club in the United States at Caltech in 1957. In 1959 he founded the Southern California KarateAssociation (SCKA), as additional Shotokan dojos opened. The organization was renamed Shotokan Karate of America in1969.

In the 1960s, Jay Trombley (Gōjū-ryū), Anthony Mirakian (Gōjū-ryū), Steve Armstrong, Bruce Terrill, Richard Kim(Shorinji-ryū), Teruyuki Okazaki (Shotokan), John Pachivas, Allen Steen, Sea Oh Choi (Hapkido), Gosei Yamaguchi(Gōjū-ryū), Mike Foster (Chito-ryu/Yoshukai) and J. Pat Burleson all began teaching martial arts around the country.[43]

In 1961 Hidetaka Nishiyama, a co-founder of the JKA and student of Gichin Funakoshi, began teaching in the UnitedStates, founding afterwards the International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF). Takayuki Mikami were sent to New


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Orleans by the JKA in 1963.

In 1964, Takayuki Kubota, founder of Gosoku-ryū, relocated the International Karate Association from Tokyo toCalifornia.

Seido Karate was founded by Tadashi Nakamura

In 1970 Paul Arel founded Kokondo Karate which is a sister style of Jukido Jujitsu developed in 1959. Kokondosynthesized techniques and kata from Arel's previous experience in Isshin Ryu, Sankata & Kyokushin Karate.

France

France Shotokan Karate was created in 1964 by Tsutomu Ohshima. It is affiliated with another of his organizations,Shotokan Karate of America (SKA).

Film and popular culture in the West

Karate spread rapidly in the West through popular culture. In 1950s popular fiction, karate was at times described toreaders in near-mythical terms, and it was credible to show Western experts of unarmed combat as unaware of Easternmartial arts of this kind.[44] By the 1970s, martial arts films had formed a mainstream genre that propelled karate and otherAsian martial arts into mass popularity.[45]

The Karate Kid (1984) and its sequels The Karate Kid, Part II (1986), The Karate Kid, Part III (1989) and TheNext Karate Kid (1994) are films relating the fictional story of an American adolescent's introduction into karate.[46][47]

Karate Kommandos, an animated children's show, with Chuck Norris himself appearing to reveal the episode and themoral contained in the episode.

Film stars and their stylesPractitioner Fighting style

Sonny Chiba Gōjū-ryū and Kyokushin[48]

Sean Connery Kyokushin[49]

Fumio Demura Shitō-ryū[50]

Takayuki Kubota Gosoku-ryu[51]

Dolph Lundgren Kyokushin[52][53]

Richard Norton Gōjū-kai[54]

Wesley Snipes Shotokan[55]

Jean-Claude Van Damme Shotokan[56]

Michael Jai White Kyokushin[57]

Tadashi Yamashita Shorin-ryu[58]

Many other film stars (such as Jackie Chan, Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Phillip Rhee, Don "The Dragon" Wilson) come froma range of other martial arts.

Karate in mixed martial arts

Main article: Mixed martial arts#Common disciplines

Karate, although not widely used in mixed martial arts, has proved to be effective in the sport.[45][59] Various styles ofkarate are practiced by some MMA fighters, notably Chuck Liddell, Lyoto Machida and Georges St-Pierre. Liddell isknown to have an extensive striking background in Kenpō and Koei-Kan[60] whereas Lyoto Machida practicesShotokan[61] and St-Pierre Kyokushin.[62]


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See also

Comparison of karate stylesKarate kataJapanese martial artsOkinawan martial artsFull contact karate

References

^ a b c Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol.1 Fundamental Techniques. p. 17. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

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^ a b c d History of Okinawan Karate (http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/001/001/index.html)

2.

^ Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. pp. 153–166.ISBN 0-7136-5666-2. Chapter 9 covers Motobu-ryu andBugeikan, two 'ti' styles with grappling and vital pointstriking techniques. Page 165, Seitoku Higa: "Use pressureon vital points, wrist locks, grappling, strikes and kicks in agentle manner to neutralize an attack."

3.

^ " " (http://www.keiokarate.net/column/page01.html) . Keio Univ. Karate Team.http://www.keiokarate.net/column/page01.html. Retrieved2010-03-14.(Japanese)

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^ Miyagi, Chojun (1993) [1934]. McCarthy, Patrick. ed.Karate-doh Gaisetsu [An Outline of Karate-Do]. p. 9.ISBN 4-900613-05-3.

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^ Draeger & Smith (1969). Comprehensive Asian FightingArts. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-87011-436-6.

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^ Bishop, Mark (1999). Okinawan Karate Second Edition.p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8048-3205-2.

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^ Dr. Gary J. Krug: the Feet of the Master: Three Stages inthe Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture (http://csc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/1/4/395)

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^ Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karate-Do. p. 13.ISBN 0-87011-816-1.

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^ Nagamine, Shoshin (1976). Okinawan Karate-do. p. 47.ISBN 978-0-8048-2110-0.

