1. VLL Activities 2007-8Andy Coverdale 16-7-08

General

• Monthly Meetings• VLL Events• Conferences (BETT 2008, CETLs)

Thunder / School of Built Environment (SBE) Research Project

• Literature Review: The Crit in Architectural Education• Questionnaire Survey Analysis• Conducting Student Interviews• Video Data Analysis• Journal Article (co-authorship)

2. Thunder / SBE Video DataAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

The Study

• Postgraduate Architectural Students’ Crit Presentations

Research Questions Key Foci

• Spontaneous Interaction• Non-linear Presentation

Video Corpus

• 16 Presentations• Session 1: 4 presentations (large groups of 5-9 students)• Session 3: 12 presentations (small groups of 2-3 students)

• Up to 30 Minutes Duration

3. Video CaptureAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

‘Loaded’ Data Source

“Video recordings replace the bias of the researcher with the bias of the machine” (Jordan and Henderson, 1995, p.51).

“Videotape is not a completely phenomenologically neutral document, for the cameraperson shooting it has a point of view” (Erickson, 2006 p.178).

• Limitations of Video Recording – Field of View etc.• Decisions of Video Camera Operator (zooming, panning etc.)

Some Key Issues

• Participant Reactivity – ‘Camera’ Effect• Technological – Quality, Audio, Digitising etc.• Ethical – Confidentiality etc.

Erickson, F. (2006) Definition and analysis of data from videotape: Some research procedures and their rationales. In J. L. Green, G. Camilli & P. B. Elmore (eds.), Handbook of Complementary Methods in Educational Research. Washington, D.C., American Educational Research Association. pp.177-191.

Jordan, B. & Henderson, A. (1995) Interaction Analysis: Foundations and Practice, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 4(1), pp. 39-103.

4. Video Data AnalysisAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Volume and Complexity

“This flooding of information instantly overwhelms the analyst, and there is a tendency for novice researchers to ‘zone out’” (Erickson, 2007 p.148).

Analytical Frameworks

• Ethnomethodological Analysis (Garfinkel, 1967)• Conversation Analysis (Sachs et al., 1974)• Interaction Analysis (Jordan & Henderson, 1995) (Video Analysis)

Key Issues

• Qualitative vs. Quantitative• Generalizability and Representativeness• Scope vs. Granularity • Recursive Process (between Data Capture and Analyses)

Erickson, F. (2007) Ways of Seeing Video: Toward a Phenomenology of Viewing Minimally Edited Footage. In Goldman, R., Pea, R., Barron, B. & Derry, S. J. (eds.) Video Research in the Learning Sciences. Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp.145-156.

5. Coding MethodsAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Coding

Preliminary analysis to identify key coding elements Categories, definitions and exemplars to guide coding practice

Transcribing

• Transcribing – Verbal, Non-verbal and Video Capture (Zoom, Pan etc.)• Coding Method – Direct from Videotape or Transcript

Data Reduction

• Sampling within Timeframe• Critical Incident Technique / Significant Events• Refer to Content Logs / Field Notes (created during video capture)

6. Coding CategoriesAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Behaviours

• Position• Eye Direction

Critical Incidents

• Gesturing• To Easel• To Thunder Wall

• Annotation (use of Pen Tool)• Draw Attention to• Reinforcement• Enhancement• Create New Information

• Other• Familiarisation• Navigation• Tutor Feedback

7. Coding SheetsAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Key Features

• Divided per Student Contribution• Student Identification• Key• Colour-Coding of Categories• Time Frame • Notes• Quantitative Data: Statistics

8. Analytical MethodsAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Multiple Viewing

“Erickson (1982) suggests the strategy of using the technological affordances of video to shift one’s perceptual stance by choosing a focus of attention (e.g. gesture or talk) for each replay of a segment” (Barron, 2007 p.174).

Multiple Viewers

• Access to Coding Sheets (Need for Inter-coder Variability)

Tips

• Temporal Affordances - Use Pause, Rewind etc.• Avoid Sensory Overload (Play without sound etc.)• Use of Diagrammatical / Visual Datasets• Remember Research Questions• Coffee Breaks!

Barron, B. (2007) Video as a Tool to Advance Understanding of Learning and Development in Peer, Family, and Other Informal Learning Contexts. In Goldman, R., Pea, R., Barron, B. & Derry, S. J. (eds.) Video Research in the Learning Sciences. Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum, pp.159-188.

9. RepurposingAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Recall Stimuli

• ‘Trigger’ Video – e.g. Participant Interviews etc.

Video as Reflective Tool

• Reflected Practice (e.g. Teacher Training)• ‘Objectification’ of Data

Dissemination

• Presentations, Seminars etc.

Secondary Analysis

• Open Access to Video Data Sources• Standardising Protocols, Formats and Tools (for Collecting, Archiving and

Sharing Digital Video Data)

10. Technological DevelopmentsAndy Coverdale 16-7-08

Analysis Software

• Integration of Video playback in Analysis Software – e.g. NVivo 8, Atlas.ti• Dedicated Video Analysis Software – e.g. MacShappa (University of Illinois)

Video Collaboratories

• Online Synchronous Video Data Analysis (Research Communities) e.g. ORION

Other

• Web Based Open Access – e.g. Video Traces (Arizona State University)• Digital Annotation and Visualisation Analysis Tools