Biology II Dissection

The Promised Land

Kingdom Anamalia• Animal Kingdom contains organisms

that are: –multicellular– diploid –heterotrophic–ingestive nutrition–eukaryotic–oogamous sexual reproduction–blastula embryonic development

Kingdom Anamalia

• The Animal Kingdom contains the most species (more than 1 million known and an estimated 1 million undiscovered)

• Animals are divided into 10 phyla divided into subphyla, classes and orders

• 5 Lower Invertebrates(sponges, jellyfish some worms)

• 4 Higher Invertebrates(snails,insects,starfish)• 1 Chordata (fish, birds, reptiles, amphibians,

mammals & me & you)

Kingdom Anamalia

• Multicellular Animals = Metazoa

• The metazoan cell is a specialized part of the whole organism and is incapable of independent existence

• Protozoan cells can live independently

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 1) Number of cells/level of organization, cells > tissues > organs > systems

• 2) Number of Embryonic “Germ Layers”• diploblastic - 2 layers of tissue - ectoderm &

endoderm, separated by a mesoglea layer “middle glue”

• triploblastic - ectoderm - skin & nervous tissue - mesoderm - support &

movement - endoderm - digestive organs,

spleen, pancreas

Kingdom Anamalia

• Embryonic layers develop into body layers• Most animals become a “tube within a tube”• Inner tube, endoderm, is lining of the

digestive tract• Outer tube, ectoderm, is protective and sense

organs• In between tubes, mesoderm, are

reproductive, muscular, circulatory and excretion systems.

Kingdom Anamalia

• Animals with three body layers can be divided into three categories

• acoelomates have no space between their layers

• coelomates contain a fluid-filled space in the mesoderm (coelom). This allows their body organs to move independently.

• Pseudocoelomates - fluid-filled pseudocoel between layers

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 3) Determination of basic structural relationships • Homologies - homologous structures - a structure

with similar structure and derived from the same embryonic tissue

• (wing of a bat, wing of a bird, fin of a fish, arm of a human)

• Analogies - Analogous structures - structure with similar function but different embryonic tissues

• (leg of a centipede/ dog -or- wings of bee / bird)

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• 4) Body symmetry in the young and in the adult

• Asymmetry - no equal sides

• Radial symmetry - central point, several places to divide in half equally - ex. Starfish

• Bilateral symmetry - 1 plane of symmetry ex. Human

Kingdom Anamalia - Criteria for phylum placement

• Related terms: • anterior, posterior, transverse plane• ventral, dorsal, coronal plane,• sagittal plane, bi-symmetrical • proximal & distal

Kingdom Anamalia - more symmetry terms

• Oral - toward the mouth• Aboral - away from the mouth• Caudal - toward the tail• Lateral - on the side• Medial - toward the midline

Dissection Photos

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75Fetal Pig