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^ News from the 117th IOC (http://www.olympic.org/uk/news/events/117_session/full_story_uk.asp?id=1437)

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^ Web Japan (http://web-japan.org/factsheet/en/pdf/e16_martial_art.pdf)

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^ Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. p. 154.ISBN 0-7136-5666-2. Motobu-ryū & Seikichi Uehara

13.

^ a b Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1Fundamental Techniques. p. 19. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

14.

^ Bishop, Mark (1989). Okinawan Karate. p. 28.ISBN 0-7136-5666-2. For example Chōjun Miyagi adaptedRokkushu of White Crane into Tenshō

15.

^ Patrick McCarthy, footnote #4 (http://www.koryu-uchinadi.com/thinking_outside_the_box.htm)

16.

^ Kanbun Uechi history (http://www.wonder-okinawa.jp/023/eng/009/001/index.html)

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^ Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of OkinawanKarate. Okinawa: Ozata Print. p. 28.

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^ Competition Rules. Kata and Kumite, World KarateFederation, page 25 (http://www.wkf.net/images/stories/downloads/version_6_january_2009_eng.pdf)

19.

^ WUKF World Union of Karate-do Federations(http://www.wukf-karate.org/novo_site/Downloads/Competition_Rules/Ingles/7.%20WUKF%20Kata%20List%20-%20OFFICIAL%202010.xls)

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^ International Traditional Karate Federation (ITKF)21.

(http://www.itkf.org/tk.html)^ Higaonna, Morio (1985). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 1Fundamental Techniques. p. 67. ISBN 0-87040-595-0.

22.

^ Mitchell, David (1991). Winning Karate Competition.pp. 25. ISBN 0-7136-3402-2.

23.

^ Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. p. 111.ISBN 0-87011-816-1.

24.

^ Higaonna, Morio (1990). Traditional Karatedo Vol. 4Applications of the Kata. p. 136.ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-87040-848-9|0-87040-848-9]].

25.

^ Shigeru, Egami (1976). The Heart of Karatedo. p. 113.ISBN 0-87011-816-1.

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^ World Karate Confederation (http://www.wkc-org.net/)27.^ olympic.org: Final Report on the XXVIIth Olympiad(http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_677.pdf)

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^ WUKF – World Union of Karate-Do Federations(http://www.wukf-karate.org/)

29.

^ World Koshiki Karatedo Federation(http://www.koshiki.org/)

30.

^ Shinkaratedo Renmei (http://www.shinkarate.net/)31.^ Hokama, Tetsuhiro (2005). 100 Masters of OkinawanKarate. Okinawa: Ozata Print. p. 20.

32.

^ [1] (http://ejmas.com/kronos/NewHist1940.htm) AChronological History of the Martial Arts: DouglasCoupland's novel Generation X, which defined McJob as"a low-pay, low prestige, low-dignity, low benefit,no-future job in the service sector," appears in paperback,and within weeks, the term "McDojo" appeared atrec.martial-arts as a description of franchise martial artschools run by people with more ego than talent.

33.

^ Funakoshi, Gichin. "Karate-dō Kyohan – The MasterText" Tokyo. Kodansha International; 1973.

34.

^ Funakoshi, Gishin (1988). Karate-do Nyumon(http://books.google.com/?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=PA24&q) . Japan. p. 24. ISBN 4-7700-1891-6.http://books.google.com/?id=rH3gPz21FWkC&pg=PA24&q. Retrieved 2010-07-15.

35.

^ What's In A Name? How the meaning of the term karatehas changed (http://www.newpaltzkarate.com/article/Article1SA.html) , Levitz, Maurey (1998), New PaltzKarate Academy, Inc.

36.

^ a b Robert, T. (2006). "no title given"(http://journalofasianmartialarts.com/cms2/journal-issues/15.html) . Journal of Asian Martial Arts (this issue is notavailable as a back issue) 15 (4).http://journalofasianmartialarts.com/cms2/journal-issues/15.html.

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^ a b "Karate" (http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004231) .The Canadian Encyclopedia – Historica-Dominion. 2010.http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004231.

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Retrieved 2010-07-20.^ Interview with Lee, Won Kyuk. Accademia Italiana TangSu Do (http://www.tangsudo.it/html/leewonkuk.html)

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^ a b karate-shotokan.net (http://babelfish.yahoo.com/translate_url?doit=done&tt=url&intl=1&fr=bf-home&trurl=http%3A%2F%2Fkarate-shotokan.net%2Fphp%2Fhis.php&lp=ru_en&btnTrUrl=Translate)

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^ "History of Shotokan (Russian)" (http://karate-shotokan.net/php/his.php) . http://karate-shotokan.net/php/his.php. Retrieved 2007-05-15.

41.

^ International Association of Shotokan Karate (IASK)(http://www.karate-iask.com/page_08.htm)

42.

^ The Original Martial Arts Encyclopedia, John Corcoranand Emil Farkas, pgs. 170–197

43.

