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MT-318-Topic B Wk 1 Lec 2 P1
Topic B Week 1 Second Lecture Hour
VISCOSITY OF FLUIDS
Numeric designations of figures, tables, equations, and text material are in reference toAPPLIED FLUID MECHANICS, 6
th Edition, by Robert L. Mott.
Text material : Chapter 2
B-1 VELOCITY GRADIENT IN A MOVING FLUID : VISCOSITY
When a thin layer of fluid is contained between a lower stationary (fixed) surface and
an upper moving surface, with a velocity (distance per unit time), the fluid in
direct contact with each boundary will have the same velocity as the boundary, hence
the fluid in contact with the lower surface will have zero velocity (will be stationary)
while the fluid in contact with the upper surface will have a velocity ; in-between
the two surfaces, different horizontal sub-layers of the fluid will have differentvelocities
y that increase with increasing distance y from the lower surface.
FIGURE 2.1
The change in with change in y , stated as y / , defines the velocity gradient,
which is essentially constant from the bottom surface to the top surface, as shown,
for a thin fluid layer.
The different horizontal sub-layers of fluid can be visualized as sliding, or shearing
over each other, requiring a shear stress (force per unit area) (tau), with this shear
stress increasing with increasing velocity gradient y / (as the velocity of the
moving surface is increased)
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MT-318-Topic B Wk 1 Lec 2 P2
The magnitude of the shear stress also depends on a property of the fluid called the
dynamic viscosity (or absolute viscosity) (eta) ; the dynamic viscosity divided
by the density of the fluid defines the kinematic viscosity (nu) , noting that
mass and weight are related through the equation mgw=
( Equation 1-2 ).
Shear stress (tau) )/( y= ( N/m = Pa , lb/ft , psi ) (2-1)
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity (eta) )/( = y ( N.s/m, lb.s/ft ) (2-2)
Kinematic viscosity (nu) /= ( m/s , ft/s ) (2-3)
The dynamic viscosity of a fluid is essentially its resistance to flow, such as would
occur when stirring a fluid, so that stirring oil requires more effort than stirring water
because oil has a higher dynamic viscosity than water ; on the other hand, faststirring requires more effort than slow stirring, for either fluid, because the velocity
gradient y / increases with increasing stirring speed.
B-2 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS AND NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
A Newtonian fluid has constant dynamic viscosity so that the shear stress
increases linearly with increasing velocity gradient ; most of the common fluids can
be regarded as being Newtonian, including water, oil, gasoline, air, and natural gas.
A Non-Newtonian fluid has a dynamic viscosity that either increases or decreases
with increasing velocity gradient, hence the fluid behaves as if it is more viscous,or stiffer, either at high flow velocities or at low flow velocities ; molasses is an
example of the former, while non-drop paint is an example of the latter.
B-3 VISCOSITY VARIATION WITH TEMPERATURE
Since dynamic viscosity essentially refers to a fluids resistance to flow, a low
viscosity fluid is easier to pour and to pump than a high viscosity fluid ;
a relatively high viscosity however, is generally desirable for lubricating fluids.
In general, the dynamic viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature,
while that of gases increases with increasing temperature, but the change is smaller
than that for liquids (with reference to Appendix D).
For liquids such as engine oils, the dynamic viscosity might be excessively high at low
temperatures making pumping difficult, and excessively low at high temperatures,
reducing the lubricating properties ; an oil that varies as little as possible with
temperature change is desirable.
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MT-318-Topic B Wk 1 Lec 2 P3
B-4 VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
The most direct method of measuring dynamic viscosity is to apply the setup shown in
Sub-topic B-1 ( Figure 2.1 ) with Equation 2-1 ; this is done in the rotating drum
viscometer where the moving surface is that of a rotating drum and the fixed surfaceis that of a stationary outer cup, with a thin layer of the test fluid in-between.
FIGURE 2.4(a)
A specific rotational speed, together with a specific gap (layer thickness) determines
the velocity gradient, while the resisting torque measured by the meter, together with
the drum dimensions, determines the shear stress ; an allowance has to be made for
the fluid at the bottom, which has a variable velocity gradient that decreases inwards.
Indirect methods of viscosity measurement include measuring the time taken for aspecific volume of test fluid to pass through a capillary (small-diameter) tube, or to
pour out of a tank through a standard orifice (opening), as well as measuring the time
taken for a standard ball to fall a specific distance through the test fluid ;
all these indirect methods give comparative results, but actual viscosities may be
determined by calibration of the test equipment, using fluids of known viscosities
(with reference to Section 2.7 ).
B-5 PROPERTIES OF COMMON FLUIDS
Properties of fluids are obtained from producers, suppliers, technical organizations,
textbooks, and handbooks ; in fluid mechanics, caution should be exercised with theunits of the various quantities and these units should be included in all equations, with
appropriate conversions applied.
The density, specific weight, specific gravity, and viscosity of some
common fluids is listed in Appendices A , B , C , and E .