Vocabulary Vocabulary ReviewReview

Ch 32 – Intro to Ch 32 – Intro to AnimalsAnimals

A multicellular, heterotrophic organism that lacks cell walls and

that is usually characterized by

movement and sexual reproduction; a member

of Kingdom Animalia

Animal

An animal that has a backbone;

includes mammals, birds, reptiles,

amphibians, and fish

Vertebrate

An animal that does not have a

backbone

Invertebrate

The evolutionary adaptation of a

cell, organ, organism, or

population for a particular function

or environment

Specialization

The process of taking in food

Ingestion

The cell that results from the

fusion of gametes; a fertilized egg

Zygote

The structural and functional

specialization of cells during an

organism’s development

Differentiation

An animal that at some stage in its life cycle has

a dorsal nerve, a notochord, and

pharyngeal pouches; examples include

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and

some marine lower forms

Chordate

In the embryos of all chordates and in many

adult chordates, a firm, flexible rod of

tissue that is located in the dorsal part of

the body

Notochord

A neural tube dorsal to the

notochord

Dorsal nerve cord

One of the lateral sac that branch from the pharynx of chordate

embryos and that may open to the outside as gill slits in adult fishes

and invertebrate chordates

Pharyngeal pouch

A body arrangement in which parts that lie on opposite

sides of a central line are identical

Symmetry

A body plan in which the parts of an animal’s body are organized in a

circle around a central axis

Radial symmetry

Lying on or near the back

Dorsal

The lower or abdominal part of

an organism

Ventral

The front part of a body or structure

Anterior

In animals with bilateral

symmetry, refers to the end of the

body that is opposite the head;

rear

Posterior

A condition in which two equal halves of a body mirror each other

Bilateral symmetry

The concentration of nerve tissue

and sensory organs at the

anterior end of an organism

Cephalization

One of the layers of tissue that develop in the embryos of all animals except

sponges

Germ layer

The division of the body of an

organism into a series of similar

parts

Segmentation

A hard, external, supporting

structure that develops from the

ectoderm

Exoskeleton

In aquatic animals, a respiratory structure that consists of many

blood vessels surrounded by a

membrane that allows for gas exchange

Gill

A type of circulatory system in which the

circulatory fluid is not contained entirely

within vessels; a heart pumps fluid through

vessels that empty into spaces called sinusesOpen

circulatory system

A circulatory system in which the heart circulates blood through a network

of vessels that form a closed loop; the blood

does not leave the blood vessels, and materials

diffuse across the walls of the vessels

Closed circulatory

system

An organism that has both male and

female reproductive

organs

Hermaphrodite

An independent and immature form of an

organism that is morphologically

different from the adult form

Larva

An internal skeleton made of

bone and cartilage

Endoskeleton

One of the 33 bones in the spinal column (backbone)

Vertebra

The outer, protective

covering of a body, a body part,

an ovule, or a sporangium

Integument

The central organ of the respiratory system in which oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide

from the blood

Lung

One of the organs that filter water and wastes

from the blood, excrete products as

urine, and regulate the concentration of

certain substances in the blood

Kidney

A compound that improves the

quality of the soil to produce plants

Fertilization

In biological development, a

series of cell divisions that

occur immediately after an egg is

fertilizedCleavage

The stage of an embryo before

gastrulation

Blastula

The transformation of the blastula into

the gastrula or the formation of the embryonic germ

layersGastrulation

The embryo in the stage of

development after the blastula; contains the

embryonic germ layers

Gastrula

The primitive gastric cavity of an

embryo

Archenteron

An opening that develops in the

blastula

Blastopore

The outermost of the three germ layers of an embryo that develops into the epidermis and epidermal tissues, the

nervous system, external sense organs, and the

mucous membranes lining the mouth and anus

Ectoderm

An animal that can generate body heat

through metabolism and can maintain a constant

body temperature despite temperature changes in

the animal’s environment

Endoderm

In an embryo, the middle layer of cells that gives rise to muscles,

blood, and various systems

Mesoderm

An animal that lacks a coelom, or

body cavity

Acoelomate

The type of body cavity, derived from the

blastocoel and referred to as a “false body cavity,” that forms between the

mesoderm and the endoderm in rotifers and

roundworms

Pseudocoelom

A body cavity that is completely lined by mesoderm and that contains the internal organs of

an animal

Coelom

An organism whose embryonic blastopore

develops into the mouth, whose coelom arises by schizocoely, and whose embryo has determinate

cleavage

Protostome

An organism whose embryonic blastopore develops into an anus,

whereas its mouth develops from a second opening at the opposite end of the archenteron; usually characterized by

an embryo that undergoes indeterminate,

radial cleavageDeuterostome

The method of coelom formation in protostomes in

which the embryonic

mesoderm splits into two layers

Schizocoely

In deuterostomes, the method of

coelom formation in which the embryonic mesoderm develops from pouches within

the archenteron

Enterocoely