^ For example, Ian Fleming's book Goldfinger (1959,p.91–95) describes the protagonist James Bond, an expertin unarmed combat, as utterly ignorant of Karate and itsdemonstrations, and describes the Korean 'Oddjob' in theseterms: Goldfinger said, "Have you ever heard of Karate?No? Well that man is one of the three in the world whohave achieved the Black Belt in Karate. Karate is abranch of judo, but it is to judo what a spandau is to acatapult...". Such a description in a popular novel assumedand relied upon Karate being almost unknown in the West.

44.

^ a b Schneiderman, R. M. (2009-05-23). "ContenderShores Up Karate’s Reputation Among U.F.C. Fans"(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/sports/23karate.html). The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/sports/23karate.html. Retrieved 2010-01-30.

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^ "The Karate Generation" (http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866) . Newsweek. 2010-02-18.http://www.newsweek.com/id/85866.

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^ "Jaden Smith Shines in The Karate Kid"(http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.html) . Newsweek.2010-06-10. http://www.cleveland.com/moviebuff/index.ssf/2010/06/jaden_smith_shines_in_the_kara.html.

47.

^ "International Karate OrganizationKYOKUSHINKAIKAN Domestic Black Belt List As ofOct.2000". Kyokushin karate sōkan : shin seishin shugieno sōseiki e (Aikēōshuppanjigyōkyoku): pp.62–64. 2001.ISBN 4-8164-1250-6.

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^ Rogers, Ron. "Hanshi's Corner 1106"(http://www.midoriyamabudokai.com/Hanshi's%20Corner%201106.pdf) . Midori YamaBudokai. http://www.midoriyamabudokai.com/Hanshi's%20Corner%201106.pdf. Retrieved 20 August2011.

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^ Japan Karate-Do Genbu-Kai International: SenseiDemura at a glance ... (http://www.genbu-kai.com/senseidemuraataglance.htm) (c. 2007). Retrieved onMarch 3, 2010.

50.

^ karate masters (http://www.karate.com.pl/karateEN51.

/index.php/karate-masters/japanese-masters)^ "Action Star Dolph Lundgren Talks Acting ..."(http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/action-star-dolph-lundgren-talks-working-out-the-expendables.htm) .Bodybuilding.com. http://www.bodybuilding.com/fun/action-star-dolph-lundgren-talks-working-out-the-expendables.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-09.

52.

^ "Celebrity Fitness—Dolph Lundgren"(http://www.insidekung-fu.com/content/view/223/37/) .Inside Kung Fu. http://www.insidekung-fu.com/content/view/223/37/. Retrieved 2010-11-15.

53.

^ Black Belt Magazine March, 1994, p. 24(http://books.google.com/books?id=w9IDAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA24&dq=Octagon+chuck+norris&hl=en&ei=GHbiTeHOCcep8APb_ayABw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Octagon%20chuck%20norris&f=false)

54.

^ "Wesley Snipes: Action man courts a new beginning"(http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/wesley-snipes-action-man-courts-a-new-beginning-1991437.html) . Independent (London).2010-06-04. http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/wesley-snipes-action-man-courts-a-new-beginning-1991437.html. Retrieved2010-06-10.

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^ "Why is he famous?" (http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/interview_300/311_jean-claude-van-damme.html) . ASKMEN. http://uk.askmen.com/celebs/interview_300/311_jean-claude-van-damme.html. Retrieved 2010-06-15.

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^ "Talking With…Michael Jai White" (http://giantmag.com/the-magazine/ethan-alter/talking-withmichael-jai-white/) .GiantLife. http://giantmag.com/the-magazine/ethan-alter/talking-withmichael-jai-white/. Retrieved 2010-06-16.

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^ "Martial Arts Biography - Tadashi Yamashita"(http://www.usadojo.com/biographies/tadashi-yamashits.htm) . usadojo.com. http://www.usadojo.com/biographies/tadashi-yamashits.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-10.

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^ "Lyoto Machida and the Revenge of Karate"(http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Lyoto-Machida-and-the-Revenge-of-Karate-17521) . Sherdog.http://www.sherdog.com/news/articles/Lyoto-Machida-and-the-Revenge-of-Karate-17521. Retrieved 2010-02-13.

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^ Chuck Liddell – Biography and Profile of Chuck Liddell(http://martialarts.about.com/od/mmaandufc/p/chuckliddell.htm) . Martialarts.about.com. Retrieved on2011-04-18.

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^ Mma & Ufc (http://martialarts.about.com/od/mmaandufc/p/machida.ht) . Martialarts.about.com. Retrieved on2011-04-18.

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^ Wickert, Marc. "Montreal's MMA Warrior."(http://www.knucklepit.com/mixed-martial-arts-georges_st.pierre.htm) . Knucklepit.com.http://www.knucklepit.com/mixed-martial-arts-georges_st.pierre.htm. Retrieved 6 July 2007.

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External links

Extensive explanation of Rank and Grade in Karate (http://www.gojuryu.net/articles.php?article_id=43)WKF Karate Records (http://www.karaterec.com/en/)Karate (http://www.dmoz.org/Sports/Martial_Arts/Karate//) at the Open Directory Project

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karate&oldid=492664571"Categories: Gendai budo Karate Sport in Japan Japanese martial arts Mixed martial arts styles


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